Translational control in vertebrate development

International Review of Cytology

Volumn 203, Issue , 2001, Pages 567-608

  De Moor, C H ^a   Richter, J D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cell cycle; Cytoplasmic polyadenylation; Deadenylation; Development; Differentiation; Oocyte maturation; Translational control

Indexed keywords

ARACHIDONATE 15 LIPOXYGENASE; CIS ACTING ELEMENT; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; MESSENGER RNA; RNA BINDING PROTEIN; TRANS ACTING FACTOR;

CELL CYCLE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; GENETIC CODE; GERM LAYER; NONHUMAN; OOCYTE MATURATION; POLYADENYLATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE; REVIEW; RNA TRANSLATION; TRANSLATION REGULATION; XENOPUS;

FALLOPIA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0035210646     PISSN: 00747696     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(01)03017-0     Document Type: Review

References (247)

1. TOP genes: A translationally controlled class of genes including those coding for ribosomal protein genes
2. FGF Signalling in the early specification of mesoderm in Xenopus
3. The kinase Eg2 is a component of the Xenopus oocyte progesterone-activated signaling pathway
4. Embryonic lethal abnormal visual RNA-binding proteins involved in growth, differentiation, and posttranscriptional gene expression
5. ELAV tumor antigen, Hel-N1, increases translation of neurofilament in mRNA and induces formation of neurites in human teratocarcinoma cells
6. A new 34-kilodalton isoform of human fibroblast growth factor 2 is cap dependently synthesized by using a non-AUG start codon and behaves as a survival factor
7. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A stimulates translation in microinjected Xenopus oocytes
8. Postfertilization deadenylation of mRNAs in Xenopus laevis embryos is sufficient to cause their degradation at the blastula stage
9. The 5' terminal oligopyrimidine tract confers translational control on TOP mRNAs in a cell type- and sequence context-dependent manner
10. Poly (A) polymerases in the nucleus and cytoplasm of frog oocytes: Dynamic changes during ocyte maturation and early development
11. A dependent pathway of cytoplasmic polyadenylation reactions linked to cell cycle control by c-mos and CDK1 activation
12. Characterization of the zebrafish Orb/CPEB-related RNA binding protein and localization of maternal components in the zebra-fish oocyte
13. Meiotic maturation in Xenopus requires polyadenylation of multiple mRNAs
14. RNA localization in development
15. PDGF2/c-sis mRNA leader contains a differentiation-linked internal ribosomal entry site (D-IRES)
16. TOP mRNAs are translationally inhibited by a titratable repressor in both wheat germ extract and reticulocyte lysate
17. Phosphorylation by p34cdc2 regulates spindle association of human Eg5, a kinesin-related motor essential for bipolar spindle formation in vivo
18. The deadenylation conferred by the 3' untranslated region of a developmentally controlled mRNA in Xenopus embryos is switched to polyadenylation by deletion of a short sequence element
19. Degradation of a developmentally regulated mRNA in Xenopus embryos is controlled by the 3' region and requires the translation of another maternal mRNA
20. A role for transcription and FRGY2 in masking maternal mRNA within Xenopus oocytes
21. Intron-less RNA injected into the nucleus of Xenopus oocytes accesses a regulated translation control pathway
22. Temporal translational regulation of the protamine 1 gene during mouse spermatogenesis
23. Repression and activation of protamine mRNA translation during murine spermatogenesis
24. Protamine 3'-untranslated sequences regulate temporal translational control and subcellular localization of growth hormone in spermatids of transgenic mice
25. A non-AUG translational initiation event generates novel WT1 isoforms
26. Alternative initation of translation determines cytoplasmic or nuclear localization of basic fibroblast growth factor
27. Mutant alleles at the locus elav in Drosophila melanogaster lead to nervous system defects. A developmental-genetic analysis
28. AU-rich elements: Characterization and importance in mRNA degradation
29. orb is required for anteroposterior and dorsoventral patterning during Drosophila oogenesis
30. Translational control: The cancer connection
31. Inhibition of poly(A) polymerase requires p34cdc2/cyclin B phosphorylation of multiple consensus and non-consensus sites
32. Cell-cycle related regulation poly(A) polymerase by phosphorylation
33. Interaction of polyadenylate-binding protein with the elF4G homologue PAIP enhances translation
34. The role of 3' poly(A) tail metabolism in tumor necrosis factor-α regulation
35. pEg7, a new Xenopus protein required for mitotic chromosome condensation in egg extracts
36. Translational activation and cytoplasmic polyadenylation of FGF receptor-1 are independently regulated during Xenopus oocyte maturation
37. Multiple modifications in the phospho-proteins bound to stored messenger RNA in Xenopus oocytes
38. Protein kinase activity associated with stored messenger ribonucleoprotein particles of Xenopus oocytes
39. 3' Non-translated sequences in Drosophila cyclin B transcripts direct posterior pole accumulation late in oogenesis and peri-nuclear association in syncytial embryos
40. elF4E expression in tumors: Its possible role in progression of malignancies
41. Translational activation of uncapped mRNAs by the central part of human elF4G is 5' end-dependent
42. Translation driven by an elF4G core domain in vivo
43. Influence of the four leader sequences of the human insulin-like-growth-factor-2 mRNAs on the expression of reporter genes
44. Proteins binding to the leader of the 6.0 kb mRNA of human insulin-like growth factor 2 influence translation
45. Differential polysomal localization of human insulin-like growth-factor-2 mRNAs in cell lines and foetal liver
46. The Mos pathway regulates cytoplasmic polyadenylation in Xenopus oocytes
47. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements mediate masking and unmasking of cyclin B1 mRNA
48. A highly conserved RNA-binding protein for cytoplasmic mRNA localization in vertebrates
49. Int-2: A member of the fibroblast growth factor family has different subcellular fates depending on the choice of initiation codon
50. The cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor in Xenopus laevis oocytes is a cytoplasmic factor involved in regulated polyadenylation
51. On the expression of protamine genes in the testis of man and other mammals
52. Mobilization of specific maternal RNA species into polysomes after fertilization in Xenopus laevis
53. Regulation of gene expression during spermatogenesis
54. The major core protein of messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (p50) promotes initiation of protein biosynthesis in vitro
55. Translational regulation by Y-box transcription factor: Involvement of the major mRNA-associated protein, p50
56. The major protein of messenger ribonucleoprotein particles in somatic cells is a member of the Ybox binding transcription factor family
57. Separate elements in the 3' untranslated region of the mouse protamine 1 mRNA regulate translational repression and activation during murine spermatogenesis
58. Overexpression of HuR, a nuclear-cytoplasmic shutting protein, increases the in vivo stability of ARE-containing mRNAs
59. ELAV proteins stabilize deadenylated intermediates in a novel in vitro mRNA deadenylation/degradation system
60. Poly(A) addition during maturation of frog oocytes: Distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic activities and regulation by the sequence UUUUUAU
61. Poly(A) removal during oocyte maturation: A default reaction selectively prevented by specific sequences in the 3' UTR of certain maternal mRNAs
62. A highly conserved eukaryotic protein family possessing properties of polypeptide chain release factor
63. A nuclear factor required for specific translation of cyclin B may control the timing of first meiotic cleavage in starfish oocytes
64. Cell transformation results in the loss of the density-dependent translational regulation of the expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 isoforms
65. Characterization of a human TAR RNA-binding protein that activates the HIV-1 LTR
66. Initiation codons within 5'-leaders of mRNAs as regulators of translation
67. Cloning and characterization of a Xenopus poly(A) polymerase
68. Mouse cytoplasmic polyadenylylation element binding protein: An evolutionarily conserved protein that interacts with the cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements of c-mos mRNA
69. Synthesis and function of Mos: The control switch of vertebrate oocyte meiosis
70. Translational control by cytoplasmic polyadenylation of c-mos mRNA is necessary for oocyte maturation in the mouse
71. Regulation of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation: A novel two-step mechanism
72. elF4 Initiation factors: Effectors of mRNA recruitment to ribosomes and regulators of translation
73. A conserved family of elav-like genes in vertebrates
74. Translational control of development in C. elegans
75. Translational regulation of human beta interferon mRNA: Association of the 3' AU-rich sequence with the poly(A) tail reduces translation efficiency in vitro
76. Control of translation initiation in animals
77. Poly (A) binding protein is bound to both stored and polysomal mRNAs in the mammalian testis
78. Promoter control of translation in Xenopus oocytes
79. Changes in mRNA length accompany translational regulation of the somatic and testis-specific cytochrome c genes during spermatogenesis in the mouse
80. Specificity of RNA binding by CPEB: Requirement for RNA recognition motifs and a novel zinc finger
81. CPEB is a specificity factor that mediates cytoplasmic polyadenylation during Xenopus oocyte maturation
82. Translational regulation of maternal mRNA
83. The alternatively initiated c-Myc proteins differentially regulate transcription through a noncanonical DNA-binding site
84. A non-AUG translational initiation in c-myc exon 1 generates an N-terminally distinct protein whose synthesis is disrupted in Burkitt's lymphomas
85. RNA-binding protein conserved in both microtubule- and microfilament-based RNA localization
86. Cell-specific translation of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase mRNA. Regulation by the 5' transcript leader
87. Cell-specific translational regulation of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase mRNA. Dependence on translation and coding capacity of the cisacting upstream open reading frame
88. Translational regulation of yeast GCN4-A window on factors that control initiator-tRNA binding to the ribosome
89. The double-stranded RNA-binding protein Xlrbpa promotes RNA strand annealing
90. Pim-1 protein expression is regulated by its 5'-untranslated region and translation initiation factor elF-4E
91. The expression of poly(A)-binding protein gene is translationally regulated in a growth-dependent fashion through a 5'-terminal oligopyrimidine tract motif
92. The kinesin-related protein Eg5 associates with both interphase and spindle microtubules during Xenopus early development
93. Transient translational silencing by reversible mRNA deadenylation
94. Two independent internal ribosome entry sites are involved in translation initiation of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA
95. A newly identified N-terminal amino acid sequence of human elF4G binds poly(A)-binding protein and functions in poly(A)-dependent translation
96. Possible involvement of poly(A) in protein syntheisis
97. Ectopic expression of Hel-N1, an RNA-binding protein, increases glucose transporter (GLUT1) expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
98. Rapamycin suppresses 5'TOP mRNA translation through inhibition of p70(S6k)
99. Rapamycin selectively represses translation of the 'polypyrimidine tract' mRNA family
100. Elongation factor-1α mRNA is selectively translated following mitogenic stimulation
101. A regulatory cis element and a specific binding factor involved in the mitogenic control of murine ribosomal protein L32 translation
102. 2- is required for phosphorylation of clam p82/CPEB in vitro: Implications for dual and independent roles of MAP and Cdc2 kinases
103. Targeted disruption of p70(s6k) defines its role in protein synthesis and rapamycin sensitivity
104. Cap-independent translation initiation in Xenopus oocytes
105. Translational recruitment of Xenopus maternal mRNAs in response to poly(A) elongation requires initiation factor elF4G-1
106. Poly (A) shortening accompanies the activation of translation of five mRNAs during spermiogenesis in the mouse
107. Regulation of translation initiation factors by signal transduction
108. Induction of mesoderm in Xenopus laevis embryos by translation initiation factor 4E
109. On the synthesis and destruction of A- and B-type cyclins during oogenesis and meiotic maturation in Xenopus laevis
110. Translation eukaryotic initiation factor 4G recognizes a specific structural element within the internal ribosome entry site of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA
111. The deadenylating nuclease (DAN) is involved in poly(A) tail removal during the meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes
112. mRNAs containing extensive secondary structure in their 5' non-coding region translate efficiently in cells overexpressing initiation factor elF-4E
113. An analysis of vertebrate mRNA sequences: Intimations of translational control
114. Recognition of AUG and alternative initiator codons is augmented by G in position +4 but is not generally affected by the nucleotides in positions +5 and +6
115. Initiation of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
116. hnRNP complexes: Composition, structure, and function
117. Translational control mediated by UA-rich sequences
118. Translational blockade imposed by cytokine-derived UA-rich sequences
119. Cap ribose methylation of c-mos mRNA stimulates translation and oocyte maturation in Xenopus laevis
120. Cytoplasmic 3' poly(A) addition induces 5' cap ribose methylation: Implications for translational control of maternal mRNA
121. Regulation of cellular 15-lipoxygenase activity on pretranslational, translational, and posttranslational levels
122. Xp54, the Xenopus homologue of human RNA helicase p54, is an integral component of stored mRNP particles in oocytes
123. The Drosophila orb RNA-binding protein is required for the formation of the egg chamber and establishment of polarity
124. Protein synthesis in oocytes of Xenopus laevis is not regulated by the supply of messenger RNA
125. Quantitative analysis of protein synthesis in mouse embryos. I. Extensive reprogramming at the one- and two-cell stages
126. A testis cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein that has the properties of a translational repressor
127. Hel-N1: An autoimmune RNA-binding protein with specificity for 3' uridylate-rich untranslated regions of growth factor mRNAs
128. Hypoxic stabilization of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by the RNA-binding protein HuR
129. Translational control of terminal oligopyrimidine mRNAs requires a specific regulator
130. Cap-dependent translation initiation in eukaryotes is regulated by a molecular mimic of elF4G
131. Fertilization of Xenopus eggs imposes a complete translational arrest of mRNAs containing 3'UUAUUUAU elements
132. Translational repression dependent on the interaction of the Xenopus Y-box protein FRGY2 with mRNA-Role of the cold shock domain, tail domain, and selective RNA sequence recognition
133. Nuclear history of a pre-mRNA determines the translational activity of cytoplasmic mRNA
134. Gene regulation by Y-box proteins: Coupling control of transcription and translation
135. Poly (A) elongation during Xenopus oocyte maturation is required for translational recruitment and is mediated by a short sequence element
136. Translational control by cytoplasmic polyadenylation during Xenopus oocyte maturation: Characterization of cis and trans elements and regulation by Cyclin/MPF
137. Phosphorylation of CPEB by Eg2 regulates c-mos mRNA translation
138. Masking and unmasking maternal mRNA - The role of polyadenylation, transcription, splicing, and nuclear history
139. The pathway and mechanism of eukaryotic protein synthesis
140. Translational control of ribosomal protein mRNAs in eukaryotes
141. Purification and characterization of the major 50-kDa repressor protein from cytoplasmic mRNP of rabbit reticulocytes
142. Role of cytoplasmic mRNP proteins in translation
143. Dual roles of p82, the clam CPEB homolog, in cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translational masking
144. elF4G: Translation's mystery factor begins to yield its secrets
145. IRP-1 binding to ferritin mRNA prevents the recruitment of the small ribosomal subunit by the cap-binding complex elF4F
146. The 160-kD subunit of human cleavage polyadenylation specificity factor coordinates pre-mRNA 3'-end formation
147. Cyclosporin A promotes translational silencing of autocrine interleukin- 3 via ribosome-associated deadenylation
148. Alternative translation of the proto-oncogene c-myc by an internal ribosome entry site
149. Translational discrimination of mRNAs coding for human insulin-like growth factor II
150. A family of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding proteins represses translation in late development
151. The 'second-codon rule' and autophosphorylation govern the stability and activity of Mos during the meiotic cell cycle in Xenopus oocytes
152. Cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G by exogenously added hybrid proteins containing poliovirus 2Apro in HeLa cells: Effects on gene expression
153. Cytoplasmic regulatory functions of the KH-domain proteins hnRNPs K and E1/E2
154. Translation of 15-lipoxygenase mRNA is inhibited by a protein that binds to a repeated sequence in the 3' untranslated region
155. mRNA silencing in erythroid differentiation: hnRNP K and hnRNP E1 regulate 15-lipoxygenase translation from the 3' end
156. EDEN and EDEN-BP, a cis element and an associated factor that mediate sequence-specific mRNA deadenylation in Xenopus embryos
157. Initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells
158. Translational control during early Dictyostelium development: Possible involvement of poly(A) sequences
159. Cloning by differential screening of a Xenopus cDNA coding for a protein highly homologous to cdc2
160. Changes in the polyadenylation of specific stable RNA during the early development of Xenopus laevis
161. Poly(A) metabolism and polysomal recruitment of maternal mRNAs during early Xenopus development
162. Maturation-specific polyadenylation and translational control: Diversity of cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements, influence of poly(A) tail size, and formation of stable polyadenylation complexes
163. TAR RNA-binding protein is an inhibitor of the interferon-induced protein kinase PKR
164. Involvement of the Xenopus laevis Ro60 autoantigen in the alternative interaction of La and CNBP proteins with the 5'UTR of L4 ribosomal protein mRNA
165. RNA stabilization by the AU-rich element binding protein, HuR, an ELAV protein
166. Sequence analysis and compositional properties of untranslated regions of human mRNAs
167. Structural and compositional features of untranslated regions of eukaryotic mRNAs
168. Eukaryotic ribosomes require initiation factors 1 and 1A to locate initiation codons
169. Identification of the RNA-binding, dimerization, and elF4GI-binding domains of rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP3
170. Rotavirus RNA-binding protein NSP3 interacts with elF4GI and evicts the poly(A) binding protein from elF4F
171. Molecular mechanisms for the control of translation by insulin
172. Masking mRNA from translation in somatic cells
173. elF4E activity is regulated at multiple levels
174. Regulation of RARβ2 mRNA expression: Evidence for an inhibitory peptide encoded in the 5'-untranslated region
175. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation in development and beyond
176. The reversible inhibition of translation by Xenopus oocyte-specific proteins
177. Temporal regulation of the Xenopus FGF receptor in development: A translation inhibitory element in the 3' untranslated region
178. The locus elav of Drosophila melanogaster is expressed in neurons at all developmental stages
179. The Xenopus protein kinase pEg2 associates with the centrosome in a cell cycle-dependent manner, binds to the spindle microtubules and is involved in bipolar mitotic spindle assembly
180. Elevated levels of cyclin D1 protein in response to increased expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E
181. Characterization of a β-actin mRNA zipcode-binding protein
182. Cell-specific translational regulation of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase mRNA. Influence of the structure of the 5' transcript leader on regulation by the upstream open reading frame
183. The upstream open reading frame of the mRNA encoding S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase synthesis through the 5' untranslated regions of its mRNA
184. Starting at the beginning, middle, and end: Translation initiation in eukaryotes
185. What does Mos do in oocytes and somatic cells
186. Changes in cyclin B during oocyte maturation and early embryonic cell cycle in the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster: Requirement of germinal vesicle for MPF activation
187. The pim-1 oncogene encodes two related serine/threonine kinases by alternative initiation at AUG and CUG
188. p70(S6K) controls selective mRNA translation during oocyte maturation and early embryogenesis in Xenopus laevis
189. Translation initiation at a down-stream AUG occurs with increased efficiency when the upstream AUG is located very close to the 5' cap
190. Differentiation-induced internal translation of c-sis mRNA: Analysis of the cis elements and their differentiation-linked binding to the hnRNP C protein
191. Lymphocyte p56L32 is a RNA/DNA-binding protein which interacts with conserved elements of the murine L32 ribosomal protein mRNA
192. Overexpression of initiation factor elF-4E does not relieve the translational repression of ribosomal protein mRNAs in quiescent cells
193. Overproduction of ornithine decarboxylase caused by relief of translational repression is associated with neoplastic transformation
194. Role of the 5'-untranslated region of mRNA in the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and its regulation by spermine
195. The 3'-untranslated regions of c-mos and cyclin mRNAs stimulate translation by regulating cytoplasmic polyadenylation
196. Polyadenylation of c-mos mRNA as a control point in Xenopus meiotic maturation
197. Further analysis of cytoplasmic polyadenylation in Xenopus embryos and identification of embryonic cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding proteins
198. Translational control by poly(A) elongation during Xenopus development: Differential repression and enhancement by a novel cytoplasmic polyadenylation element
199. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation of activin receptor mRNA and the control of pattern formation in Xenopus development
200. Specific interaction of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 with the 5' nontranslated regions of hepatitis C virus and classical swine fever virus RNAs
201. Expression of a histone H1-like protein is restricted to early Xenopus development
202. Activities of cold-shock domain proteins in translation control
203. Transcription and masking of mRNA in germ cells: Involvement of Y-box proteins
204. On 'masked' forms of messenger RNA in early embryogenesis and in other differentiating systems
205. Masked and translatable messenger ribonucleoproteins in higher eukaryotes
206. A conserved double-stranded RNA-binding domain
207. +-binding protein expressed in a baculovirus system
208. Maternal mRNA from clam oocytes can be specifically unmasked in vitro by antisense RNA complementary to the 3'-untranslated region
209. Maskin is a CPEB associated factor that transiently interacts with elF-4E
210. CPEB controls the cytoplasmic polyadenylation of cyclin, Cdk2 and c-mos mRNAs and is necessary for oocyte maturation in Xenopus
211. Multiple sequence elements and a maternal mRNA product control cdk2 RNA polyadenylation and translation during early Xenopus development
212. Translational control during early development
213. Transcriptional and translational regulation of gene expression in haploid spermatids
214. Translation of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by internal ribosome entry: Implications for translation under hypoxia
215. Differential expression of VegT and antipodean protein isoforms in Xenopus
216. C-Myc 5' untranslated region contains an internal ribosome entry segment
217. General RNA binding proteins render translation cap dependent
218. Selective recruitment of masked maternal mRNA from messenger ribonucleoprotein particles containing FRGY2 (mRNP4)
219. On cyclins, oocytes, and eggs
220. Rapamycin selectively inhibits translation of mRNAs encoding elongation factors and ribosomal proteins
221. Tissue-specific translational regulation of alternative rabbit 15-lipoxygenase mRNAs differing in their 3'-untranslated regions
222. Alternative translation of human fibroblast growth factor 2 mRNA occurs by internal entry of ribosomes
223. Translation of CUG- but not AUG-initiated forms of human fibroblast growth factor 2 is activated in transformed and stressed cells
224. Maturation-specific deadenylation in Xenopus oocytes requires nuclear and cytoplasmic factors
225. Deadenylation of maternal mRNAs during Xenopus oocyte maturation does not require specific cis-sequences: A default mechanism for translational control
226. Regulated polyadenylation controls mRNA translation during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes
227. Oocyte selection of mutations affecting cytoplasmic polyadenylation of maternal mRNAs
228. AUUUA sequences direct mRNA deadenylation uncoupled from decay during Xenopus early development
229. 3' end processing of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes
230. The clam 3' UTR masking element-binding protein p82 is a member of the CPEB family
231. Translational repressor bruno plays multiple roles in development and is widely conserved
232. Circularization of mRNA by eukaryotic translation initiation factors
233. Isolation and characterization of two novel, cytoplasmically polyadenylated, oocyte-specific, mouse maternal RNAs
234. Translational induction of the c-myc oncogene via activation of the FRAP/TOR signalling pathway
235. Translational control of growth factor and proto-oncogene expression
236. Histone H1
237. Chromatin disruption and modification
238. Overexpression of poly(A) binding protein prevents maturation-specific deadenylation and translational inactivation in Xenopus oocytes
239. The 36-kilodalton embryonic-type cytoplasmic polyadenylation element- binding protein in Xenopus laevis is ElrA, a member of the ELAV family of RNA-binding proteins
240. Ultrabithorax and Antennapedia 5' untranslated regions promote developmentally regulated internal translation initiation
241. A translation regulatory particle containing the Xenopus oocyte Y box protein mRNP3+4
242. Fertile offspring derived from mammalian eggs lacking either animal or vegetal poles
243. The role of maternal VegT in establishing the primary germ layers in Xenopus embryos
244. Monitoring mRNA decapping activity
245. Complex alternative RNA processing generates an unexpected diversity of poly(A) polymerase isoforms
246. A double-stranded RNA binding protein required for activation of repressed messages in mammalian germ cells
247. Tissue specific expression of the retinoic acid receptor-beta 2: Regulation by short open reading frames in the 5'-noncoding region