Uremic toxicity: Present state of the art

International Journal of Artificial Organs

Volumn 24, Issue 10, 2001, Pages 695-725

  Vanholder, R ^a   Argiles A ^a   Baurmeister, U ^a   Brunet, P ^a   Clark, W ^a   Cohen, G ^a   De Deyn, P P ^a   Deppisch, R ^a   Descamps Latscha, B ^a   Henle, T ^a   Jorres A ^a   Massy, Z A ^a   Rodriguez, M ^a   Stegmayr, B ^a   Stenvinkel, P ^a   Wratten, M L ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

AGE; AOPP; CMPF; Low molecular weight proteins; P cresol; Protein bound uremic solutes; PTH; Removal strategies; Uremia; Uremic toxins

Indexed keywords

ARTIFICIAL ORGANS; METABOLITES; TOXIC MATERIALS;

AGE; AOPP; CMPF; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT PROTEINS; P-CRESOL; PROTEIN BOUND UREMIC SOLUTE; PTH; REMOVAL STRATEGY; UREMIA; UREMIC TOXINS;

PROTEINS;

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; BETA 2 MICROGLOBULIN; CARBONYL DERIVATIVE; CYTOKINE; GUANIDINE DERIVATIVE; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; HOMOCYSTEINE; LEPTIN; PARATHYROID HORMONE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; UREMIC TOXIN; VASCULOTROPIN;

ATHEROGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DIALYSIS; HUMAN; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY TUBULE EXCRETION; NEPHROTOXICITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; UREMIA;

EID: 0035199052     PISSN: 03913988     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/039139880102401004     Document Type: Review

References (335)

1. Intradialytic removal of protein-bound uraemic toxins: Role of solute characteristics and of dialyser membrane
2. P-Cresol, a uremic compound, enhances the uptake of aluminum in hepatocytes
3. Pathophysiologic effects of uremic retention solutes
4. Advanced oxidation protein products: Novel uraemic toxins and pro-inflammatory mediators in chronic renal failure?
5. Serum advanced glycosylation end products: A new class of uremic toxins?
6. The removal of uremic toxins
7. Toxicity of glucose: Is AGE the answer?
8. Mass spectrometry in the search for uremic toxins
9. Enhanced nitric oxide synthesis in uremia: Implications for platelet dysfunction and dialysis hypotension
10. Uremic toxins
11. Second symposium on uraemic toxicity. Summary of a symposium held in Gent, Belgium, 22-24 September 1994
12. Uremic toxicity: The middle molecule hypothesis revisited
13. Strong association between malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure
14. Advanced glycation end products: A nephrologist's perspective
15. Oxidant stress in hemodialysis: Prevention and treatment strategies
16. A new form of amyloid protein associated with chronic hemodialysis was identified as beta 2-microglobulin
17. Plasma leptin is partly cleared by the kidney and is elevated in hemodialysis patients
18. Physicochemical characterization of a polypeptide present in uremic serum that inhibits the biological activity of polymorphonuclear cells
19. Isolation of modified ubiquitin as a neutrophil chemotaxis inhibitor from uremic patients
20. Reactive glycosylation endproducts in diabetic uraemia and treatment of renal failure
21. Plasma levels of adrenomedullin, a newly identified hypotensive peptide, in patients with hypertension and renal failure
22. Metabolism of complement factor D in renal failure
23. Hémodialyse, syndrome du canal canal et substance amyloïde
24. Systemic amyloidosis in the course of maintenance hemodialysis
25. Amyloid deposition in systemic organs in long-term hemodialysis patients
26. Systemic amyloidosis in a chronic hemodialysis patients
27. Visceral involvement of dialysis amyloidosis
28. Gastrointestinal complications of dialysis related amyloidosis
29. Systemic involvement of dialysis-amyloidosis
30. Clinical studies of destructive spondyloarthropathy in long-term hemodialysis patients
31. Cervical discs are most susceptible to beta 2-microglobulin amyloid deposition in the vertebral column
32. Dialysis myelopathy: Quadriparesis due to extradural amyloid of beta 2 microglobulin origin
33. Compressive myelopathy due to dialysis-associated amyloidosis
34. Fatal cervical spondyloarthropathy in a hemodialysis patient with systemic deposition of beta2-microglobulin amyloid
35. Carpal tunnel syndrome, shoulder pain and amyloid deposits in long-term haemodialysis patients
36. Pathologic fractures associated with idiopathic amyloidosis of bone in chronic hemodialysis patients
37. Dialysis amyloidosis with massive popliteal deposition of beta 2-microglobulin amyloid
38. Dialysis-related amyloidosis: Visceral involvement and protein constituents
39. Amyloid kidney stones of uremic patients consist of beta 2-microglobulin fragments
40. Amyloid urinary-tract calculi in patients on chronic dialysis
41. Chronic renal failure treatment duration and mode: Their relevance to the late dialysis periarticular syndrome
42. Beta 2-microglobulin associated amyloidosis: A vanishing complication of long-term hemodialysis?
43. Cells surrounding haemodialysis-associated amyloid deposits are mainly macrophages
44. Serum levels of beta 2-microglobulin as a new form of amyloid protein in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis
45. Elevated tissue polypeptide antigen as a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome in haemodialyzed patients
46. Dialysis related arthropathy: A survey of 95 patients receiving chronic haemodialysis with special reference to beta 2 microglobulin related amyloidosis
47. Beta 2-microglobulin removal by synthetic dialysis membranes. Mechanisms and kinetics of the molecule
48. Renal transplantation relieves the symptoms but does not reverse beta 2- microglobulin amyloidosis
49. Effect of dialysis membrane and patient's age on signs of dialysis- related amyloidosis. The Working Party on Dialysis Amyloidosis
50. Influence of dialysis membranes on the development of dialysis associated osteoarthropathy
51. Clinical implications of hemodialysis membrane biocompatibility
52. Carpal tunnel syndrome and type of dialysis membrane
53. Long-term comparative evaluation of synthetic and cellulosic membranes in dialysis
54. Highly permeable and biocompatible membranes and prevalence of dialysis-associated arthropathy
55. Beta 2-microglobulin, different fragments and polymers thereof in synovial amyloid in long-term hemodialysis
56. Lysine-specific cleavage of beta 2-microglobulin in amyloid deposits associated with hemodialysis
57. Purification and complete amino acid sequence of novel beta 2-microglobulin
58. Detection of novel beta 2-microglobulin in the serum of hemodialysis patients and its amyloidogenic predisposition
59. Beta 2-microglobulin modified with advanced glycation end products is a major component of hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis
60. Polymerization of intact beta 2-microglobulin in tissue causes amyloidosis in patients on chronic hemodialysis
61. Haemodialysis-associated amyloidosis: Beta 2-microglobulin alone or associated with globin chains?
62. Beta 2 microglobulin isoforms in healthy individuals and in amyloid deposits
63. Polymerization of normal and intact beta 2-microglobulin as the amyloidogenic protein in dialysis-amyloidosis
64. Biochemical characterization of serum and urinary beta 2 microglobulin in end-stage renal disease patients
65. Elevated pentosidine content in amyloid deposits and in insoluble amyloid fibrils from patients with beta 2-microglobulin amyloidosis
66. Antiproteases and cells in the pathogenesis of beta(2)-microglobulin amyloidosis: Role of alpha(2)-macroglobulin and macrophages
67. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans: A common constituent of all amyloids?
68. Glycosaminoglycans of the hemodialysis-associated carpal synovial amyloid-rich tissues and fibrils of heart, liver, and spleen
69. Macromolecules that are colocalized with deposits of beta 2- microglobulin in hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis
70. Highly sulphated glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage and other tissues containing beta 2 microglobulin dialysis amyloid deposits
71. The amyloid P-component (protein AP): An integral part of the amyloid substance?
72. Amyloidosis: Some recent developments
73. Isolation and characterization of amyloid P component from Alzheimer's disease and other types of cerebral amyloidosis
74. Osteoarticular amyloidosis associated with haemodialysis: An immunoultrastructural study
75. Impaired lysosomal processing of beta2-microglobulin by infiltrating macrophages in dialysis amyloidosis
76. Histological characteristics of sternoclavicular beta 2-microglobulin amyloidosis and clues for its histogenesis
77. Serum immunoreactive leptin concentration and its relation to the body fat content in chronic renal failure
78. Increased plasma leptin concentration in end-stage renal disease
79. Increased plasma leptin/fat ratio in patients with chronic renal failure: A cause of malnutrition?
80. Free serum leptin but not bound leptin concentrations are elevated in patients with end-stage renal disease
81. Molecular studies of leptin: Implications for renal disease
82. Leptin inhibits bone formation through a hypothalamic relay: A central control of bone mass
83. Low leptin gene expression and hyperleptinemia in chronic renal failure
84. Leptin is cleared from the circulation primarily by the kidney
85. Whole body leptin kinetics and renal metabolism in vivo
86. Plasma leptin concentration in kidney transplant patients during the early post-transplant period
87. Serum leptin concentrations correlate to plasma insulin concentrations independent of body fat content in chronic renal failure
88. Acute leptin regulation in end-stage renal failure: The role of growth hormone and IGF-1
89. Inter-organ leptin exchange in humans
90. Endotoxin and cytokines induce expression of leptin, the ob gene product, in hamsters
91. Multiple cytokines and acute inflammation raise mouse leptin levels: Potential role in inflammatory anorexia
92. Interleukin 1 alpha increases serum leptin concentrations in humans
93. Tumor necrosis factor increases serum leptin levels in humans
94. Leptin is a negative acute phase protein in chronic hemodialysis patients
95. Inappropriate elevation of serum leptin levels in children with chronic renal failure. European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood
96. Leptin, body composition, and indices of malnutrition in patients on dialysis
97. Association of the serum leptin concentration with weight loss in chronic hemodialysis patients
98. Increases in serum leptin levels during peritoneal dialysis are associated with inflammation and a decrease in lean body mass
99. Hyperleptinemia in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
100. Isolation of a granulocyte inhibitory protein from uraemic patients with homology of beta 2-microglobulin
101. Inhibition of degranulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by angiogenin and its tryptic fragment
102. Inhibition of degranulation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by complement factor D
103. Immunoglobulin synthesis by neoplastic B lymphocytes: Free light chain synthesis as a marker of B cell differentiation
104. Free light chains of immunoglobulins
105. Increased concentrations of free light chain lambda in sera from chronic hemodialysis patients
106. Effect of immunoglobulin light chains from hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients on polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions
107. Free immunoglobulin light chains contribute to the pre-stimulation of neutrophils in uremia
108. Uremic toxins modulate the spontaneous apoptotic cell death and essential functions of neutrophils
109. The immune system in end-stage renal disease
110. New aspects of the Maillard reaction in food and in the human body
111. Role of the Maillard reaction in diabetes mellitus and diseases of aging
112. Advanced glycation end-products in diabetic nephropathy
113. Advanced glycosylation end products in patients with diabetic nephropathy
114. beta 2-Microglobulin modified with advanced glycation end products is a major component of hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis
115. Advanced glycation end products induce glomerular sclerosis and albuminuria in normal rats
116. Increased advanced glycation end products in atherosclerotic lesions of patients with end-stage renal disease
117. Reduction of plasma apolipoprotein-B by effective removal of circulating glycation derivatives in uremia
118. Immunohistochemical detection of advanced glycosylation end-products in the peritoneum and its possible pathophysiological role in CAPD
119. Monocyte/macrophage response to beta 2-microglobulin modified with advanced glycation end products
120. Cell activation by glycated proteins. AGE receptors, receptor recognition factors and functional classification of AGEs
121. Implication of an increased oxidative stress in the formation of advanced glycation end products in patients with end-stage renal failure
122. Nitric oxide, advanced glycation end products, and uremia
123. Nitric oxide inhibits the formation of advanced glycation end products
124. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity by early and advanced glycation end products in cultured rabbit proximal tubular epithelial cells
125. Glucose-modified proteins modulate essential functions and apoptosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
126. Toxicity of uraemia - Does it come of AGE?
127. Orally absorbed reactive glycation products (glycotoxins): An environmental risk factor in diabetic nephropathy
128. Advanced glycated end-products (AGE) during haemodialysis treatment: Discrepant results with different methodologies reflecting the heterogeneity of AGE compounds
129. Imidazolium crosslinks derived from reaction of lysine with glyoxal and methylglyoxal are increased in serum proteins of uremic patients: Evidence for increased oxidative stress in uremia
130. First evidence for accumulation of protein-bound and protein-free pyrraline in human uremic plasma by mass spectrometry
131. Identification of N epsilon-carboxymethyllysine as a degradation product of fructoselysine in glycated protein
132. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural detection of advanced glycation end products in atherosclerotic lesions of human aorta with a novel specific monoclonal antibody
133. Elevated AGE-modified ApoB in sera of euglycemic, normolipidemic patients with atherosclerosis: Relationship to tissue AGEs
134. Immunohistochemical localization of advanced glycosylation end products in coronary atheroma and cardiac tissue in diabetes mellitus
135. The Maillard reaction-from food chemistry to uraemia research
136. Increased fructose-lysine of hair protein in diabetic patients
137. Chromatographic evidence for pyrraline formation during protein glycation in vitro and in vivo
138. Structure elucidation of a senescence cross-link from human extracellular matrix. Implication of pentoses in the aging process
139. Mechanism of protein modification by glyoxal and glycolaldehyde, reactive intermediates of the Maillard reaction
140. Formation of maltosine, a product of the Maillard reaction with a pyridone structure
141. Molecular characteristics of methylglyoxal-modified bovine and human serum albumins. Comparison with glucose-derived advanced glycation endproduct-modified serum albumins
142. On the reaction of glyoxal with proteins
143. Protein modification by methylglyoxal: Chemical nature and synthetic mechanism of a major fluorescent adduct
144. Formation of crossline as a fluorescent advanced glycation end product in vitro and in vivo
145. Immunochemical detection of imidazolone in uremia and rheumatoid arthritis
146. Cross-linking of proteins by Maillard processes-characterization and detection of a lysine-arginine cross-link derived from D-glucose
147. Radical-assisted melanoidin formation during thermal processing of foods as well as under physiological conditions
148. Characterization of a blue fluorophore isolated from in vitro reaction of N-proportional to-acetyllysine and 3-deoxyglucosone
149. Acid-stable fluorescent advanced glycation end products: Vesperlysines A, B, and C are formed as crosslinked products in the Maillard reaction between lysine or proteins with glucose
150. Novel dehydrofuroimidazole compounds formed by the advanced Maillard reaction of 3-deoxy-D-hexos-2-ulose and arginine residues in proteins
151. Prevention of adverse effects of food browning
152. Food browning and its prevention: An overview
153. Preliminary studies on the renal handling of lactuloselysine from milk products
154. Pathogenesis and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal disease
155. The pathogenesis of parathyroid gland hyperplasia in chronic renal failure
156. Inhibition of calcitriol receptor binding to vitamin D response elements by uremic toxins
157. Abnormal calcaemic response to PTH in the uraemic rat without secondary hyperparathyroidism
158. Bone disease in predialysis, hemodialysis, and CAPD patients: Evidence of a better bone response to PTH
159. Parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure
160. Arteriosclerosis in dialysis patients
161. Effects of parathyroid hormone and serum calcium on the phenotype and function of mononuclear cells in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism
162. Direct effect of phosphorus on PTH secretion from whole rat parathyroid glands in vitro
163. The effect of long-term intravenous calcitriol administration on parathyroid function in hemodialysis patients
164. Association of serum phosphorus and calcium x phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients: A national study
165. Hyperphosphataemia - A silent killer of patients with renal failure?
166. Phosphate-binding capacities of calcium and aluminum formulations
167. Effects of anion exchange resin as phosphate binder on serum phosphate and iPTH levels in normal rats
168. 19-Nor-1-alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (Paricalcitol) safely and effectively reduces the levels of intact parathyroid hormone in patients
169. A calcimimetic agent lowers plasma parathyroid hormone levels in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism
170. Alterations in nonenzymatic biochemistry in uremia: Origin and significance of "carbonyl stress" in long-term uremic complications
171. Advanced glycation and lipoxidation end products: Role of reactive carbonyl compounds generated during carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
172. Increase in three alpha, beta-dicarbonyl compound levels in human uremic plasma: Specific in vivo determination of intermediates in advanced Maillard reaction
173. Heat sterilization of fluids for peritoneal dialysis gives rise to aldehydes
174. Advanced glycation and lipidoxidation of the peritoneal membrane: Respective roles of serum and peritoneal fluid reactive carbonyl compounds
175. Toxicity of peritoneal dialysis fluids on cultured fibroblasts, L-929
176. Heat sterilized PD-fluids impair growth and inflammatory responses of cultured cell lines and human leukocytes
177. Effect of glucose degradation products on human peritoneal mesothelial cell function
178. Glucose degradation product methylglyoxal enhances the production of vascular endothelial growth factor in peritoneal cells: Role in the functional and morphological alterations of peritoneal membranes in peritoneal dialysis
179. Oxygen free radicals in nephrology
180. Advanced oxidation protein products as a novel marker of oxidative stress in uremia
181. Advanced oxidation protein products as novel mediators of inflammation and monocyte activation in chronic renal failure
182. Oxidation conspires with glycation to generate noxious advanced glycation end products in renal failure
183. Immunohistochemical detection of advanced glycation end products in dialysis-related amyloidosis
184. Structural modifications of human beta 2 microglobulin treated with oxygen-derived radicals
185. Enhanced LDL oxidation in uremic patients: An additional mechanism for accelerated atheroslerosis?
186. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein induces macrophage respiratory burst via its protein moiety: A novel pathway in atherogenesis?
187. Caspase-dependent apoptosis in THP-1 cells exposed to oxidized low- density lipoproteins
188. Guanidino compounds in serum, urine, liver, kidney, and brain of man and some ureotelic animals
189. Guanidino compounds in serum and urine of nondialyzed patients with chronic renal insufficiency
190. Guanidino compound levels in brain regions of non-dialyzed uremic patients
191. Guanidino compounds in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of non-dialyzed patients with renal insufficiency
192. Convulsive action and toxicity of uremic guanidino compounds: Behavioral assessment and relation to brain concentration in adult mice
193. The uremic guanidino compound guanidinosuccinic acid induces behavioral convulsions and concomitant epileptiform electrocorticographic discharges in mice
194. Guanidino compounds that are increased in cerebrospinal fluid and brain of uremic patients inhibit GABA and glycine responses on mouse neurons in cell culture
195. Uraemic guanidino compounds inhibit gamma-aminobutyric acid-evoked whole cell currents in mouse spinal cord neurones
196. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation by guanidinosuccinate but not by methylguanidine: Behavioural and electrophysiological evidence
197. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors contribute to guanidinosuccinate-induced convulsions in mice
198. Endogenous guanidino compounds as uremic neurotoxins
199. Guanidino compounds in uraemic dialysed patients
200. Serum guanidino compound levels and the influence of a single hemodialysis in uremic patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis
201. Importance of homocysteine, lipoprotein (a) and non-classical cardiovascular risk factors (fibrinogen and advanced glycation end- products) for atherogenesis in uraemic patients
202. Kinetic basis of hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with chronic renal failure
203. Radioenzymic determination of homocysteine in plasma and urine
204. No net renal extraction of homocysteine in fasting humans
205. Homocysteine and methionine metabolism in ESRD: A stable isotope study
206. Homocysteine, a new cardiovascular risk factor, is also a powerful uremic toxin
207. Homocyst(e)ine, oxidative stress, and endothelium function in uremic patients
208. No change in impaired endothelial function after long-term folic acid therapy of hyperhomocysteinaemia in haemodialysis patients
209. Does folic acid decrease plasma homocysteine and improve endothelial function in patients with predialysis renal failure?
210. Effective correction of hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis patients by intravenous folinic acid and pyridoxine therapy
211. Controlled comparison of L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate versus folic acid for the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis patients
212. Rapid communication: L-folinic acid versus folic acid for the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis patients
213. Can dialysis remove protein bound toxins that accumulate because of renal secretory failure?
214. Phenol and p-cresol accumulated in uremic serum measured by HPLC with fluorescence detection
215. Cresol isomers: Comparison of toxic potency in rat liver slices
216. Mechanism-based inactivation of dopamine beta-hydroxylase by p-cresol and related alkylphenols
217. The effect upon tissue respiration in vitro of metabolites which accumulate in uraemic coma
218. Endogenous accumulation products and serum protein binding in uremia
219. The effects of antibiotics in the weanling pig diet on growth and the excretion of volatile phenolic and aromatic bacterial metabolites
220. Influence of phenols on growth and membrane permeability of free and immobilized Escherichia coli
221. Mechanisms of uremic inhibition of phagocyte reactive species production: Characterization of the role of p-cresol
222. Uremic ultrafiltrate inhibits platelet-activating factor synthesis
223. In vitro methylation of arsenite by rabbit liver cytosol: Effect of metal ions, metal chelating agents, methyltransferase inhibitors and uremic toxins
224. P-cresol and uric acid: Two old uremic toxins revisited
225. Suppressive effect of an oral sorbent on the accumulation of p-cresol in the serum of experimental uremic rats
226. Study by means of high-performance liquid chromatography of solutes that decrease theophylline/protein binding in the serum of uremic patients
227. Effects of uremic toxins and fatty acids on serum protein binding of furosemide: Possible mechanism of the binding defect in uremia
228. Decreased bilirubin-binding capacity in uremic serum caused by an accumulation of furan dicarboxylic acid
229. Reduced renal clearance of furancarboxylic acid, a major albumin-bound organic acid, in undialyzed uremic patients
230. Renal organic acid transport: Uptake by rat kidney slices of a furan dicarboxylic acid which inhibits plasma protein binding of acidic ligands in uremia
231. Plasma clearance in the rat of a furan dicarboxylic acid which accumulates in uremia
232. Inhibition of hepatic glutathione S-transferases by a major endogenous ligand substance present in uremic serum
233. A furan fatty acid and indoxyl sulfate are the putative inhibitors of thyroxine hepatocyte transport in uremia
234. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by furancarboxylic acid accumulated in uremic serum in its albumin-bound and non-dialyzable form
235. Hypothesis: Is accumulation of a furan dicarboxylic acid (3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid) related to the neurological abnormalities in patients with renal failure?
236. Retention of an albumin-bound furan dicarboxylic acid in patients with chronic renal failure or after a kidney transplant
237. Efficient removal of albumin-bound furancarboxylic acid, an inhibitor of erythropoiesis, by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
238. Organic acids and the uremic syndrome: Protein metabolite hypothesis in the progression of chronic renal failure
239. Efficient removal of albumin-bound furancarboxylic acid by protein- leaking hemodialysis
240. Drug protein binding in chronic renal failure: Evaluation of nine drugs
241. Suppression of tubular anion transport by an inhibitor of serum protein binding in uremia
242. Indoxyl sulfate, a circulating uremic toxin, stimulates the progression of glomerular sclerosis
243. Assessment of urea and other uremic markers for quantification of dialysis efficacy
244. Accumulation of indoxyl sulfate, an inhibitor of drug-binding, in uremic serum as demonstrated by internal-surface reversed-phase liquid chromatography
245. Comparative value of different dialysis membranes, including a carbon coated membrane for removal of noxious substances in hepatic coma
246. In-vitro assessment of the removal of phenols by ACAC hemoperfusion
247. Incidence and risk factors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular accidents in predialysis chronic renal failure patients: A prospective study
248. Long-term cardiac morbidity and mortality during dialysis therapy
249. Lipoprotein lipase. A multifunctional enzyme relevant to common metabolic diseases
250. New aspects on heparin and lipoprotein metabolism
251. Clearance of artificial triacylglycerol particles
252. L-Carnitine: Therapeutic applications of a conditionally-essential amino acid
253. Regulation of lipoprotein lipase
254. Changes in intermediary metabolism in severe surgical illness
255. Cardiovascular complications in renal failure
256. Management of hyperlipidemia of kidney disease
257. Lipoprotein metabolism and renal failure
258. Diagnosis and classification of dyslipidemia in renal disease
259. Role of hepatic lipase in intermediate-density lipoprotein and small, dense low-density lipoprotein formation in hemodialysis patients
260. Recommendations for the treatment of lipid disorders in patients on peritoneal dialysis. ISPD guidelines/recommendations. International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis
261. Postheparin plasma triglyceride lipases. Relationships with very low density lipoprotein triglyceride and high density lipoprotein 2 cholesterol
262. Pathogenic roles of post-heparin lipases in lipid abnormalities in hemodialysis patients
263. Lipase structures at the interface between chemistry and biochemistry
264. Down-regulation of tissue lipoprotein lipase expression in experimental chronic renal failure
265. Inhibition of normal plasma lipases by serum from chronic renal failure patients
266. Evidence that reduced lipoprotein lipase activity is not a primary pathogenetic factor for hypertriglyceridemia in renal failure
267. Interaction of lipoprotein lipase with heparin fragments and with heparin sulfate: Stoichiometry, stabilization, and kinetics
268. Lipoprotein lipase. Mechanism of product inhibition
269. Influence of hyperinsulinaemia on intracellular amino acid levels and amino acid exchange across splanchnic and leg tissues in uraemia
270. Insulin action in uremia
271. Insulin resistance in uremia
272. Inhibition of lipoprotein lipase by uremic plasma, a possible cause of hypertriglyceridemia
273. Increased lipase inhibition in uremia: Identification of pre-beta-HDL as a major inhibitor in normal and uremic plasma
274. Distribution of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase between plasma and tissues: Effect of hypertriglyceridemia
275. Verapamil prevents chronic renal failure-induced abnormalities in lipid metabolism
276. Excess parathyroid hormone adversely affects lipid metabolism in chronic renal failure
277. Parathyroid hormone is not an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase activity
278. Normalization of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase by gemfibrozil results in correction of lipoprotein abnormalities in chronic renal failure
279. Uraemic medium causes endothelial cell dysfunction characterized by an alteration of the properties of its subendothelial matrix
280. Regulation of nitric oxide synthesis in uraemia
281. Vascular endothelial cell function and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic renal failure
282. Increased cardiovascular risk factors and features of endothelial activation and dysfunction in dialyzed uremic patients
283. Vascular endothelial dysfunction in patients on regular dialysis treatment
284. Altered flow-dependent vasodilation of conduit arteries in maintenance haemodialysis
285. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in uraemia
286. Postischemic vasodilation, endothelial activation, and cardiovascular remodeling in end-stage renal disease
287. Accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis in chronic renal failure
288. Hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic renal disease
289. Hyperhomocysteinemia enhances vascular inflammation and accelerates atherosclerosis in a murine model
290. Homocysteine provokes leukocyte-endothelium interaction by downregulation of nitric oxide
291. Evidence of foam cell and cholesterol crystal formation in macrophages incubated with oxidized LDL by fluorescence and electron microscopy
292. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein induces apoptosis of human endothelial cells by activation of CPP32-like proteases. A mechanistic clue to the 'response to injury' hypothesis
293. Oxidized low density lipoprotein inhibits the migration of aortic endothelial cells in vitro
294. Oxidized low-density lipoproteins delay endothelial wound healing: Lack of effect of vitamin E
295. Oxidized low density lipoprotein reduces thrombomodulin transcription in cultured human endothelial cells through degradation of the lipoprotein in lysosomes
296. Uremic levels of oxalic acid suppress replication and migration of human endothelial cells
297. Advanced glycation endproducts interacting with their endothelial receptor induce expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in cultured human endothelial cells and in mice. A potential mechanism for the accelerated vasculopathy of diabetes
298. Endothelial receptor-mediated binding of glucose-modified albumin is associated with increased monolayer permeability and modulation of cell surface coagulant properties
299. Advanced glycosylation products quench nitric oxide and mediate defective endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in experimental diabetes
300. Para-cresol decreases endothelial cell response to cytokine stimulation
301. Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in hemodialysis patients
302. Immunologic function and survival in hemodialysis patients
303. Interleukin-6 predicts hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, and mortality in hemodialysis patients
304. Elevated serum levels of soluble adhesion molecules predict death in pre-dialysis patients: Association with malnutrition, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease
305. Inflammatory and atherosclerotic interactions in the depleted uremic patient
306. Balance between IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and their specific inhibitors in chronic renal failure and maintenance dialysis. Relationships with activation markers of T cells, B cells, and monocytes
307. Role of different dialysis membranes in the release of interleukin-6-soluble receptor in uremic patients
308. Fate of injected interleukin 1 in rats: Sequestration and degradation in the kidney
309. TNF-alpha: mRNA, plasma protein levels and soluble receptors in patients on chronic hemodialysis, on CAPD and with end-stage renal failure
310. Tumor necrosis factor alpha as a uremic toxin: Correlation with neuropathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, anemia, and hypertriglyceridemia in peritoneal dialysis patients
311. Separation, isolation, and identification of middle molecules
312. Exogenous uptake of carbonyl stress compounds promoting AGE formation from peritoneal dialysis fluids
313. Carbonyl stress: Increased carbonyl modification of proteins by autoxidation products of carbohydrates and lipids in uremia
314. Complement components as uremic toxins and their potential role as mediators of microinflammation
315. Increased reduction of dimethylarginines and lowered interdialytic blood pressure by the use of biocompatible membranes
316. Mathematical modeling of solute kinetics and body fluid changes during profiled hemodialysis
317. On-line haemodiafiltration. Remarkable removal of beta2-microglobulin. Long-term clinical observations
318. The contribution of hemofiltration among the treatment modalities of chronic uremia
319. Technical and clinical evaluation of a new asymmetric polysulfone membrane (Biosulfane)
320. Sorbent augmented dialysis: Minor addition or major advance in therapy?
321. Adsorption in hemodialysis
322. The concept of sorbent in hemodialysis
323. Sorbent membranes used in a conventional dialyzer format. In vitro and clinical evaluation
324. Effect of hemodiabsorption and sorbent-based pheresis on amino acid levels in hepatic failure
325. Haemolipodialysis
326. A carrier-mediated transport of toxins in a hybrid membrane. Safety barrier between a patients blood and a bioartificial liver
327. Hemodiafiltration with online regeneration of the ultrafiltrate
328. Hemodiafiltration with on-line endogenous reinfusion
329. Fractionated plasma separation and adsorption system: A novel system for blood purification to remove albumin bound substances
330. Removal of cytokines and activated complement components in an experimental model of continuous plasma filtration coupled with sorbent adsorption
331. A new therapeutic approach to dialysis amyloidosis: Intensive removal of beta 2-microglobulin with adsorbent column
332. A new treatment for dialysis-related amyloidosis with beta 2- microglobulin adsorbent column
333. Blood flow distribution in sorbent beds: Analysis of a new sorbent device for hemoperfusion
334. First clinical experience with an adjunctive hemoperfusion device designed specifically to remove beta(2)-microglobulin in hemodialysis
335. Affinity membranes: A 10-year review