Pathophysiology and management of bowel dysfunction in multiple sclerosis

European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 441-448

  Wiesel, Paul H ^a   Norton, Christine ^a   Glickman, Scott ^a   Kamm, Michael A ^a  

^a ST MARK S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bowel management; Constipation; Faecal incontinence; Keywords; Multiple sclerosis

Indexed keywords

ENEMA; LAXATIVE;

CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CONSTIPATION; DIET THERAPY; FECES INCONTINENCE; FLUID INTAKE; HIGH FIBER DIET; HUMAN; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PELVIS FLOOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

CONSTIPATION; FECAL INCONTINENCE; HUMANS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS;

EID: 0035046603     PISSN: 0954691X     EISSN: 14735687     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00042737-200104000-00025     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Williams R, Rigby AS, Airey M, Robinson M, Ford H. Multiple sclerosis: its epidemiological, genetic, and health care impact. J Epidemiol Comm Health 1995; 49: 563 -569.
2. Forbes RB, Swingler RJ. Estimating the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the United Kingdom by using capture-recapture methodology. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 1016 -1024.
3. Nelson R, Norton N, Cautley E, Furner S. Community-based prevalence of anal incontinence. JAMA 1995; 274: 559 -561.
4. Heaton KW, Radvan J, Cripps H, Mountford RA, Braddon FE, Hughes AO. Defecation frequency and timing, and stool form in the general population: a prospective study. Gut 1992; 33: 818 -824.
5. Nordenbo AM, Andersen JR, Andersen JT. Disturbances of ano-rectal function in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 1996; 243: 445 -451.
6. Chia YW, Fowler CJ, Kamm MA, Henry MM, Lemieux MC, Swash M. Prevalence of bowel dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis and bladder dysfunction. J Neurol 1995; 242: 105 -108.
7. Hinds JP, Wald A. Colonic and anorectal dysfunction associated with multiple sclerosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1989; 84: 587 -595.
8. Hinds JP, Eidelman BH, Wald A. Prevalence of bowel dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. A population survey. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 1538 -1542.
9. Hornby A. The MS sufferer in the community. Nurs Times 1978; 74 (suppl 1): XX. XX.
10. Bauer HJ, Firnhaber W, Winkler W. Prognostic criteria in multiple sclerosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1965; 122: 551. 551.
11. International Federation of Multiple Sclerosis Societies. Symposium on a minimal record of disability for multiple sclerosis. Vancouver, Canada, 11-12 September 1983. Acta Neurol Scand (Suppl) 1984;101:1-217.
12. Mumford CJ, Compston A. Problems with rating scales for multiple sclerosis: a novel approach - the CAMBS score. J Neurol 1993; 240: 209 -215.
13. Sharrack B, Hughes RA, Soudain S, Dunn G. The psychometric properties of clinical rating scales used in multiple sclerosis. Brain 1999; 122: 141 -159.
14. Wiesel PH, Norton C, Roy AJ, Storrie JB, Bowers J, Kamm MA. Gut-focused behavioural treatment (biofeedback) for constipation and faecal incontinence in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 69: 240 -243.
15. Thompson WG, Longstreth GF, Drossman DA, Heaton KW, Irvine EJ, Muller-Lissner SA. Functional bowel disorders and functional abdominal pain. Gut 1999; 45 (suppl 2): II43 -II47.
16. Whitehead WE, Wald A, Diamant NE, Enck P, Pemberton JH, Rao SS. Functional disorders of the anus and rectum. Gut 1999; 45 (suppl 2): II55 -II59.
17. Vaizey CJ, Carapeti E, Cahill JA, Kamm MA. Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems. Gut 1999; 44: 77 -80.
18. Gue M, Junien JL, Bueno L. Conditioned emotional response in rats enhances colonic motility through the central release of corticotropin-releasing factor. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 964 -970.
19. Glick ME, Meshkinpour H, Haldeman S, Bhatia NN, Bradley WE. Colonic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Gastroenterology 1982; 83: 1002 -1007.
20. Haldeman S, Glick M, Bhatia NN, Bradley WE, Johnson B. Colonometry, cystometry, and evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1982; 39: 698 -701.
21. Mathers SE, Ingram DA, Swash M. Electrophysiology of motor pathways for sphincter control in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990; 53: 955 -960.
22. Taylor MC, Bradley WE, Bhatia N, Glick M, Haldeman S. The conus demyelination syndrome in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1984; 69: 80 -89.
23. Thompson AJ, Kermode AG, MacManus DG, Kendall BE, Kingsley DP, Moseley IF. et al. Patterns of disease activity in multiple sclerosis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study. BMJ 1990; 300: 631 -634.
24. Davie CA, Silver NC, Barker GJ, Tofts PS, Thompson AJ, McDonald WI. et al. Does the extent of axonal loss and demyelination from chronic lesions in multiple sclerosis correlate with the clinical subgroup? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999; 67: 710 -715.
25. Caruana BJ, Wald A, Hinds JP, Eidelman BH. Anorectal sensory and motor function in neurogenic fecal incontinence. Comparison between multiple sclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 465 -470.
26. Weber J, Grise P, Roquebert M, Hellot MF, Mihout B, Samson M. et al. Radiopaque markers transit and anorectal manometry in 16 patients with multiple sclerosis and urinary bladder dysfunction. Dis Colon Rectum 1987; 30: 95 -100.
27. Sorensen M, Lorentzen M, Petersen J, Christiansen J. Anorectal dysfunction in patients with urologic disturbance due to multiple sclerosis. Dis Colon Rectum 1991; 34: 136 -139.
28. Waldron DJ, Horgan PG, Patel FR, Maguire R, Given HF. Multiple sclerosis: assessment of colonic and anorectal function in the presence of faecal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis 1993; 8: 220 -224.
29. Jameson JS, Rogers J, Chia YW, Misiewicz JJ, Henry MM, Swash M. Pelvic floor function in multiple sclerosis. Gut 1994; 35: 388 -390.
30. Chia YW, Gill KP, Jameson JS, Forti AD, Henry MM, Swash M. et al. Paradoxical puborectalis contraction is a feature of constipation in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 60: 31 -35.
31. Rothwell PM, McDowell Z, Wong CK, Dorman PJ. Doctors and patients don't agree: cross sectional study of patients’ and doctors’ perceptions and assessments of disability in multiple sclerosis. BMJ 1997; 314: 1580 -1583.
32. Swash M, Snooks SJ, Chalmers DH. Parity as a factor in incontinence in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1987; 44: 504 -508.
33. Vickrey BG, Hays RD, Harooni R, Myers LW, Ellison GW. A health-related quality of life measure for multiple sclerosis. Qual Life Res 1995; 4: 187 -206.
34. Fabio RP, Choi T, Soderberg J, Hansen CR. Health-related quality of life for patients with progressive multiple sclerosis: influence of rehabilitation. Physical Therapy 1997; 77: 1704 -1716.
35. Di Fabio RP, Soderberg J, Choi T, Hansen CR, Schapiro RT. Extended outpatient rehabilitation: its influence on symptom frequency, fatigue, and functional status for persons with progressive multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79: 141 -146.
36. Nicoletti R, Mina A, Balzaretti G, Tessera G, Ghezzi A. Intestinal transit studied with radiopaque markers in patients with multiple sclerosis. Radiol Medica 1992; 83: 428 -430.
37. Gill KP, Chia YW, Henry MM, Shorvon PJ. Defecography in multiple sclerosis patients with severe constipation. Radiology 1994; 191: 553 -556.
38. Halligan S, Bartram CI, Park HJ, Kamm MA. Proctographic features of anismus. Radiology 1995; 197: 679 -682.
39. Betts CD, D'Mellow MT, Fowler CJ. Urinary symptoms and the neurological features of bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56: 245 -250.
40. Gattuso JM, Kamm MA. Review article: the management of constipation in adults. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993; 7: 487 -500.
41. Wald A, Hinds JP, Caruana BJ. Psychological and physiological characteristics of patients with severe idiopathic constipation. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 932 -937.
42. Leroi AM, Bernier C, Watier A, Hemond M, Goupil G, Black R. et al. Prevalence of sexual abuse among patients with functional disorders of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Int J Colorectal Dis 1995; 10: 200 -206.
43. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN. Pudendal nerve damage during labour: prospective study before and after childbirth. Br J Obst Gynaecol 1994; 101: 22 -28.
44. Preston DM, Lennard-Jones JE. Severe chronic constipation of young women: ‘idiopathic slow transit constipation'. Gut 1986; 27: 41 -48.
45. Evans RC, Kamm MA, Hinton JM, Lennard-Jones JE. The normal range and a simple diagram for recording whole gut transit time. Int J Colorectal Dis 1992; 7: 15 -17.
46. Diamant NE, Kamm MA, Wald A, Whitehead WE. AGA technical review on anorectal testing techniques. Gastroenterology 1999; 116: 735 -760.
47. Kamm MA, Lennard-Jones JE. Rectal mucosal electrosensory testing - evidence for a rectal sensory neuropathy in idiopathic constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 1990; 33: 419 -423.
48. Emmanuel AV, Kamm MA. Laser Doppler measurement of rectal mucosal blood flow. Gut 1999; 45: 69. 69.
49. Chiarioni G, Bassotti G, Germani U, Brunori P, Brentegani MT, Minniti G. et al. Idiopathic megarectum in adults. An assessment of manometric and radiologic variables. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40: 2286 -2292.
50. Kamm MA, Stabile G. Management of idiopathic megarectum and megacolon. Br J Surg 1991; 78: 899 -900.
51. Stiens SA, Bergman SB, Goetz LL. Neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: clinical evaluation and rehabilitative management. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997; 78: S86 -102.
52. Muller-Lissner SA. Effect of wheat bran on weight of stool and gastrointestinal transit time: a meta analysis. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 1988; 296: 615 -617.
53. Cameron KJ, Nyulasi IB, Collier GR, Brown DJ. Assessment of the effect of increased dietary fibre intake on bowel function in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 1996; 34: 277 -283.
54. Gattuso JM, Kamm MA. Adverse effects of drugs used in the management of constipation and diarrhoea. Drug Safety 1994; 10: 47 -65.
55. Schiller LR. Clinical pharmacology and use of laxatives and lavage solutions. J Clin Gastroenterol 1999; 28: 11 -18.
56. House JG, Stiens SA. Pharmacologically initiated defecation for persons with spinal cord injury: effectiveness of three agents. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997; 78: 1062 -1065.
57. Glickman S, Kamm MA. Bowel dysfunction in spinal-cord-injury patients. Lancet 1996; 347: 1651 -1653.
58. Munchiando JF, Kendall K. Comparison of the effectiveness of two bowel programs for CVA patients. Rehabil Nurs 1993; 18: 168 -172.
59. Krevsky B, Maurer AH, Malmud LS, Fisher RS. Cisapride accelerates colonic transit in constipated patients with colonic inertia. Am J Gastroenterol 1989; 84: 882 -887.
60. Rajendran SK, Reiser JR, Bauman W, Zhang RL, Gordon SK, Korsten MA. Gastrointestinal transit after spinal cord injury: effect of cisapride. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87: 1614 -1617.
61. Longo WE, Woolsey RM, Vernava AM, Virgo KS, McKirgan L, Johnson FE. Cisapride for constipation in spinal cord injured patients: a preliminary report. J Spinal Cord Med 1995; 18: 240 -244.
62. Geders JM, Gaing A, Bauman WA, Korsten MA. The effect of cisapride on segmental colonic transit time in patients with spinal cord injury. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90: 285 -289.
63. Badiali D, Bracci F, Castellano V, Corazziari E, Fuoco U, Habib FI. et al. Sequential treatment of chronic constipation in paraplegic subjects. Spinal Cord 1997; 35: 116 -120.
64. Jost WH, Schimrigk K. Long-term results with cisapride in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1997; 12: 423 -425.
65. Chiotakakou-Faliakou E, Kamm MA, Roy AJ, Storrie JB, Turner IC. Biofeedback provides long-term benefit for patients with intractable, slow and normal transit constipation. Gut 1998; 42: 517 -521.
66. Storrie JB. Biofeedback: a first-line treatment for idiopathic constipation. Br J Nurs 1997; 6: 152 -158.
67. Craven ML, Etchells J. A review of the outcome of stoma surgery on spinal cord injured patients. J Adv Nurs 1998; 27: 922 -926.
68. Curry JI, Osborne A, Malone PS. The MACE procedure: experience in the United Kingdom. J Pediatr Surg 1999; 34: 338 -340.
69. Teichman JM, Harris JM, Currie DM, Barber DB. Malone antegrade continence enema for adults with neurogenic bowel disease. J Urol 1998; 160: 1278 -1281.
70. Krogh K, Laurberg S. Malone antegrade continence enema for faecal incontinence and constipation in adults. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 974 -977.
71. Gerharz EW, Vik V, Webb G, Leaver R, Shah PJ, Woodhouse CR. The value of the MACE (Malone antegrade colonic enema) procedure in adult patients. J Am Coll Surg 1997; 185: 544 -547.
72. Andersen JT, Bradley WE. Abnormalities of detrusor and sphincter function in multiple sclerosis. Br J Urol 1976; 48: 193 -198.
73. Kamm MA. Faecal incontinence. BMJ 1998; 316: 528 -532.
74. Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. Primary degeneration of the internal anal sphincter as a cause of passive faecal incontinence. Lancet 1997; 349: 612 -615.
75. Herbst F, Kamm MA, Morris GP, Britton K, Woloszko J, Nicholls RJ. Gastrointestinal transit and prolonged ambulatory colonic motility in health and faecal incontinence. Gut 1997; 41: 381 -389.
76. Engel AF, Kamm MA, Bartram CI, Nicholls RJ. Relationship of symptoms in faecal incontinence to specific sphincter abnormalities. Int J Colorectal Dis 1995; 10: 152 -155.
77. Law PJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography in the investigation of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1991; 78: 312 -314.
78. Read M, Read NW, Barber DC, Duthie HL. Effects of loperamide on anal sphincter function in patients complaining of chronic diarrhea with fecal incontinence and urgency. Dig Dis Sci 1982; 27: 807 -814.
79. Enck P. Biofeedback training in disordered defecation. A critical review. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 1953 -1960.
80. Norton C, Kamm MA. Outcome of biofeedback for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1999; 86: 1159 -1163.
81. Mortensen N, Humphreys MS. The anal continence plug: a disposable device for patients with anorectal incontinence. Lancet 1991; 338: 295 -297.
82. Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ. Recent advances in the surgical treatment of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 596 -603.
83. Malouf AJ, Norton CS, Engel AF, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MA. Long-term results of overlapping anterior anal-sphincter repair for obstetric trauma. Lancet 2000; 355: 260 -265.
84. Baeten CG, Geerdes BP, Adang EM, Heineman E, Konsten J, Engel GL. et al. Anal dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of intractable fecal incontinence. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1600 -1605.
85. Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA, Gold DM, Bartram CI, Halligan S, Nicholls RJ. Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter. Lancet 1998; 352: 105 -109.
86. Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA, Turner IC, Nicholls RJ, Woloszko J. Effects of short term sacral nerve stimulation on anal and rectal function in patients with anal incontinence. Gut 1999; 44: 407 -412.