Visual sensitivity and epilepsy: A proposed terminology and classification for clinical and EEG phenomenology

Epilepsia

Volumn 42, Issue 5, 2001, Pages 692-701

  Kasteleijn Nolst Trenité, Dorothée G A ^a   Guerrini, Renzo ^b   Binnie, Colin D ^d   Genton, Pierre ^c  

^a STICHTING EPILEPSIE INSTELLINGEN NEDERLAND SEIN   (Netherlands)

^b KING S COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c CENTRE SAINT PAUL   (France)

^d Meer and Bosch ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABSENCE; ARTICLE; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EPILEPSY; EPILEPTIC FOCUS; FOCAL EPILEPSY; MYOCLONUS EPILEPSY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHOTOSENSITIVE EPILEPSY; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EPILEPSY; HUMANS; PHOTIC STIMULATION; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; SYNDROME; TERMINOLOGY;

EID: 0035001356     PISSN: 00139580     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.30600.x     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Gowers WR. Epilepsy and other chronic convulsive diseases: their causes, symptoms and treatment. American Academy of Neurology reprints series vol. 1. Reprint of the work first published in 1885 by William Wood. New York: Dover, 1964.
2. Pantelakis SN, Bower BD, Douglas Jones, H. Convulsions and television viewing. BMJ 1962;633-7.
3. Graf WD, Chatrian G-E, Glass ST, Knauss TA. Video game-related seizures: a report on 10 patients and a review of the literature. Pediatrics 1994;93:551-6.
4. Harding GFA, Jeavons PM. Photosensitive epilepsy. London: MacKeith Press, 1994.
5. Enoki H, Akiyama T, Hattori J, Oka E. Photosensitive fits elicited by TV animation: an electroencephalographic study. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1998;40:626-30.
6. Brausch CC, Ferguson JH. Color as a factor in light-sensitive epilepsy. Neurology 1965;15:154-64.
7. Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité DGA. Photosensitivity in epilepsy: electrophysiological and clinical correlates. Acta Neurol Scand 1989; 125:80.
8. Wilkins A. Visual stress. Oxford psychology series no. 24, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
9. Robin JJ, Tolan GD, Arnold JW. Ten-year experience with abnormal EEGs in asymptomatic adult males. Aviat Space Environ Med 1978;49:732-6.
10. Quirk JA, Fish DR, Smith SJM, et al. First seizures associated with playing electronic screen games: a community-based study in Great Britain. Ann Neurol 1995;37:733-7.
11. Grey Walter W, Dovey VJ, Shipton H. Analysis of the electrical response of the human cortex to photic stimulation. Nature 1946; 158:540-1.
12. Gastaut H, Tassinari CA. Triggering mechanisms in epilepsy: the electroclinical point of view. Epilepsia 1966;7:85-138.
13. Naquet R, Fegersten L, Bert J. Seizure discharges localized to the posterior cerebral regions in man provoked by intermittent photic stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1960;12:305-16.
14. Porciatti V, Bonanni P, Fiorentini A, Guerrini R. Lack of cortical contrast gain control in human photosensitive epilepsy. Nat Neurosci 2000:3:259-63.
15. Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité DGA, Binnie CD, Harding GFA, et al. Photic stimulation: standardization of screening methods. Epilepsia 1999;40:75-9.
16. Doose H, Gerken H, Hien-Volpel KF. et al. Genetics of photosensitive epilepsy. Neuropaediatrie 1969;1:56-73.
17. Waltz S, Stephani U. Inheritance of photosensitivity. Neuropediatries 2000;31:82-5.
18. Naquet R. Photic epilepsy problems raised in man and animals. Ital J Neurol Sci 1987;8:437-47.
19. Silva-Barrat C, Menini C, Naquet R. Brainstem involvement in paroxysmal discharges and in photosensitive seizures of the Papio papio baboon. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1986; 64:455-68.
20. Brailowsky S, Menini C, Silva-Barrat C, et al. Role of GABA in the photosensitive epilepsy of the baboon: focal pharmacology of the fronto-rolandic cortex. Neurosci Lett 1986;26:S372.
21. Menini C, Stuzmann CM, Laurent H, et al. Les crises induites -ou non - par la stimulation lumineuse intermittente ehez le Papio papio après injection d'allyglycine. Rev EEG Neurophysiol Clin 1977;7:232-8.
22. Menini C, Silva-Barrat C, Naquet R. The epileptic and nonepileptic generalized myoclonus of the Papio papio baboon. In: Malafosse A, Genton P, Hirsch E, et al., eds. Idopathic generalized epilepsies: clinical, experimental and genetic aspects. London: John Libbey & Co., 1994:331-48.
23. Newmark ME. Penry KJ. Photosensitivity and epilepsy: a review. New York: Raven, 1979:9-213.
24. Shibashaki H. Neshige R. Photic cortical reflex myoclonus. Ann Neurol 1987;22:252-7.
25. Artieda J, Obeso JA. The pathophysiology and pharmacology of photic cortical retlex myoclonus. Ann Neurol 1993;34:175-84.
26. Kanouchi T, Yokota T, Kamata T, et al. Central pathway of photic reflex myoclonus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 62:414-7.
27. Guerrini R, Bonanni P, Parmeggiani L, et al. Induction of partial seizures by visual stimulation: clinical and electroencephalographic features and evoked potential studies. Adv Neurol 1998; 75:159-78.
28. Hennessy MJ, Binnie CD. Photogenic partial seizures. Epilepsia 2000;41:59-64.
29. Wilkins AJ, Binnie CD, Darby CE, et al. Inferences regarding the visual precipitation of seizures, eye strain, and headaches In: Avoli M, Gloor P, Kostopoulos G, Naquet R, eds. Generalized epilepsy: neurobiological approaches. Boston: Birkhauser, 1990: 314-28.
30. Brinciotti M, Matricardi M, Trasatti G. Unilateral photoconvulsive response in agenesis of the corpus callosum. Clin Electroencephalogr 1990;21:101-3.
31. Morrone MC, Burr DC, Speed HD. Cross-orientation inhibition in cat is GABA mediated. Exp Brain Res 1987;67:635-44.
32. Quesney LF, Andermann F, Lal S, et al. Transient abolition of generalized photosensitive epileptic discharge in humans by apomorphine, a dopamine-receptor agonist. Neurology 1980;30: 1169-74.
33. Binnie CD, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite DG, De Korte R. Photosensitivity as a model for acute antiepileptic drug studies. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1986;63:35-41.
34. Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite DG, Marescaux C, Stodieck S, et al. Photosensitive epilepsy: a model to study the effects of antiepileptic drugs: evaluation of the piracetam analogue, levetiracetam. Epilepsy Res 1996;25:225-30.
35. Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité DGA, Binnie CD, Meinardi H. Photosensitive patients: symptoms and signs during intermittent photic stimulation and their relation to seizures in daily life. J Neurol Neurosurgery Psychiatry 1987;50:1546-9.
36. Guerrini R, Dravet C, Genton P, et al. Idiopathic photosensitive occipital lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 1995;36:883-91.
37. Isnard J, Guenot M, Fischer C, et al. A stereoelectroencephalographic (SEEG) study of light-induced mesiotemporal epileptic seizures. Epilepsia 1998;39:1098-103.
38. Bickford RG, Sem-Jacobson CW, White P, et al. Some observations on the mechanism of photic and photo-metrazol activation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1952;4:275-82.
39. Chatrian GE, Perez-Borja C. Depth electrographic observations in two cases of photo-oculoclonic response. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1964;17:71-5.
40. Jeavons PM. Nosological problems of myoclonic epilepsies in childhood and adolescence. Dev Med Child Neurol 1977;19:3-8.
41. Bickford RG, Klass DW. Sensory precipitation and reflex mechanisms. In: Jasper HH, Ward AA, Pope A, eds. Basic mechanism of the epilepsies. Boston: Little, Brown, 1969:543-64.
42. Gastaut H. L'Epilepsie Photogénique. Rev Prat (Paris) 1951;1: 105-9.
43. Genton P, Lavernhe G, Guerrini R. Epilepsie photogénique et phénomènes moteurs lateralisés: une observation EEG. Epilepsies 1995;7:431-5.
44. Guerrini R, Ferrari AR, Battaglia A, et al. Occipitotemporal seizures with ictus emeticus induced by intermittent photic stimulation. Neurology 1994;44:253-9.
45. Jasper H. Electroencephalography. In: Penfield W, Jasper H, eds. Epilepsy and the functional anatomy of the human brain. Boston: Little, Brown, 1954:569-666.
46. Aso K, Watanabe K, Negoro T, et al. Photosensitive partial seizure: the origin of abnormal discharges. J Epilepsy 1988;1:187-93.
47. Ricci S, Vigevano F. Occipital seizures provoked by intermittent light stimulation: ictal and interictal findings. J Clin Neurophysiol 1993;10:197-209.
48. Maeda Y, Kurokawa T, Sakamoto K, et al. Electroclinical study of video-game epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1990;32:493-500.
49. Bauer J, Schuler P, Feistel H, et al. Blindness as an ictal phenomenon: investigations with EEG and SPECT in two patients suffering from epilepsy. Neurology 1991;238:44-6.
50. Critchley M. Metamorphosia of central origin. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1949;69:111-21.
51. Lefebre C, Koelmel HW. Palinopsia as an epileptic phenomenon. Eur Neurol 1989;29:323-7.
52. Jones EG, Powell TPS. An anatomical study of converging sensory pathways within the cerebral cortex of the monkey. Brain 1970;93:793-820.
53. Olivier A, Gloor P, Andermann F, et al. Occipitotemporal epilepsy studied with stereotaxically implanted depth electrodes and successfully treated by temporal resection. Ann Neurol 1982;11: 428-32.
54. Fischer-Williams M, Bickford RG, et al. Occipito-parietotemporal seizure discharge with visual hallucinations and aphasia. Epilepsia 1964;5:279-92.
55. Coull BM, Pedley TA. Intermittent photic stimulation: clinical usefulness of non-convulsive responses. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1978;44:353-63.
56. Waltz S, Christen H-J, Doose H. The different patterns of the photoparoxysmal response: a genetic study. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1992;83:138-45.
57. Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité DGA, Binnie CD, et al. Medical technology assessment: photic stimulation: standardization of screening methods. Neurophysiol Clin 1999;29:318-24.
58. Maheshwari MC, Jeavons PM. The clinical significance of occipital spikes as a sole response to intermittent photic stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1975;39:93-5.
59. Jayakar P, Chiappa KH. Clinical correlations of photoparoxysmal responses. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990;75: 251-4.
60. Reilly EL, Peters JF. Relationship of some varieties of electroencephalographic photosensitivity to clinical convulsive disorders. Neurology 1973;23:1050-7.
61. Gregory RP, Oates T, Merry RTG. Electroencephalogram epileptiform abnormalities in candidates for aircrew training. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1993;86:75-7.
62. Seddigh S, Thömke F, Vogt TH. Complex partial seizures provoked by photic stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;66:801-2.
63. Gilliam FG, Chiappa KH. Significance of spontaneous epileptiform abnormalities associated with a photoparoxysmal response. Neurology 1995;45:453-6.
64. Jeavons PM. The use of photic stimulation in clinical electroencephalography. Proc Electrophysiol Technol Assoc 1969;16:225-40.
65. Herrlin K-M. EEC with photic stimulation: a study of children with manifest or suspected epilepsy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1954;6:573-89.
66. Doose H, Waltz S. Photosensitivity: genetics and clinical significance. Neuropaediatrics 1993;24:249-55.
67. Mundy-Castle AC. The clinical significance of photic stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1953;5:187-202.
68. Eeg-Olofsson O, Petersén I, Selldén U. The development of the electroencephalogram in normal children from the age of 1 through 15 years: paroxysmal activity. Neuropadiatrie 1971;2: 375-404.
69. Scott DF, Elian M. The effects on the EEC of intermittent photic stimulation in patients over 30 years of age. Clin Electroencephalogr 1981;12:21-3.
70. Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité DGA, Van Emde Boas W, et al. Photosensitive epilepsy as an age related disorder. In: Wolf P, ed. Epileptics seizures and syndromes. London: John Libbey, 1994:41-8.
71. Wolf P. Epilepsy with grand mal on awakening. In: Roger J, Bureau M, Dravet C, et al., eds. Epileptic syndromes in infancy, childhood and adolescence. 2nd ed. London: John Libbey Eurotext, 1992:329-41.
72. Jeavons PM, Harding GFA. Photosensitive epilepsy. London: Heinemann, 1975.
73. Covanis A, Gupta AK, Jeavons PM. Sodium valproate: monotherapy and polytherapy. Epilepsia 1982;23:693-720.
74. Dravet C, Bureau M, Roger J. Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infants. In: Roger J, Bureau M, Dravet C, et al., eds. Epileptic syndromes in infancy, childhood and adolescence. 2nd ed. London: John Libbey Eurotext, 1992:67-74.
75. Sato S, Dreifuss FE, Penry JK, et al. Long-term follow-up of absence seizures. Neurology 1983;33:1590-5.
76. Panayiotopoulos CP, Obeid T, Tahan AR. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: a 5-year prospective study. Epilepsia 1994:35:285-96.
77. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia 1989;30: 389-99.
78. Fylan F, Edson AS, Harding GFA. Clinical significance of EEG abnormalities during photic stimulation in patients with photosensitive epilepsy. Epilepsia 1999;40:370-2.
79. Dalby MA. Epilepsy and 3 per second spike and wave rhythms: a clinical electroencephalographic and prognostic analysis of 346 patients. Acta Neurol Scand 1969;S40:1-80.
80. Wolf P, Goosses R. Relation of photosensitivity to epileptic syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:1386-91.
81. Mayer T, Wolf P. Reading epilepsy: clinical and genetic background. In: Berkovic SF, Genton P, Hirsch E. Picard F, eds. Genetics of focal epilepsies. London: John Libbey. 1999:159-68.
82. Matricardi M, Brinciotti M. Paciello F. Reading epilepsy with absences, television-induced seizures and pattern sensitivity. Epilepsy Res 1991;9:145-7.
83. Grinspan A, Hirsch E. Malafosse A, et al. Epilepsie-absences photosensible familiale: un nouveau syndrome? Epilepsies 1992; 4:245-50.
84. Doose H. Myoclonic-astatic epilepsy. Epilepsy Res Suppl 1992; 6:163-8.
85. Genton P, Roger J. Progressive myoclonus epilepsies. In: Wyllie E, ed. The treatment of epilepsy: principles and practice Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1993:571-83.
86. Rubboli G, Meletti S, Gardella E, et al. Photic reflex myoclonus: a neurophysiological study in progressive myoclonus epilepsies. Epilepsia 1999;40(suppl 4):50-8.
87. Pampiglione G, Harden A. Neurophysiological identification of a late infantile form of neuronal lipidosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977;36:323-30.
88. Berkovic SF, Andermann F, Carpenter S, et al. Kufs'disease: a critical reappraisal. Brain 1988;111:27-62.
89. Roger J, Pellissier JF, Bureau M, et al. Le diagnostic précoce de la maladie de Lafora: importance des manifestations paroxystique visuelles et intérêt de la biopsie cutanée. Rev Neurol 1983;139: 115-24.
90. Tinuper P, Aguglia U, Pellissier JF, et al. Visual ictal phenomena in a case of Lafora disease proven by skin biopsy. Epilepsia 1983;24:214-8.
91. Berkovic SF. Progressive myoclonus epilepsies. In: Engel J Jr, Pedley TA, eds. Epilepsy: a comprehensive textbook. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997:2455-68.
92. So N, Berkovic SF, Andermann F, et al. Myoclonus epilepsy and ragged - red fibers (MERRF) 2. Electrophysiological studies and comparison with the other progressive myoclonus epilepsies. Brain 1989;112:1261-76.
93. Harbord MG, Harden A, Harding B, et al. Megalencephaly with dysmyelination, spasticity, ataxia, seizures and distinctive neurophysiological findings in two siblings. Neuropediatrics 1990;21: 164-8.
94. Nishimura R, Omos-Lau N. Ajmone-Marsan C, et al. Electroencephalographic findings in Gaucher disease. Neurology 1980;30: 152-9.
95. Giménez-Roldan S, Peraita P, López Agreda JM, et al. Myoclonus and photic-induced seizures in Alzheimer's disease. Eur Neurol 1971;5:215-24.
96. Dravet CH, Bureau M, Guerrini R, et al. Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infants. In: Roger J, Bureau M, Dravet C. et al., eds. Epileptic syndromes in infancy, childhood and adolescence. 2nd ed. London: John Libbey Eurotext, 1992:75-88.
97. Aird RB. The importance of seizure-inducing factors in the control of refractory forms of epilepsy. Epilepsia 1983;24:567-83.
98. Takahashi T, Tsukahara Y, Nomura M, et al. Pokemon seizures. Neurol J Southeast Asia 1999;4:1-11.
99. De Keyser J, Michotte A, Ebinger G. Television induced seizures in alcoholics. BMJ 1984;289:1191-2.
100. Bridgers SL. Epileptiform abnormalities discovered on electroencephalographic screening of psychiatric inpatients. Arch Neurol 1987;44:312-6.
101. Malow BA, Reese KB, Sato S. et al. Spectrum of EEG abnormalilties during clozapine treatment. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994;91:205-11.
102. Saran A. Addy O, Foliart RH. et al. Electroencephalographic changes and other indices of neurotoxicity with haloperidollithium therapy. Neurupsychobiology 1989;20:152-7.
103. Faught E. Methaqualone withdrawal syndrome with photoparoxysmal responses and high-amplitude visual evoked potentials. Neurology 1986;36:1127-9.
104. Mikati MA, Trevathan E, Krishnamoorthy KS, et al. Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy: EEG investigations and long-term follow-up. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1991;78:215-1.