Sodium replacement and fluid shifts during prolonged exercise in humans

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 84, Issue 5, 2001, Pages 419-425

  Sanders, B ^a   Noakes, T D ^a   Dennis, S C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Dehydration; Electrolytes; Sweat; Urine; Water compartments

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE; OXYGEN; SODIUM; WATER;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYCLING; DEHYDRATION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; EXERCISE; EXTRACELLULAR FLUID; FEMALE; FLUID INTAKE; FLUID SHIFT; FREE WATER CLEARANCE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INTRACELLULAR FLUID; KIDNEY CLEARANCE; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PLASMA OSMOLALITY; PLASMA VOLUME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SODIUM INTAKE; SWEAT; THERMOREGULATION; URINE VOLUME;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ADULT; BLOOD; BLOOD VOLUME; BODY FLUIDS; ELECTROLYTES; EXERCISE; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; HUMANS; INTRACELLULAR FLUID; KIDNEY; OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION; SODIUM; SOLUTIONS; SWEATING; TIME FACTORS; WATER;

EID: 0035005695     PISSN: 14396319     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s004210000371     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Barr SI, Costill DL, Fink WJ (1991) Fluid replacement during prolonged exercise: effects of water, saline or no fluid. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23:811-817
2. Brandenberger G, Candas V, Follenius M, Kahn KM (1989) The influence of the initial state of hydration on endocrine responses to exercise in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 58:674-679
3. Cade R, Spooner G, Schlein E, Pickering M, Dean R (1972) Effect of fluid, electrolyte, and glucose replacement during exercise on performance, body temperature, rate of sweat loss and compositional changes of extracellular fluid. J Sports Med 12:150-156
4. Costill DL, Sparks KE (1973) Rapid fluid replacement following thermal dehydration. J Appl Physiol 34:299-303
5. Coyle EF, Hamilton M (1990) Fluid replacement during exercise: effects on physiological homeostasis and performance. In: Gisolfi CV, Lamb DR (eds) Perspectives in exercise science and sports medicine. Fluid homeostasis during exercise, vol 3. Benchmark, Indianapolis, pp 281-303
6. Dennis SC, Noakes TD, Hawley JA (1997) Nutritional strategies to minimise fatigue during prolonged exercise: fluid, electrolyte and energy replacement. J Sports Sci 15:305-313
7. Dill DB, Costill DL (1974) Calculation of percentage change in volumes of blood, plasma and red cells in dehydration. J Appl Physiol 37:247-248
8. DuBois D, DuBois EF (1916) Clinical calorimetry: a formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Int Med 17:863-871
9. Gisolfi CV, Summers RW, Schedl HP, Blieiler TL (1995) Effect of sodium concentration in a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on intestinal absorption. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27:1414-1420
10. Gisolfi CV, Summers RW, Lambert GP, Xia T (1998) Effect of beverage osmolality on intestinal fluid absorption during exercise. J Appl Physiol 85:1941-1948
11. Gonzales-Alonso J, Heaps CL, Coyle EF (1992) Rehydration after exercise with common beverages and water. Int J Sports Med 13:399-406
12. 2 ingestion: plasma volume-electrolyte distribution at rest and exercise. J Appl Physiol 48:838-847
13. Hainline A (1958) Haemoglobin, standard methods. Clin Chem 2:49-60
14. Hamilton MC, Gonzalez-Alonso J, Montain S, Coyle EF (1991) Fluid replacement and glucose infusion during exercise prevent cardiovascular drift. J Appl Physiol 71:871-877
15. Hawley JA, Noakes TD (1992) Peak power output predicts maximal oxygen uptake and performance time in trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 65:79-83
16. Irving RA, Noakes TD, Buck R, van Zyl Smit R, Raine E, Godlonton J, Norman RJ (1991) Evaluation of renal function and fluid homeostasis during recovery from exercise-induced hyponatremia. J Appl Physiol 70:342-348
17. Maughan RJ, Leiper JB (1995) Effects of sodium content of ingested fluids on postexercise rehydration in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 71:311-319
18. Maughan RJ, Owen JH, Shirreffs SM, Leiper JB (1994) Post-exercise rehydration in man: effect of electrolyte addition to ingested fluids. Eur J Appl Physiol 69:209-215
19. Maughan RJ, Leiper JB, Shirreffs SM (1996) Restoration of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration: effects of food and fluid intake. Eur J Appl Physiol 73:317-325
20. McConnel GK, Burge CM, Skinner SL, Hargreaves M (1997) Influence of ingested fluid volume on physiological responses during prolonged exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 160:149-156
21. Montain SJ, Coyle EF (1992a) Fluid ingestion during exercise increases skin blood flow independent of increases in blood volume. J Appl Physiol 73:903-910
22. Montain SJ, Coyle EF (1992b) The influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise. J Appl Physiol 73:1340-1350
23. Nadel ER, Mack GW, Nose H (1990) Influence of fluid replacement beverages on body fluid homeostasis during exercise and recovery. In: Lamb DR, Gisolfi CV (eds) Perspectives in exercise physiology, vol 3. Fluid homeostasis during exercise. Benchmark, Indianapolis, pp 81-206
24. Nielsen B, Sjoggard G, Ugelvig J, Knudsen B, Dohlmann B (1986) Fluid balance in exercise dehydration and rehydration with different glucose-electrolyte drinks. Eur J Appl Physiol 55:318-325
25. Noakes TD (1993) Fluid replacement during exercise. In: Holloszy JO (ed) Exercise and sports science reviews, vol 21. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 297-330
26. Noakes TD, Norman RJ, Buck RH, Godlonton J, Stevenson K, Pittaway D (1990) The incidence of hyponatremia during prolonged ultraendurance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 22:165-170
27. Noakes TD, Rehrer NJ, Maughan RJ (1991) The importance of volume in regulating gastric emptying. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23:307-313
28. Nose H, Mack GW, Shi X, Nadel ER (1988a) Shift in body fluid compartments after dehydration in humans. J Appl Physiol 65:318-324
29. Nose H, Mack GW, Shi X, Nadel ER (1988b) Role of osmolality and plasma volume during rehydration in humans. J Appl Physiol 65:325-331
30. Nose H, Mack GW, Shi X, Nadel ER (1988c) Involvement of sodium retention hormones during rehydration in humans. J Appl Physiol 65:332-336
31. Nose H, Mack GW, Shi X, Morimoto K, Nadel ER (1990) Effect of saline infusion during exercise on thermal and circulatory regulations. J Appl Physiol 69:609-616
32. Pivarnik JM, Leeds EM, Wilkerson JE (1984) Effects of endurance exercise on metabolic water production and plasma volume. J Appl Physiol 56:613-618
33. Powers SL, Lawler J, Dodd S, Tulley R, Landry G, Wheeler K (1990) Fluid replacement drinks during high intensity exercise: effects on minimizing exercise induced disturbances in homeostasis. Eur J Appl Physiol 60:54-60
34. Pugh LG, Corbett JL, Johnson RH (1967) Rectal temperatures, weight losses and sweat rates in marathon running. J Appl Physiol 23:347-352
35. Retzlaff JA, Tause WN, Kielly JM (1969) Erythrocyte volume, plasma volume and lean body mass in adult men and women. Blood 33:649-661
36. Robinson TA, Hawley JA, Palmer GS, Wilson GR, Gray DA, Noakes TD, Dennis SC (1995) High rates of fluid intake do not improve one hour cycling performance in a thermoneutral environment. Eur J Appl Physiol 71:153-160
37. Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ (1997) Whole body sweat collection in humans: an improved method with preliminary data on electrolyte content. J Appl Physiol 82:336-341
38. Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ (1998) Volume repletion after exercise-induced volume depletion in humans: replacement of water and sodium losses. Am J Physiol 274:F868-F875
39. Shirreffs SM, Taylor AJ, Leiper JB, Maughan RJ (1996) Post-exercise rehydration in man: effects of volume consumed and drink sodium content. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28:1260-1271
40. Vrijens DMJ, Rehrer NJ (1999) Sodium-free fluid ingestion decreases plasma sodium during exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol 86:1847-1851