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1
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0003983663
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Oxford: Clarendon Press
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The article is a revised version of a lecture given at a conference in Barcelona (July 1999) entitled 'Responsabilidad civil por daños y contratos de seguro' organised by Professor Luis Díez-Picazo and Professor Encarna Roca. I approach the topic as a tort lawyer not an environmental lawyer. The lecture was intended to be provocative, and in revising it, I decided not to add too many footnotes even though there is, of course, a very large literature relevant to the matters I discuss. Two particularly useful works, from which I have derived great benefit are: P.W. Birnie and A.E. Boyle, International Law and the Environment (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992) and P. Wetterstein (ed), Harm to the Environment: The Right to Compensation and the Assessment of Damages (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997).
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(1992)
International Law and the Environment
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Birnie, P.W.1
Boyle, A.E.2
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2
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0003650643
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Oxford: Clarendon Press
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The article is a revised version of a lecture given at a conference in Barcelona (July 1999) entitled 'Responsabilidad civil por daños y contratos de seguro' organised by Professor Luis Díez-Picazo and Professor Encarna Roca. I approach the topic as a tort lawyer not an environmental lawyer. The lecture was intended to be provocative, and in revising it, I decided not to add too many footnotes even though there is, of course, a very large literature relevant to the matters I discuss. Two particularly useful works, from which I have derived great benefit are: P.W. Birnie and A.E. Boyle, International Law and the Environment (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992) and P. Wetterstein (ed), Harm to the Environment: The Right to Compensation and the Assessment of Damages (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997).
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(1997)
Harm to the Environment: The Right to Compensation and the Assessment of Damages
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Wetterstein, P.1
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3
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5844323018
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For a discussion of the recent EU White Paper, which adopts such a view, see Pos script (p 18) this article
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For a discussion of the recent EU White Paper, which adopts such a view, see Pos script (p 18) this article.
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4
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5844358441
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Pollution-Related Health Damage Compensation Law, Law No 111, 5.10.1973 (as amended)
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Pollution-Related Health Damage Compensation Law, Law No 111, 5.10.1973 (as amended).
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5
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5844399158
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Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act 1980
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Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act 1980.
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7
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5844425610
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The Uncertain Promise of Law: Lessons from Bhopal
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For discussion see J. Cassels, 'The Uncertain Promise of Law: Lessons from Bhopal', 29 Osgoode Hall LJ (1991) 1.
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(1991)
Osgoode Hall LJ
, vol.29
, pp. 1
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Cassels, J.1
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8
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5844383513
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note
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The EU White Paper discussed in the Postscript in this article excludes historic pollution from its proposed liability regime. It leaves Member States to deal with historic pollution by other techniques (such as some form of taxation).
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11
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5844331544
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note
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The term 'civil liability' is often used to cover not only traditional non-contractual (tort) liability, but also regimes under which the State, having cleaned up, repaired and restored the environment, has a statutory right to recover the cost from the polluter(s).
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12
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5844396767
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Supra, n 8, Gaskins at 233-4
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Supra, n 8, Gaskins at 233-4.
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14
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5844362599
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Perspectives on Causation
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J. Horder (ed), Oxford: Oxford University Press
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See J. Stapleton, 'Perspectives on Causation' in J. Horder (ed), Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence (Fourth Series) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
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(2000)
Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence (Fourth Series)
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Stapleton, J.1
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16
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5844347783
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Cambridge Water Co v Eastern Counties Leather plc [1994] 2 AC 264
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Cambridge Water Co v Eastern Counties Leather plc [1994] 2 AC 264.
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18
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27744475026
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Fault and Strict Liability for Harm
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W. Swadling and G. Jones (eds), Oxford: Oxford University Press
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P. Cane, 'Fault and Strict Liability for Harm' in W. Swadling and G. Jones (eds), The Search for Principle: Essays in Honour of Lord Goff of Chieveley (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) 197-203.
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(1999)
The Search for Principle: Essays in Honour of Lord Goff of Chieveley
, pp. 197-203
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Cane, P.1
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19
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0042744330
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Oxford: Hart
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For a brief account see P. Cane, The Anatomy of Tort Law (Oxford: Hart, 1997) 166-79.
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(1997)
The Anatomy of Tort Law
, pp. 166-179
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Cane, P.1
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20
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5844331539
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note
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Another approach is to reverse the burden of proof on the issue of causation. This technique does not seem to me very suitable for dealing with the problems of proof under discussion here, which do not arise out of disparity of relevant knowledge between the plaintiff and the defendant.
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21
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5844379721
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Wellington: Brookers, and ch 2
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For an account of the scheme see S. Todd (ed), The Law of Torts in New Zealand, 2nd edn (Wellington: Brookers, 1997) 20-61 and ch 2. For a general discussion of no-fault schemes see P. Cane, Atyah's Accidents. Compensation and the Law, 6th edn (London: Butterworths, 1999) ch 19.
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(1997)
The Law of Torts in New Zealand, 2nd Edn
, pp. 20-61
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Todd, S.1
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22
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0009264636
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London: Butterworths, ch 19
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For an account of the scheme see S. Todd (ed), The Law of Torts in New Zealand, 2nd edn (Wellington: Brookers, 1997) 20-61 and ch 2. For a general discussion of no-fault schemes see P. Cane, Atyah's Accidents. Compensation and the Law, 6th edn (London: Butterworths, 1999) ch 19.
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(1999)
Atyah's Accidents. Compensation and the Law, 6th Edn
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Cane, P.1
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23
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5844368363
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COM (2000) 66 final
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COM (2000) 66 final.
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24
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5844391781
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Ibid at 2
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Ibid at 2.
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25
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5844371732
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Ibid at 29
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Ibid at 29.
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26
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5844419634
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note
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The White Paper offers no justification for subjecting traditional damage caused by pollution to a special liability regime.
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27
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5844412928
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note
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The proposal extends the liability regime from protection of private rights and interests to protection of the public interest in the environment: Supra, n 20, para 4.7. Eligible claimants would the State and, in default of action by the State or in cases of emergency, environmental protection interest groups that meet 'objective qualitative criteria': Supra, n 20, para 4.7.3.
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28
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5844349147
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note
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Or, in the case of irreversible damage, the restoration or improvement of comparable natural resources: Supra, n 20, para 4.6.
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29
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5844421437
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Supra, n 20, section 4.9
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Supra, n 20, section 4.9.
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30
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5844331543
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Ibid, para 2.2
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Ibid, para 2.2.
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31
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5844376442
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Supra, n 10 and accompanying text
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Supra, n 10 and accompanying text.
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32
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5844357011
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note
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Supra, n 20, section 7 contains a discussion of the expected economic impact of the proposed liability regime.
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33
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5844325429
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Ibid, para 21
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Ibid, para 21.
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34
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5844403380
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Ibid at 16
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Ibid at 16.
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35
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5844383511
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Ibid, section 4.5.1
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Ibid, section 4.5.1.
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36
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5844360238
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Ibid at 29
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Ibid at 29.
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