Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: A review of current issues in diagnosis and management

HIV Medicine

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 123-132

  Barry, S M ^a   Johnson, M A ^a  

^a ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cotumoxazole; Pneumocystis carinii

Indexed keywords

ATOVAQUONE; CD4 ANTIGEN; CLINDAMYCIN; CORTICOSTEROID; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DAPSONE; DIHYDROPTEROATE SYNTHASE; FOLINIC ACID; PENTAMIDINE; PREDNISONE; PRIMAQUINE; STEROID; TRIMETHOPRIM; TRIMETREXATE;

BONE MARROW TOXICITY; BRONCHOSCOPY; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GENE MUTATION; GENOTYPE; HELPER CELL; HOST; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOTENSION; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; LUNG LAVAGE; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; PANCREATITIS; PATHOGENESIS; PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII; PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; REVIEW; SPUTUM ANALYSIS; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY;

AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; PNEUMOCYSTIS; PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS; SPUTUM;

EID: 0035203129     PISSN: 14642662     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-1293.2001.00062.x     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Guidelines for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus
2. Changes in AIDS-defining illnesses in a London Clinic, 1987-98
3. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators
4. Ribosomal RNA sequence shows Pneumocystis carinii to be a member of the fungi
5. Mitochondrial gene sequences show fungal homology for Pneumocystis carinii
6. Pneumocystis carinii infection: Evidence for high prevalence in normal and immunosuppressed children
7. Geographic variation in the humoral response to Pneumocystis carinii
8. Pneumoncystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients in Africa - An important pathogen?
9. Current issues in the epidemiology, transmission, and reactivation of Pneumocystis carinii
10. Usefulness of molecular biology for Pneumocystis carinii hominis pneumonia epidemiology
11. Genetic variation among Pneumocystis carinii hominis isolates in recurrent pneumocystosis
12. Clusters of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Analysis of person-to-person transmission by genotyping
13. Transmission of Pneumocystis carinii DNA from a patient with P. carinii pneumonia to immunocompetent contact health care workers
14. Effects of mutations in Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene on outcome of AIDS-associated P. carinii pneumonia
15. Types of Pneumocystis carinii detected in air samples
16. Pneumocystis carinii genotypes and severity of pneumonia
17. CD4 lymphocyte counts and mortality in AIDS patients requiring mechanical ventilator support due to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
18. Consensus statement on the use of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for pneumocystis pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
19. Immune-mediated inflammation directly impairs pulmonary function, contributing to the pathogenesis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
20. Prognostic implications of bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and AIDS
21. AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the era of adjunctive steroids: Implication of BAL neutrophilia
22. Interleukin-8 and eicosanoid production in the lung during moderate to severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS: A role of interleukin-8 in the pathogenesis of P. carinii pneumonia
23. Neutrophil chemotactic activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with AIDS-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
24. The risk of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1
25. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia presenting as asthma: Increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
26. Severe exercise hypoxaemia with normal or near normal X-rays: A feature of Pneumocystis carinii infection
27. Imaging features of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
28. Review: Pneumothorax in patients with AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
29. Bilateral upper-lobe cavitary Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient on dapsone prophylaxis
30. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia presenting as cavitating and noncavitating solitary pulmonary nodules in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
31. Atypical presentations of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients receiving inhaled pentamidine prophylaxis
32. Shortcomings of chest radiography in detecting Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
33. High-resolution CT in the evaluation of clinically suspected Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients with normal, equivocal, or nonspecific radiographic findings
34. Radiographic imaging of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
35. Sputum examination for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
36. The usefulness of induced sputum in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
37. Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Improved detection in sputum with use of monoclonal antibodies
38. Effect of sputum induction on arterial oxygen saturation and spirometry in HIV-infected patients
39. The continuing utility of bronchoalveolar lavage to diagnose opportunistic infection in AIDS patients
40. Increased Pneumocystis carinii recovery from the upper lobes in Pneumocystis pneumonia. The effect of aerosol pentamidine prophylaxis
41. Biomolecular techniques to detect Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
42. Development of a PCR assay for diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia based on amplification of the multicopy major surface glycoprotein gene family
43. Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with polymerase chain reaction: A blinded comparison to standard methods
44. Oropharyngeal samples for genotyping and monitoring response to treatment in AIDS patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
45. Recommendations for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for adults and adolescents infected with HIV
46. Discontinuation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis after start of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection
47. Discontinuation of prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-1-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy
48. Discontinuation of primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-1-infected adults treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. Swiss HIV Cohort Study
49. Can chemoprophylaxis against opportunistic infections be discontinued after an increase in CD4 cells induced by highly active antiretroviral therapy?
50. Is it safe to discontinue secondary prophylaxis for PCP in HIV-infected patients treated with HAART. Results from eight prospective European cohorts
51. An open, controlled, randomized study on discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS
52. Can secondary Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis be discontinued in HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)?
53. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia following discontinuation of primary prophylaxis despite highly active antiretroviral therapy
54. Occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-1-infected patients responding to HAART. Is prophylaxis discontinuation a safe tool?
55. The occurrence of opportunistic infections (OI's) at relatively high CD4 levels is associated with an antigen-specific absence of lymphocyte proliferative responses (LPR)
56. Persistent deficits in cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD4+ T-cell responses in HIV-1-infected subjects with relapsing CMV retinitis following successful highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
57. A meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and toxicity of Pneumocystis carinii prophylactic regimens
58. Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis on bacterial illness, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and death in persons with AIDS
59. Use of dapsone in the prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: A review
60. Atovaquone compared with dapsone for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection who cannot tolerate trimethoprim, sulfonamides, or both
61. A controlled trial of aerosolized pentamidine or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
62. A randomized trial of daily and thrice-weekly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. Terry Beirn Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA)
63. Managing drug reactions to sulfonamides and other drugs in HIV infection: Desensitization rather than rechallenge?
64. Six-hour trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-graded challenge in HIV-infected patients
65. Successful desensitization of two patients who previously developed Stevens-Johnson syndrome while receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
66. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia requiring intensive care management: Survival and prognostic study in 110 patients with human immunodeficiency virus
67. Comparison of three regimens for treatment of mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. A double-blind, randomized, trial of oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin-primaquine
68. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients: Results of a large prospective randomized treatment trial
69. Effect of corticosteroids on the incidence of adverse cutaneous reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole during treatment of AIDS-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
70. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with pentamidine for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective, noncrossover study
71. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective randomized trial
72. Pentamidine aerosol versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for Pneumocystis carinii in acquired immune deficiency syndrome
73. The role of atovaquone tablets in treating Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
74. Therapeutic failure of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
75. Pneumocystis carinii mutations associated with sulfa and sulfone prophylaxis failures in AIDS patients
76. Trimetrexate for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS
77. Relapse Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis and adverse reaction to current therapy in patients with AIDS: Trimetrexate as an alternative
78. Trimetrexate with leucovorin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for moderate to severe episodes of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS: A prospective, controlled multicenter investigation of the Trials Group Protocol 029/031
79. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia treated with eflornithine in AIDS patients resistant to conventional therapy
80. Early chemoprophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole for HIV-1-infected adults in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: A randomised trial
81. Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire: A randomised controlled trial
82. Options in the management of pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and intolerance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
83. Double blind controlled trial of corticosteroid therapy in mild Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in AIDS patients
84. Mechanical ventilation for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Is the prognosis really improved?
85. Survival following mechanical ventilation for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A different perspective
86. Continuous positive airway pressure ventilation for respiratory failure associated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
87. Continuous positive airway pressure by face mask or mechanical ventilation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
88. CPAP, effective respiratory support in patients with AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia