A review of critical ionization velocity

Reviews of Geophysics

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 471-506

  Lai, S T ^a  

^a AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL REACTION; COSMOS; CRITICAL IONIZATION VELOCITY; ION; IONIZATION; IONIZED GAS; SPACE; VELOCITY;

IONOSPHERE;

EID: 0035199516     PISSN: 87551209     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000RG000087     Document Type: Article

References (174)

1. Production of high energy electrons caused by counterstreaming ion beams in an external magnetic field
2. Collision between a non-ionized gas and a magnetized plasma
3. Experimental comparison of the critical ionization velocity in atomic and molecular gases
4. Experimental investigation of the critical ionization velocity in gas mixtures
5. Some necessary conditions for a critical velocity interaction between the ionospheric plasma and a xenon cloud
6. CIV interaction: Laboratory experiments on the magnetic and neutral density limits
7. Rapid energization of electrons in a critical velocity discharge experiment
8. A critical velocity experiment KSANI carried out on the intercosmos-ACTIVEN satellite
9. Critical ionization velocity (CIV) experiment XANI onboard the intercosmos-"ACTIVE" satellite
10. Aspects of recombination
11. Experiments on the velocity distribution of a rotating plasma
12. Probing the magnetosphere using chemical releases from the combined release and radiation effects satellite
13. Simulation of the critical ionization velocity: Effect of using physically correct mass ratios
14. Upper bound estimates of anomalous ion production in space-based critical ionization velocity experiments
15. Experiments on the critical ionization velocity interaction in weak magnetic fields
16. Comment on the townsend condition
17. Limits on the magnetic field strength for critical ionization velocity interaction
18. Review of the CIV phenomenon
19. Electrodynamic interaction between the CRIT1 ionized barium streams and the ambient ionosphere
20. Critical ionization velocity interaction in the CRITI rocket experiment
21. Interpretation of the electric fields measured in an ionospheric critical ionization velocity experiment
22. Barium swarm: An ionospheric alternating current generator in CRIT I
23. Instability of electrons drifting through ions across a magnetic field
24. Laboratory simulation of cometary neutral gas interaction
25. Excitation of the Ba and Ba+ resonance lines by electron impact on Ba atoms
26. Anomalous ionization in the MPD thruster
27. The manifestation of Alfvén's hypothesis of critical ionization velocity in the performance of MPD thrusters
28. Observations and modeling of neutral gas releases from the APEX satellite
29. A cometary ionosphere model for Io
30. Experiment on the interaction between a plasma and a neutral gas
31. Review of the critical velocity of gas-plasma interaction, I, experimental observation
32. Experiment on the interaction between a plasma and a neutral gas, II
33. Laboratory simulation of plasma phenomena in comets
34. The role of critical velocity ionization phenomena in the atmosphere of Io
35. A critical velocity interaction between fast barium and strontium atoms and terrestrial ionospheric plasma
36. Optical observations of the early (t < 5 s) ion dynamics of the CRRES G1, G9, and G11A releases
37. Momentum transfer in the combined release and radiation effects satellite (CRRES) plasma injection experiments: The role of parallel electric fields
38. Drag and propulsion of large satellites in the ionosphere: An Alfvén propulsion engine in space
39. Dielectronic recombination of some single-charge ions
40. A study of alkaline earth oxides SrO and BaO
41. The APEX North star artificial plasma jet experiment
42. Experiments with plasma moving through neutral gas
43. On the origin of cosmic radiation
44. Associative ionization in U + O and U + O2 reactions
45. Cross sections for thermal reactions between uranium atoms and atmospheric species
46. The role of the critical ionization velocity phenomena in the production of inner coma cometary plasma
47. Weak turbulence theory of an enhanced gas ionization by the plasma flow
48. The critical ionization velocity as a mechanism for producing Titan's plasma tail
49. The theory of critical ionization velocity phenomenon
50. Critical ionization velocity effects in the inner coma of Comet Halley: Measurements by Vega 2
51. An asymptotic state of the critical ionization velocity phenomenon
52. On the theory of CIV
53. Thermal ion perturbation observed in the vicinity of the space shuttle
54. Alfvén's critical velocity effect tested in space
55. The role of momentum transfer to the ambient plasma in critical velocity experiments
56. Observed rate of ionization in shaped-charge releases of barium in the ionosphere
57. A review of plasma interactions with spacecraft in low earth orbit
58. "Skidding" of the CRRES G-9 barium release
59. Modelling the plasma dynamics of the CRRES G-9 and G-10 barium releases
60. Comets and asteroids
61. Long-term expansion characteristics of CRRES barium chemical release clouds
62. Electric field measurements during the Condor critical velocity experiment
63. Electric and magnetic field measurements inside a high-velocity neutral beam undergoing ionization
64. Electron impact ionization cross section data for atoms, atomic ions, and diatomic molecules, I, experimental data
65. ELF plasma waves near the comet Halley
66. Electric fields and plasma waves resulting from a barium injection experiment
67. Critical ionization velocity experiments in space
68. Inequality conditions for critical ionization velocity experiments in space
69. The role of plasma processes in space shuttle environment
70. The role of metastable states in critical ionization velocity discharges
71. An overview of atomic and molecular processes in the critical ionization velocity
72. Plasma density modification by means of pulsed beam CIV in the ionosphere
73. Critical ionization velocity in a mixture of species
74. Amplification of critical velocity instabilities in a pulsed neutral beam
75. Altitude effects in CIV experiments in space
76. Amplification of critical velocity ionization by associative ionization
77. A proposed experiment on critical velocity ionization enhanced by associative-ionization
78. A proposed gas release experiment on the P91-1 satellite
79. The importance of seed ionization in CIV space experiment
80. A feasibility study on the xenon and carbon dioxide gas release experiments on the ARGOS satellite
81. The yield of ionization in critical ionization velocity space experiments
82. The interaction between an impact-produced neutral gas cloud and the solar wind at the lunar surface
83. On Ba+ production in the CRIT II experiment
84. Momentum coupling in the "CRIT II" critical ionization velocity experiment
85. Dynamics of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling including turbulent transport
86. A simulation study of the critical ionization velocity process
87. The electromagnetic effect on the critical ionization velocity process
88. Computer simulation of critical ionization velocity
89. Relation between transverse electric fields and field-aligned currents
90. CIV experiments on ATLAS 1
91. On the threshold velocity in the interaction between a magnetized plasma and a neutral gas
92. Theory and simulation of turbulent heating by the modified two-stream instability
93. Electron-molecular positive ion recombinations
94. Interplay between collective and collisional processes in critical velocity ionization
95. Collisional and wave-particle interactions in critical velocity ionization
96. Chemistry between the stars
97. Critical velocity experiments in space
98. A spacelab experiment on the critical ionization velocity
99. Determination of the plasma parameters and the suprathermal microfields in critical velocity rotating plasma
100. Numerical quasilinear study of the critical ionization velocity phenomena
101. Particle-in-cell simulations of the critical ionization velocity effect in finite size clouds
102. Effect of localized electric fields on the evolution of the velocity distribution function
103. The role of atomic and molecular processes in the critical ionization velocity theory
104. Effect of dissociative electron-ion recombination on the propagation of critical ionization discharges
105. A proposed experiment to study the critical ionization velocity theory in space
106. Review of the critical ionization velocity effect in space
107. Competing atomic processes in Ba and Sr injection critical velocity experiments
108. Space shuttle: AMP mission space experiment with plasma accelerators (SEPAC)
109. Numerical simulation of neutral gas release experiments in the ionosphere
110. Active plasma experiment - Project APEX
111. Electron and ion driven plasma discharges with collective dissipation
112. The space shuttle environment as evidence of critical ionisation phenomena
113. On the shuttle glow (the plasma alternative)
114. The CIV processes in the CRIT experiments
115. Observation of the CIV effect in interstellar clouds: A speculation on the physical mechanism or their existence
116. Effects of collisional processes on the critical velocity hypothesis
117. Enhanced interaction of the solar wind and the interstellar neutral gas by virtue of a critical velocity effect
118. Electric field, magnetic field, and plasma density measurements on the active plasma experiment (APEX) sounding rocket
119. Effects of chemical releases by the STS 3 orbiter on the ionosphere
120. Review of laboratory experiments on Alfvén's critical ionization velocity
121. The influence of plasma inhomogeneity on the critical velocity phenomenon
122. The role of electrostatic instabilities in the critical ionization velocity mechanism
123. Critical ionisation velocity and the dynamics of a coaxial plasma gun
124. Measurement of the thermal plasma environment of the space shuttle
125. Measurement of ionization levels in the interelectrode region of an MPD thruster
126. Measurement on the lunar surface of impact-produced plasma clouds
127. Gas ionization induced by a high-speed plasma injection in space
128. On the motion of artificial ion clouds in the magnetosphere
129. Plasma diagnostic package initial assessment of the shuttle orbiter plasma environment
130. Review of the critical velocity of gas-plasma interaction, II, theory
131. Interactions between the orbiting space shuttle and the ionosphere
132. Observation of electric fields, electron densities, and temperatures from the space shuttle
133. Optical observations on the CRIT II critical ionization velocity experiment
134. Nonsolar UV produced ions observed optically from the CRIT1 critical velocity ionization experiment
135. APEX: Highlights of ground-based optical data and modeling
136. CRIT II electric, magnetic, and density measurements within an ionizing neutral stream
137. Charge exchange contamination of CRIT II barium CIV experiment
138. CRIT II electric, magnetic, and density measurements in an ionizing jet
139. Creation of high energy electron tails by means of the modified two-stream instability
140. Critical velocity experiments in space
141. An overview of the CRIT II experiment
142. Review of critical velocity experiments in the ionosphere
143. A magnetospheric critical velocity experiment: Particle results
144. Prompt ionization in the CRIT II barium release
145. APEX North star: Electron and ion observations of an Al+ plasma jet
146. Absolute values of electron impact ionization cross sections for magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium
147. On Alfvén's critical velocity for the interaction of a neutral gas with a moving magnetized plasma
148. Plasma retardation in Alfvén's critical velocity phenomenon
149. On the nature of 21 cm emission profile structure at high galactic latitude: Implications for the warm neutral medium
150. Galactic neutral hydrogen emission profile structure
151. Chemical equilibrium from diffuse to dense interstellar clouds, I, galactic molecular clouds
152. Three-dimensional electromagnetic Monte Carlo particle-in-cell simulations of critical ionization velocity experiments in space
153. L = 1.24 conjugate magnetic field line tracing experiments with barium-shaped charges
154. A high-altitude barium radial injection experiment
155. Plasma-depleted holes, waves, and energized particles from high-altitude explosive plasma perturbation experiments
156. Star of Lima: Overview and optical diagnostics of a barium Alfvén critical velocity experiment
157. Star of Condor: A strontium critical velocity experiment, Peru, 1983
158. SR90, strontium shaped-charge critical ionization velocity experiment
159. Xenon critical velocity releases from the ACTIVNY satellite: Discussion of attempted optical observations
160. Results of critical velocity experiments with barium, strontium, and calcium releases from CRRES satellite
161. The formation of a double layer leading to the critical velocity phenomenon
162. Evolution of the high-speed plasma and radiation in active geophysical experiment "North Star"