Transgenics in crops

Biotechnology Annual Review

Volumn 7, Issue , 2001, Pages 239-260

  Li, Yi ^a   Wu, Yan H ^a   McAvoy, Richard ^a   Duan, Hui ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

Abiotic stress tolerance; Carbohydrates; Extension of shelf life; Fatty acids; Genes; Herbicide resistance; Insect and disease resistance; Photosynthetic activities; Plant transformation; Seedless fruits; Vitamins and micro nutrients

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; CARBOHYDRATE; FATTY ACID; HERBICIDE; VITAMIN;

AGRICULTURE; AGRONOMIC TRAIT; AMINO ACID COMPOSITION; CELL TRANSFORMATION; DISEASE RESISTANCE; DWARFISM; FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY; FOOD INDUSTRY; FOOD QUALITY; GENE TRANSFER; GENETIC TRANSFECTION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; HARVESTING; HERBICIDE RESISTANCE; INSECT RESISTANCE; LIPID COMPOSITION; MACRONUTRIENT; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY; PLANT PATHOGEN INTERACTION; PLANT SEED; REVIEW; STRESS; TRANSGENIC PLANT; BIOTECHNOLOGY; DRUG RESISTANCE; GENETIC ENGINEERING; GENETICS; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; METABOLISM; NASA DISCIPLINE PLANT BIOLOGY; NASA PROGRAM FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY; NON-NASA CENTER; PLANT; PLANT DISEASE;

INSECTA;

NASA DISCIPLINE PLANT BIOLOGY; NASA PROGRAM FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY; NON-NASA CENTER;

AGRICULTURE; BIOTECHNOLOGY; DRUG RESISTANCE; GENETIC ENGINEERING; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PLANT DISEASES; PLANTS, EDIBLE; PLANTS, GENETICALLY MODIFIED;

EID: 0035233257     PISSN: 13872656     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1387-2656(01)07039-9     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Herdt RW. Assisting developing countries toward food self-reliance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:1989-1982.
2. Anderson J. Feeding a hungrier world. Phytopathology News 1996;30:90-91.
3. Fraley RT, Rogers SG, Horsch RB, Sander PR, Flick JS, Galluppi GR, Goldberg SB, Hoffman NL, Woo SC. Expression of bacterial genes in plant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983;80:4803-4807.
4. Zambryski P, Joos H, Genetello C, Leemans J, Van Montagu M, Schell J. Ti plasmid vector for the introduction of DNA into plant cells without alteration of their normal regeneration capacity. EMBO J 1983;2:2143-2150.
5. Haumann BF. Bioengineered oilseed acreage escalating. Inform 1997;8:804-811.
6. James C. Global status of transgenic crops in 1997. Intl. Service for Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications 1997;5:1-30.
7. James C. Global status of transgenic crops in 1998. Intl. Service for Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications 1998;5:1-30.
8. James C. Global review of commercialized transgenic crops in 1999. Intl. Service for Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications 1999;12:1-7.
9. Birch RG. Plant transformation: problems and strategies for practical application. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Mol Biol 1997;48:297-326.
10. Hiei Y, Ohta S, Komari T, Lumashiro T. Efficient transformation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mediated by Agrobacterium and sequence analysis of the boundaries of the T-DNA. Plant J 1994;6:271-282.
11. Cheng X, Sardana R, Kaplan H, Altosaar I. Agrobacterium-transformed rice plants expressing synthetic cryIA(b) and cryIA(c) genes are highly toxic to striped stem borer and yellow stem borer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:2767-2772.
12. May GD, Afza R, Mason HS, Wiecko A, Novak FJ, Arntzen CJ. Generations of transgenic Banana (Musa acuminata) plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Biol/Technol 1995;13:486-492.
13. Ishida Y, Saito H, Ohta S, Hiei Y, Komari T, Kumashiro T. High efficiency transformation of maize (Zea mays L.) mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Nat Biotechnol 1996;14:745-750.
14. Cheng M, Fry JE, Pang SZ, Zhou HP, Hironaks CM, Duncan DR, Conner TW, Wan YC. Genetic transformation of wheat mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Physiol 1997;115:971-980.
15. Vergunst AC, Jansen LE, Hooykaas PJ. Site specific integration of Agrobacterium T-DNA in Arabidopsis thaliana mediated by Cre-recombinase. Nucleic Acids Res 1998;26:2729-2734.
16. Hamilton CM, Frary A, Lewis C, Tanksley SD. Stable transfer of intact high molecular weight DNA into plant chromosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:9975-9979.
17. Hamilton CM. A binary-BAC system for plant transformation with high-molecular-weight DNA. Gene 1997;200:107-116.
18. Feldmann KA, Marks MD. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of germinating seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana: a non-tissue culture approach. Mol Gen Genet 1987;208:1-9.
19. Simoens C. Van Montagu M. Genetic engineering in plants. Human Reproduction Update 1995;1:523-542.
20. Bechtold N, Ellis J, Pelletier G. In planta Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer by infiltration of adult Arabidopsis thaliana plants. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci Paris (Life Sci) 1993;316:1194-1199.
21. Trieu AT, Burleigh SH, Kardailsky IV, Maldonado-Mendoza IE, Versaw WK, Blaylock LA, Shin H, Chiou TJ, Katagi H, Dewbre GR, Weigel D, Harrison MJ. Technical Advance: Transformation of Medicago truncatula via infiltration of seedlings or flowering plants with Agrobacterium. Plant J 2000;22:531-541.
22. Klein TM, Wolf ED, Wu R, Sanford JC. High-velocity microprojectiles for delivering nucleic acids into living cells. Nature 1987;327:70-73.
23. Sanford JC. The biolistic process. Trends Biotechnol 1988;6:299-302.
24. Datta SK, Peterhans A, Datta K, Potrykus I. Genetically engineered fertile indica-rice recovered from protoplasts. Bio/Technol 1990;8:736-740.
25. Potrykus I, Saul MW, Petruska J, Paszkowski J, Shillito RD. Direct gene transfer to cells of a graminaceous monocot. Mol Gen Genet 1985;199:183-188.
26. Fromm ME, Taylor LP, Walbot V. Stable transformation of maize after gene transfer by electroporation. Nature 1986;319:791-793.
27. Kaeppler HF, Gu W, Somers DA, Rines HW, Cockburn AF. Silicon carbide fiber-mediated DNA delivery into plant cells. Plant Cell Reports 1990;9:415-418.
28. Kikkert JR. The biolistic PDS-1000/He device. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 1993;33:221-226.
29. McCabe D, Christou P. Direct DNA transfer using electric discharge particle acceleration (ACCELL technology). Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 1993;33:227-236.
30. Southgate EM, Davey MR, Power JB, Westcott RS. A comparison of methods for direct gene transfer into maize (Zea mays L.). In vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 1998;34:218-224.
31. Liu K. Biotech crops: products, properties, and prospects. Food Technol 1999:53:42-48.
32. Day PR. Genetic modification of proteins in food. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 1996;36:S49-S67.
33. Vaeck M, Reynaerts A, Hofte H, Jansens S, De Beuckeleer M, Dean C, Zabeau, M, Van Montagu M, Leemans J. Insect resistance in transgenic plants expressing modified Baillus thuringiensis toxin genes. Nature 1987;328:33-37.
34. Hofte H, Whiteley HR. Insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis. Microbiol Rev 1989;53:242-255.
35. Meadows J, Gill SS, Bone LW. Bacillus thuringiensis strains affect population growth on the free-living nematode Turbatrixaceti. Invertebrate Reprod Dev 1990;17:73-76.
36. Kota M, Daniell H, Varma S, Garczynski SF, Gould F, Moar WJ. Overexpression of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry2Aa2 protein in chloroplasts confers resistance to plants against susceptible and Bt-resistant insects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:1840-1850.
37. Losey JE, Rayor LS, Carter ME. Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae. Nature 1999;399:214.
38. Hodgson J. Monarch Bt-corn paper questioned. Nat Biotechnol 1999;17:627.
39. Nüler E. GM corn poses little threat to monarch. Nat Biotechnol 1999;17:1154.
40. Wraight CL, Zangerl AR, Carroll MJ, Berenbaum MR. Absence of toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis pollen to black swallowtails under field conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:7700-7703.
41. Munkvold GP, Hellmich RL, Rice LG. Comparison of fumonisin concentrations in kernels of trangenic Bt maize hybrids and nontransgenic hybrids. Plant Dis 1999;83:130-138.
42. Windham GL, Williams WP, Davis FM. Effects of the southwestern corn borer on Aspergillus flavus kernel infection and aflatoxin accumulation in maize hybrids. Plant Dis 1999;83:535-540.
43. Estruch JJ, Carozzi NB, Desai N, Duck NB, Warren GW, Koziel MG. Transgenic plants: an emerging approach to pest control. Nat Biotechnol 1997;15:137-141.
44. Dempsey DA, Silva H, Klessig DF. Engineering disease and pest resistance in plants. Trends Microbiol 1998;6:54-61.
45. ffrench-Constant R, Bowen D. Photorhabdus toxins: novel biological insecticides. Curr Opin Microbiol. 1999;2:284-288.
46. Bowen D, Rocheleau T, Blackburn M, Andreev O, Golubeva E, Bhartia R, ffrench-Constant R. Insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. Science 1998;280:2129-2132.
47. Salmeron JM, Vernooij B. Transgenic approaches to microbial disease resistance in crop plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 1998;1:347-52.
48. Melchers LS, Stuiver MH. Novel genes for disease-resistance breeding. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2000;3:147-52.
49. Rommens CM, Kishore GM. Exploiting the full potential of disease-resistance genes for agricultural use. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2000;11:120-5.
50. Ellis J, Dodds P, Pryor T. Structure, function and evolution of plant disease resistance genes. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2000;3:278-284.
51. Powell-Abel P, Nelson RS, De B, Hoffman H, Rogers SG, Fraley RT, Beachy RN. Delay of disease development in transgenic plants that express the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene. Science 1986;232:738-743.
52. Beachy RN. Transgenic resistance to plant viruses. Semin Virol 1993;4:327-416.
53. Meeusen RL. Commercialization of transgenic seed products: Two case studies. In: Collins GB, Shepherd RJ (eds) Engineering plants for commercial products and applications. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1996;172-176.
54. Gonsalves D. Control of papaya ring spot virus in papaya: a case study. Annual Review of Phytopathol 1998;36:415-437.
55. Westwood J. Papaya virus nearly eradicates crop, ISB News Report, January 1999 Issue; http://www.nbiap.vt.edu/Excite/AT-NewsReportquery.html
56. Orison R, Grezes-Besset B, Schneider M, Lucante N, Olsen L, Leguay JJ, Toppan A. Field tolerance to fungal pathogens of Brassica napus constitutively expressing a chimeric chitinase gene. Nat Biotechnol 1996;14:643-646.
57. Cao H, Li X, Dong X. Generation of broad-spectrum disease resistance by overexpression of an essential regulatory gene in systemic acquired resistance. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1998;95:6531-6536.
58. Anonymous Biotechnology, a promise for the future. Monsanto, St. Louis, MO, 1996.
59. Anonymous Achievements in plant biotechnology. Monsanto, St. Louis, MO, 1997.
60. Flint JL, Dorsey DJ, Johnson E. 1997 Roundup Ready soybean performance delivers outstanding grower satisfaction. The Edge: Mosanto J. Agribusiness Technol 1988;26-27.
61. Hinchee MAW, Connor-Ward D, Christine AN, McDonald RE, Sato SJ, Gasser CS, Fischoff DA, Re DB, Fraley RT, Horsch RB. Production of transgenic soybean plants using Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer. Biol Technol 1988;6:912-922.
62. Lermontova I, Grimm B. Overexpression of plastidic protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase leads to resistance to the diphenyl-ether herbicide acifluorfen. Plant Physiol 2000;122:75-83.
63. De Block M, Botterman J, Vandewiele M, Dockx J, Thoen C, Gossele V, Movva R, Thompson C, Van Montagu M, Leemans J. Engineering herbicide resistance in plants by expression of a detoxifying enzyme. EMBO J 1987;6:2513-2518.
64. Botterman J, Leemans J. Engineering herbicide resistance in plants. Trends Genet 1988;4:219-222.
65. De Block M, De Brouwer D, Tenning P. Transformation of Brassica napus and Brassica oleracea using Agrobacterium trumefaciens and the expression of the bar and neo genes in the transgenic plants. Plant Physiol 1989;91:694-701.
66. De Block M. Factors influencing the tissue culture and the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of hybrid aspen and poplar clones. Plant Physiol 1990;93:1110-1116.
67. D'Halluin K, Botterman J, De Greef W. Engineering of herbicide-resistant alfalfa and evaluation under field conditions. Crop Sci 1990;30:866-871.
68. Hasegawa M, Bressan R, Pardo JM. The dawn of plant salt tolerance genetics. Trends Plant Sci 2000;5:317-319.
69. Hayashi H, Alia, Mustardy L, Deshnium P, Ida M, Murata N. Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana with the codA gene for choline oxidase; accumulation of glycinebetaine and enhanced tolerance to salt and cold stress. Plant J 1997;12:133-142.
70. Alia, Kondo Y, Sakamoto A, Nonaka H, Hayashi H, Saradhi PP, Chen TH, Murata N. Enhanced tolerance to light stress of transgenic Arabidopsis plants that express the codA gene for a bacterial choline oxidase. Plant Mol Biol 1999;40:279-288.
71. Van Camp W, Willekens H, Bowler C, Van Montagu M, Inze D, Reupold-Popp P, Sandermann H Jr, Langebartels C. Elevated levels of superoxide dismutase protect transgenic plants against ozone damage. Bio/technol 1994;12:165-168.
72. Apse MP, Aharon GS, Snedden WA, Blumwald E. Salt tolerance conferred by overexpression of a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiport in Arabidopsis. Science 1999;285:1256-1258.
73. Murakami Y, Tsuyama M, Kobayashi Y, Kodama H, Iba K. Trienoic fatty acids and plant tolerance of high temperature. Science 2000;287:476-479.
74. Ishizaki-Nishizawa O, Fujii T, Azuma M, Sekiguchi K, Murata N, Ohtani T, Toguri T. Low-temperature resistance of higher plants is significantly enhanced by a nonspecific cyanobacterial desaturase. Nat Biotechnol 1996;14:1003-1006.
75. Kasuga M, Liu Q, Miura S, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K. Improving plant drought, salt, and freezing tolerance by gene transfer of a single stress-inducible transcription factor. Nat Biotechnol 1999;17:287-291.
76. Jaglo-Ottosen KR, Gilmour SJ, Zarka DG, Schabenberger O, Thomashow MF. Arabidopsis CBF-1 overexpression induces COR genes and enhances freezing tolerance. Science 1998;280:104-106.
77. Ku MSB, Agarie S, Nomura M, Fukayama H, Tsuchida H, Ono K, Hirose S, Toki S, Miyao M, Matsuoka M. High level expression of maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in transgenic rice plants. Nat Biotechnol 1999;17:76-80.
78. Ku MSB. Metabolica modified rice exhibits superior photosynthesis and yield. ISB News Report May 2000 Issue, http://www.nbiap.vt.edu/Excite/AT- NewsReportquery.html
79. Peng J, Richards DE, Hartley NM, Murphy GP, Devos KM, Flintham JE, Beales J, Fish LJ, Worland AJ, Pelica F, Sudhakar D, Christou P, Snape JW, Gale MD, Harberd NP. 'Green revolution' genes encode mutant gibberellin response modulators. Nature 1999;400:256-261.
80. Davies PJ. The Plant Hormone Concept: Concentration, Sensitivity and Transport. In: Davies PJ (ed). Plant Hormones Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995;13-18.
81. Prakash CS. Sunflower gene improves grain legume protein. ISB News Report October 1997 Issue, http://www.nbiap.vt.edu/Excite/AT-NewsReportquery.html.
82. Hoffman LM, Donaldson DD, Herman EM. A modified storage protein in synthesized, processed, and degraded in the seeds of transgenic plants. Plant Mol Biol 1988;11:717-729.
83. Falco SC, Guida T, Locke M, Mauvais J, Sanders C, Ward RT, Webber P. Transgenic canola and soybean seeds with increased lysine. Bio/Technol 1995;13:577-582.
84. Altenbach SB, Kuo CC, Staraci LC, Pearson KW, Wainwright C, Georgescu A, Townsend J. Accumulation of a Brazil nut albumin in seeds of transgenic canola results in enhanced levels of seed protein methionine. Plant Mol Bio 1992;18:235-245.
85. Nordlee JA, Taylor SL, Townsend JA, Thomas LA, Bush RK. Identification of a Brazil-nut allergen in transgenic soybeans. New Eng J Med 1996;334:668-692.
86. Molvig L, Tabe LM, Eggum BO, Moore AE, Craig S, Spencer D, Higgins TJV. Enhanced methionine levels and increased nutritive value of seeds of transgenic lupins (Lupinusangustifolius L.) expressing a sunflower seed albumin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:8393-8398.
87. Fader GM, Kinney AJ, Hitz MD. Using biotechnology to reduce unwanted traits. Inform 1995;6:167-169.
88. Hawkins DJ, Kridl JC. Characterization of acyl-ACP thioesterases of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) seed and high levels of stearate production in transgenic canola. Plant J 1998;13:743-752.
89. Merlo AO, Cowen N, Delate T, Edington B, Folkerts O, Hopkins N, Lemeiux C, Skokut T, Smith K, Woosley A, Yang Y, Young S, Zwick M. Ribozymes targeted to stearoyl-ACP delta-9 desaturase mRNA produce heritable increases of stearic acid in transgenic maize leaves. Plant Cell 1998;10:1603-1622.
90. Knutzon DS, Thompson GA, Radke SE, Johnson WB, Knauf VC, Kridl JC. Modification of Brassica seed oil by antisense expression of a stearoly-acyl carrier protein desaturase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:2624-2628.
91. Facciotti MT, Bertain PB, Yuan L. Improved stearate phenotype in transgenic canola expressing a modified acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase. Nat Biotechnol 1999;17:593-597.
92. Miquel MF, Browse JA. High-oleate oilseeds fail to develop at low temperature. Plant Physiol 1994;106:421-427.
93. Kridl JC, Shewmarker CK. Food for thought: improvement of food quality and composition through genetic engineering. In: Collins GB, Shepherd RJ (eds) Engineering plants for commercial products and applications. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1996;1-12.
94. Voelker TA, Worrell AC, Anderson L, Bleibaum J, Fan C, Hawkins DJ, Radke SE, Davies HM. Fatty acid biosynthesis redirected to medium chains in transgenic oilseed plants. Science 1992;257:72-74.
95. Lee M, Lenman M, Banas A, Bafor M, Singh S, Schweizer M, Nilsson R, Liljenberg C, Dahlqvist A, Gummeson PO, Sjodahl S, Green A, Stymne S. Identification of non-heme düron proteins that catalyze triple bond and epoxy group formation. Science 1998;280:915-918.
96. Nawrath C, Poirier Y, Somerville C. Targeting of the polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthetic pathway to the plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana results in high levels of polymer accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:12760-12764.
97. Preiss J, Sivak MN. Biochemistry, molecular biology and regulation of starch synthesis. Genet Eng 1998;20:177-223.
98. Stark DM, Barry GF, Kishore GM. Improvement of food quality traits through enhancement of starch biosynthesis. In: Collins GB, Shepherd RJ (eds) Engineering plants for commercial products and applications. New York: New York Academy of Sciences 1996;26-36.
99. Sevenier R, Hall RD, van der Meer IM, Hakkert HJ, van Tunen AJ, Koops AJ. High level fructan accumulation in a transgenic sugar beet. Nat Biotechnol 1998;16:843-846.
100. Pilon-Smits EAH, Terry N, Sears T, van Dun K. Enhanced drought resistance in fructan-producing sugar beet. Plant Physiol and Biochem 1999;37:313-317.
101. Ortiz R. Critical role of plant biotechnology for the genetic improvement of food crops: Perspectives for the next millennium. Electronic J of Biotechnol 1998:1
102. Varoquaux F, Blanvillain R, Delseny M, Gallois P. Less is better: new approaches for seedless fruit production. Trends Biotechnol 2000;18:233-242.
103. Barg R, Salts Y. Method for the induction of genetic parthenocarpy in plants. 1996; Patent WO. 97/30165.
104. Spena A. Methods for producing parthenocarpic or female sterile transgenic plants. Patent WO. 1998;98/28430.
105. Li Y. Transgenic seedless fruit and methods. 1998; Patent WO 98/49888.
106. Naylor AW. Functions of hormones at the organ level of organization. In: Scott TK (ed) Hormonal Regulation of Development II. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1984;172-218.
107. Chrispeels MJ, Sadava DE. In: Plants, Genes and Agriculture. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Pub-lishers, 1994;413.
108. Hamilton AJ, Fray RG, Grierson D. Sense and antisense inactivation of fruit ripening genes in tomato. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1995;197:77-89.
109. Oeller PW, Lu MW, Taylor LP, Pike DA, Theologis A. Reversible inhibition of tomato fruit senescence by antisense RNA. Science 1991;254:437-439.
110. Bird CR, Smith CJS, Ray JA, Moureau P, Bevan MW, Bird AS, Hughes S. The tomato polygalacturonase gene and ripening-specific expression in transgenic plants. Plant Mol Biol 1988;11:651-662
111. Klee HJ, Hayford MB, Kretzmer KA, Barry GF, Kishore GM. Control of ethylene synthesis by expression of a bacterial enzyme in transgenic tomato plants. Plant Cell 1991;3:1187-1193.
112. Smart CM, Scofield SR, Bevan MW, Dyer TA. Delayed leaf senescence in tobacco plants transformed with tmr, a gene for cytokinin production in Agrobacterium. Plant Cell 1991;7:647-656.
113. Li Y, Hagen G, Guilfoyle TJ. Altered morphology in transgenic tobacco plants that overproduce cytokinins in specific tissues and organs. Del Biol 1992;153:386-395.
114. Gan S, Amasino RM. Inhibition of leaf senescence by autoregulated production of cytokinin. Science 1995;270:1986-1988.
115. Wilkinson JQ, Lanahan MB, Clark DG, Bleecker AB, Chang C, Meyerowitz EM, Klee HJ. A dominant mutant receptor from Arabidopsis confers ethylene insensitivity in heterologous plants. Nat Biotechnol 1997;15:444-447.
116. Prakash CS. Nutritional genomics: Increasing vitamin E content in plants. ISB News Report, January 1999 Issue, http://www.nbiap.vt.edu/Excite/AT- NewsReportquery.html.
117. Shintani D, DellaPenna D. Elevating the vitamin E content of plants through metabolic engineering. Science 1998;282:2098-2100.
118. Prakash CS. Toward high provitamin-A rice. ISB News Report, August 1997 Issue, http://www.nbiap.vt.edu/Excite/AT-NewsReportquery.html.
119. Burkhardt PK, Beyer P, Wunn J, Kloti A, Armstrong GA, Schledz M, von Lintig J, Potrykus I. Transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm expressing daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) phytoene synthase accumulates phytoene, a key intermediate of provitamin A biosynthesis. Plant J 1997;11:1071-1078.
120. Ye X, Al-Babili S, Kloti A, Zhang J, Lucca P, Beyer P, Potrykus I. Engineering the provitamin A (beta-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm. Science 2000;287:303-305.
121. Lohr JT. High Iron Rice. ISB News Report, April 1999 Issue, http://www.nbiap.vt.edu/Excite/ AT-NewsReportquery.html.
122. Goto F, Yoshihara T, Shigemoto N, Toki S, Takaiwa F. Iron fortification of rice seed by the soybean ferritin gene. Nat Biotechnol 1999;17:282-286.
123. Flavell RB. Plant biotechnology R&D - the next ten years. Trends Biotechnol 1995;13:313-319.