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Volumn 58, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 1-15

Definitely infinitesimal: Foundations of the calculus in the Netherlands, 1840-1870

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EID: 0035240883     PISSN: 00033790     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/000337901457678     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (2)

References (75)
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    • Hans Niels Jahnke, 'Motive und Probleme der Arithmetisierung der Mathematik in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts - Cauchy's Analysis in der Sicht des Mathematikers Martin Ohm', Archive for the History of Exact Sciences, 37 (1987), 101-82.
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  • 2
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    • God, truth and mathematics in nineteenth century England
    • edited by Mary Jo Nye, Joan L. Richards and Roger H. Stuewer Dordrecht
    • Joan L. Richards, 'God, truth and mathematics in nineteenth century England', The Invention of Physical Science, edited by Mary Jo Nye, Joan L. Richards and Roger H. Stuewer (Dordrecht, 1992), 51-78.
    • (1992) The Invention of Physical Science , pp. 51-78
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    • H. J. M. Bos, 'Arguments on motivation in the rise and decline of a mathematical theory; the "construction of equations", 1637-ca. 1750', Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 30 (1984), 331-80.
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    • Differentials, higher-order differentials and the derivative in the Leibnizian Calculus
    • See also H. J. M. Bos, 'Differentials, higher-order differentials and the derivative in the Leibnizian Calculus', Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 14 (1974-5), 1-90;
    • (1974) Archive for History of Exact Sciences , vol.14 , pp. 1-90
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  • 8
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    • Johann Bernoulli on exponential curves, ca. 1695: Innovation and habituation in the transition from explicit construction to implicit functions
    • 'Johann Bernoulli on exponential curves, ca. 1695: innovation and habituation in the transition from explicit construction to implicit functions', Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde (IV), 14 (1996), 1-19.
    • (1996) Nieuw Archief Voor Wiskunde (IV) , vol.14 , pp. 1-19
  • 9
    • 0345870549 scopus 로고
    • Deux moments de la critique du calcul infinitésimal
    • Michel Blay, 'Deux moments de la critique du calcul infinitésimal', Revue d'Histoire des Sciences, 39 (1986), 223-53.
    • (1986) Revue d'Histoire des Sciences , vol.39 , pp. 223-253
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  • 11
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    • Grattan Guinness (note 3), I, 195-219
    • Grattan Guinness (note 3), I, 195-219.
  • 12
    • 0345870507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing cultural and epistemological views on mathematics and different institutional contexts in nineteenth-century Europe
    • edited by C. Goldstein, J. Gray and J. Ritter Paris
    • G. Schubring, 'Changing cultural and epistemological views on mathematics and different institutional contexts in nineteenth-century Europe', L'Europe Mathématique - Mythes, Histoires, Identités, edited by C. Goldstein, J. Gray and J. Ritter (Paris, 1996), 361-88, 367.
    • (1996) L'Europe Mathématique - Mythes, Histoires, Identités , pp. 361-388
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  • 13
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    • Rigor and clarity: Foundations of mathematics in France and England, 1800-1840
    • Joan L. Richards, 'Rigor and clarity: foundations of mathematics in France and England, 1800-1840', Science in Context, 4 (1991), 297-319.
    • (1991) Science in Context , vol.4 , pp. 297-319
    • Richards, J.L.1
  • 14
    • 0142167241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London
    • In fact Bolzano gave an equivalent definition in 1817, but his work was not very well known at the time. There still is some question of whether Cauchy actually got his definition from Bolzano. Cf. I. Grattan-Guinness, The Fontana History of the Mathematical Sciences (London, 1997), 356.
    • (1997) The Fontana History of the Mathematical Sciences , pp. 356
    • Grattan-Guinness, I.1
  • 15
    • 26644450691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grabiner (note 8)
    • Grabiner (note 8).
  • 17
    • 1342321541 scopus 로고
    • Definite values of infinite sums: Aspects of the foundations of infinitesimal analysis around 1820
    • Detlef Laugwitz, 'Definite values of infinite sums: aspects of the foundations of infinitesimal analysis around 1820', Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 39 (1988-9), 195-245.
    • (1988) Archive for History of Exact Sciences , vol.39 , pp. 195-245
    • Laugwitz, D.1
  • 19
    • 26644448189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The background to and early emergence of Euler's analysis
    • edited by Michael Otte and Marco Panza Dordrecht
    • and Craig G. Fraser, 'The background to and early emergence of Euler's analysis', Analysis and Synthesis in Mathematics, edited by Michael Otte and Marco Panza (Dordrecht, 1997), 47-78.
    • (1997) Analysis and Synthesis in Mathematics , pp. 47-78
    • Fraser, C.G.1
  • 21
    • 0346350498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lagrange in the Netherlands
    • August
    • D. J. Beckers, 'Lagrange in the Netherlands', Historia Mathematica, 26 (3) (August 1999), 224-38.
    • (1999) Historia Mathematica , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 224-238
    • Beckers, D.J.1
  • 22
    • 0347762047 scopus 로고
    • Mémoire sur la théorie des caractéristiques
    • There is a reference to Cauchy by Lobatto in his 'Mémoire sur la théorie des caractéristiques', Nieuwe Verhandelingen der Eerste Klasse van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Instituut van Wetenschappen, 6 (1837), 1-82, 49. Here Lobatto used Cauchy's idea to split the integration interval in the case when the function to be integrated showed a singularity interior to the interval. Lobatto thanked the Utrecht Professor of Mathematics Van Rees for pointing our the idea of using Cauchy's solution. De Gelder, also, was familiar with Cauchy's work. For some reason the foundations of calculus as presented by Cauchy were simply not taken seriously.
    • (1837) Nieuwe Verhandelingen der Eerste Klasse van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Instituut van Wetenschappen , vol.6 , pp. 1-82
  • 24
    • 0346501367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. F. L. Schröder on the foundations of geometry
    • D. J. Beckers, 'J. F. L. Schröder on the foundations of geometry', Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde (IV), 16 (1998), 113-34.
    • (1998) Nieuw Archief Voor Wiskunde (IV) , vol.16 , pp. 113-134
    • Beckers, D.J.1
  • 28
    • 26644445197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 1(x) stelt alzoo de waarde voor van de limiet der verhouding tusschen de oneindig kleine veranderingen, dy, dx, welke eenige functie y en haar veranderlijk element x gelijktijdig ondergaan. Men noemt deze verhouding dy/dx veelal het differentiaal quotient of de differentiaal coefficient der functie y. Voor sommige byzondere waarden van x, kan deze limiet 0 of ∞ worden, hetgeen blijkbaar van de veranderlijke rigting der raaklijn in de onderscheidene punten der kromme afhankelijk is. In het eerste geval loopt die lijn evenwijdig aan, en in het tweede geval staat zij loodregt op de as der abscissen.'
  • 29
    • 26644436210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paris
    • A.-L. Cauchy, Calcul Infinitésimal (Paris, 1923), 39-40. Problēme III-déterminer l'inclinaison d'une courbe en un point donné.
    • (1923) Calcul Infinitésimal , pp. 39-40
    • Cauchy, A.-L.1
  • 30
    • 26644442757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lobatto (note 23), I, 18
    • Lobatto (note 23), I, 18.
  • 31
    • 26644455020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grabiner (note 8), 133-9
    • Grabiner (note 8), 133-9.
  • 32
    • 26644448940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For example in Lobatto (note 23), I, 58-9, in the proof of the following lemma [in modernized notation]: let f and g be continuous functions in a variable x,f(x*') = g(x*~) = 0 for a certain x* in (0, x′), and g′(x) strictly positive or negative on an interval (0, x′). If Mis the maximum, and m the minimum value of f′(x*)/g′(x*) for 0 < x* < x′, then m < f(x)/g(x) < M for 0 < x < x′. The fact that Lobatto takes the existence of M and m for granted illustrates his more intuitive (than Cauchy's) understanding of continuity.
  • 33
    • 26644431783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Koetsier (note 16) and Fraser (note 16)
    • See Koetsier (note 16) and Fraser (note 16).
  • 35
    • 26644465499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 0 verdwijnt'. Of course Lobatto wrote down this formula for m = 0, 1, 2 and then put in some dots to indicate that it would hold for all m.
  • 38
    • 26644443131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bierens de Haan (note 33), 5
    • Bierens de Haan (note 33), 5.
  • 39
    • 26644457389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cauchy (note 25), 32-3
    • Cauchy (note 25), 32-3.
  • 40
    • 26644437412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Bierens de Haan (note 33), 12. Literally: 'onder de voorwaarde, dat het aantal termen niet oneindig groot worde, omdat alsdan [...] de som der ε niet meer noodzakelijk aan nul gelijk behoeft te zijn'. In Lobatto's textbook (note 23), I, 16, it is the loose, as many as one pleases: 'een willekeurig aantal'.
  • 41
    • 26644475827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bierens de Haan (note 33), 87
    • Bierens de Haan (note 33), 87.
  • 43
    • 26644462577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The g and k are derived from the Dutch words for 'largest' and 'smallest'.
  • 45
    • 26644471469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • De Recensent, Algemeen Letterlievend Maandschrift 1852-I, 516-520, 517. Literally, 'De andere wijze is voor hem, die ook nog de kennis moet verzamelen. Dan geleidt men hem, die de kennis zoekt en tot wetenschap wil ordenen, als aan den hand langs den meest effenen weg; men doet hem telkens rondom zien en terugzien, hem van elk hooger standpunt uit het geheel in zijne orde vertoonende. De Hoogleeraar Lobatto heeft gelukkig meer dezen weg opgespoord en is, naar onzen meening, beter geslaagd dan Schlömilch, wiens differentiaal-rekening in velerlei opzigten als leeboek bij zijne andere zoo populaire Verhandelingen achterstaat.'
    • Algemeen Letterlievend Maandschrift
    • De Recensent1
  • 47
    • 84910956081 scopus 로고
    • Jena
    • The calculus text that Buys Ballot referred to in the quotation above was probably the popular Handbuch der Algebraischen Analysis (Jena, 1845).
    • (1845) Handbuch der Algebraischen Analysis
  • 48
    • 26644449395 scopus 로고
    • Sneek, ca.
    • Two of Schlömilch's books were translated in Dutch: Beginselen der Meetkunde, (translated by H. Onnen) (Sneek, ca. 1870);
    • (1870) Beginselen der Meetkunde
    • Onnen, H.1
  • 54
    • 0346501372 scopus 로고
    • Mathematics in the Netherlands from 1750 to 1830
    • P. P. Bockstaele, 'Mathematics in the Netherlands from 1750 to 1830', Janus, 65 (1978), 67-95.
    • (1978) Janus , vol.65 , pp. 67-95
    • Bockstaele, P.P.1
  • 57
  • 58
    • 26644460389 scopus 로고
    • Amsterdam
    • The three volumes of the Tables d'Intégrales Definies (Amsterdam, 1856-8) contained an enormous list of definite integrals and their approximations or solutions, which at the time was very useful.
    • (1856) Tables d'Intégrales Definies
  • 60
    • 0345870504 scopus 로고
    • A nineteenth century Dutch mathematician: Rehuel Lobatto (1797-1866)
    • Ida H. Stamhuis, 'A nineteenth century Dutch mathematician: Rehuel Lobatto (1797-1866)', Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde IV, 6 (1988), 227-45.
    • (1988) Nieuw Archief Voor Wiskunde IV , vol.6 , pp. 227-245
    • Stamhuis, I.H.1
  • 61
    • 26644440141 scopus 로고
    • On this subject Lobatto published in Crelle's Journal the following papers: 'Note sur l'intégration de la fonction ∂z/(a+b cos z)', 9 (1832), 259-60;
    • (1832) Crelle's Journal , vol.9 , pp. 259-260
  • 62
    • 26644464112 scopus 로고
    • 2+γx+δ)', 10 (1833), 280-7;
    • (1833) 2+γx+δ) , vol.10 , pp. 280-287
  • 63
    • 26644449643 scopus 로고
    • 2)', 11 (1834), 169-72;
    • (1834) 2) , vol.11 , pp. 169-172
  • 65
    • 26644474085 scopus 로고
    • Note sur l'évaluation de la surface totale de l'ellipsoïde a trois axes inégaux
    • Cf. M. R. Lobatto, 'Note sur l'évaluation de la surface totale de l'ellipsoïde a trois axes inégaux', Journal des Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, 5 (1840), 115-9;
    • (1840) Journal des Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées , vol.5 , pp. 115-119
    • Lobatto, M.R.1
  • 66
    • 26644443844 scopus 로고
    • Mémoire sur la réduction d'une classe d'intégrales multiples
    • his reaction was on E. Catalan, 'Mémoire sur la réduction d'une classe d'intégrales multiples', Journal des Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, 4 (1839), 323-44.
    • (1839) Journal des Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées , vol.4 , pp. 323-344
    • Catalan, E.1
  • 67
    • 0347762047 scopus 로고
    • Mémoire sur la Théorie des Caractéristiques
    • Most noteworthy in this respect in his work on what we would now call functional analysis: R. Lobatto, 'Mémoire sur la Théorie des Caractéristiques', Nieuwe Verhandelingen der eerste Masse van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Instituut van Wetenschappen, 6 (1837), 1-82 (the publisher clearly had trouble with this kind of work; the formulae were full of misprints);
    • (1837) Nieuwe Verhandelingen der Eerste Masse van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Instituut van Wetenschappen , vol.6 , pp. 1-82
    • Lobatto, R.1
  • 71
    • 0024109639 scopus 로고
    • The mathematician Rehuel Lobatto advocates life insurances in the Netherlands in the period 1830-1860
    • I. H. Stamhuis, 'The mathematician Rehuel Lobatto advocates life insurances in The Netherlands in the period 1830-1860', Annals of Science, 45 (1988), 619-41, 626.
    • (1988) Annals of Science , vol.45 , pp. 619-641
    • Stamhuis, I.H.1
  • 72
    • 26644461167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beckers (note 18)
    • Beckers (note 18).
  • 73
    • 26644457855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beckers (note 20)
    • Beckers (note 20).


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