The effect of cold on the occurrence of bruising, haematoma and pain at the injection site in subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin

International Journal of Nursing Studies

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 51-59

  Kuzu, Nevin ^a   Ucar, Hulya ^b  

^a PAMUKKALE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Bruise; Cold application; Haematoma; Low molecular weight heparin; Pain; Subcutaneous injection

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ENOXAPARIN;

ARTICLE; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; CLINICAL NURSING RESEARCH; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CONTUSION; CRYOTHERAPY; FEMALE; HEMATOMA; HUMAN; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; NURSING; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PATHOLOGY; SUBCUTANEOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; TIME;

ANTICOAGULANTS; CLINICAL NURSING RESEARCH; CONTUSIONS; CRYOTHERAPY; ENOXAPARIN; FEMALE; HEMATOMA; HUMANS; INJECTIONS, SUBCUTANEOUS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PAIN; PAIN MEASUREMENT; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 0035259529     PISSN: 00207489     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7489(00)00061-4     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Albanese, C., Bellani, M., Longatti, S., Mazzola, C., Tammaro, A.E., 1992. Comparison of the local tolerability of two subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin: CY216 and enoxaparine. Current Therapeutic Research 51 (3), 469-475.
2. Belitsky, R.B., Odam, S.J., Hubley-Kozey, C., 1987. Evaluation of the effectiveness of wet ice, dry ice and cryogen packs in reducing skin temperature. Physical Therapy 67 (7), 1080-1084.
3. Billon, N., Gloaguen, F., Funk-Brentano, C., Jaillon, P., 1994. Clinical evaluation of pain during subcutaneous injections of low molecular weight heparin in healthy volunteers. British J. Clin. Pharmacology 37 (4), 395-397.
4. Brunner, L.S., Suddarth, D.S., 1993. The Lippincott Manual of Medical Surgical Nursing, 2nd ed. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 339-341.
5. Carroll, D., Bowsher, D., 1995. Pain Management and Nursing Care. Butterworths Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 16-27.
6. Conaghan, P., 1993. Subcutaneous heparin injections-bruising. Surgical Nurse, 25-27.
7. Dahan, R., Houlbert, D., Caulin, C., Cuzin, E., Viltart, C., Woler, M., Segrestaa, J.M., 1986. Prevention of deep vein thrombosis in elderly medical in-patients by a low molecular weight heparin: a randomised double-blind trial. Haemostasis 16, 159-164.
8. Fitzpatrick, T.B., Bernhard, J.D., 1987. Skin lesions of general medical significance. In: Braunwald, E., Isselbacher, K.J., Petersdorf, G.R., Wilson, D.J., Martin, B.J., Fauci, S.A. (Eds.), Harrisons's Principles of Internal Medicine, 11th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 239.
9. Gazzaniga, G.M., Angelini, G., Pastorino, G., Santoro, E., Lucchini, M., Dal Pra, M.L., 1993. Enoxaparine in the prevention of deep venous thrombosis after major surgery: multicentric study. Int. Surg. 78 (3), 271-275.
10. Gedaly-Duff, V.G., Burns, C., 1992. Reducing children's pain-distress associated with injections using cold: a pilot study. Journal of The American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 4 (3), 95-99.
11. Guyton, A., Hall, J.E., 1996. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 9th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 609-620.
12. Handin, I.R., 1987. Bleeding and thrombosis. In: Braunwald, E., Isselbacher, K.J., Petersdorf, G.R., Wilson, D.J., Martin, B.J., Fauci, S.A. (Eds.), Harrisons's Principles of Internal Medicine, 11th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 271.
13. Kayaalp, O., 1988. Rasyonel Tedavi Yonunden Tibbi Farmakoloji (Medical Pharmacology with Respect to Rational Therapy), 4th ed. Feryal Matbaacιlιk San. ve Ticaret Ltd, Ankara, pp. 133-135.
14. Kayihan, H., Dolunay, N., 1992. Fizyoterapide ιsι, ιşik, su (Heat, Light, Water in Physical Therapy). Hacettepe Universitesi Fizik Tedavi Rehabilitasyon Yuksekokulu Yayin No:8., Ankara, pp. 128-135.
15. Kozier, B., Erb, G., 1987. Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts and Procedures, 3rd ed. Addison-Wesley, CA, pp. 1513-1516.
16. Kukuk, H.M., Murphy, E.R., 1980. Massachusetts General Hospital Manual of Nursing Procedures, 2nd ed. Little Brown, Boston, pp. 74-75.
17. Lechler, E., Schramm, W., Flosbach, C.W., 1996. The venous thrombotic risk in non surgical safety profile of a low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparine). Haemostasis 26 (Suppl. 2), 49-56.
18. Lehman, F.J., Lateur, B.J., 1994. Ultrasound, shortwave, microwave, laser, superficial heat and cold in the treatment of pain. In: Wall, D., Melzack, R. (Eds.), Textbook of Pain, 3rd ed. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp. 1243-1245.
19. Lindsey, B., 1990. Patient care guidelines cold and heat application in musculoskeleteal injury. Journal of Emergency Nursing 16 (1), 54-57.
20. McConnell, E.A., 1990. Administering S.C. heparin. Nursing 90, 24.
21. McGowan, S., Wood, A., 1990. Administering heparin subcutaneously: an evaluation of techniques used and bruising at the injection site. Australian Journal Advanced Nursing 7 (2), 30-39.
22. McGuire, D.B., 1984. The measurement of clinical pain. Nursing Research 33 (3), 154-156.
23. Mosley, J.S., Thompson, D.R., 1993. Caring for the patient with disorder of the cardiovascular system. In: Royle, J.A., Walsh, M., (Eds.), Watson's Medical-Surgical Nursing and Related Physiology, 4th ed. Bailliere and Tindal, London, p. 359.
24. Potter, P.A., Perry, A.G., 1993. Fundamentals of Nursing. Concepts, Process and Practice, 3rd ed. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, pp. 1685-1695.
25. Ross, S., Soltes, D., 1995. Heparin and haematoma: does ice make a difference. Journal of Advanced Nursing 21, 434-439.
26. Stewart-Fahs, P.S., Kinney, M.R., 1991. The abdomen, thigh and arm as sites for subcutaneous sodium heparin injections. Nursing Research 40 (4), 204-207.
27. Taylor, C., Lillis, C., LeMone, P., 1993. Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care, 2nd ed. J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, pp. 1290-1292, 1216-1217.
28. Ulusoy, M.F., Görgülü, R.S., 1995. Hemsirelik Esaslarι-Temel Kuram, Kavram, Iike ve Yontemler (Fundamentals of Nursing - Theorectical Basis, Concepts, Principles and Techniques). Cilt:I. Çaǧιn Ofset, Ankara, pp. 186-188.
29. van Bree, N.S., Hollerbach, A.D., Brooks, G.P., 1984. Clinical evaluation of three techniques for administering low-dose heparin. Nursing Research 33 (1), 115-119.
30. Wooldridge, J.B., Jackson, J.G., 1988. Evaluation of bruises and areas of induration after two techniques of subcutaneous heparin injection. Heart & Lung 17 (5), 476-482.