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Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 3-20

Are environmental harms special?

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPENSATION SYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION; ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION; LIABILITY;

EID: 0034988632     PISSN: 09528873     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jel/13.1.3     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (26)

References (36)
  • 1
    • 0003983663 scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • The article is a revised version of a lecture given at a conference in Barcelona (July 1999) entitled 'Responsabilidad civil por daños y contratos de seguro' organised by Professor Luis Díez-Picazo and Professor Encarna Roca. I approach the topic as a tort lawyer not an environmental lawyer. The lecture was intended to be provocative, and in revising it, I decided not to add too many footnotes even though there is, of course, a very large literature relevant to the matters I discuss. Two particularly useful works, from which I have derived great benefit are: P.W. Birnie and A.E. Boyle, International Law and the Environment (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992) and P. Wetterstein (ed), Harm to the Environment: The Right to Compensation and the Assessment of Damages (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997).
    • (1992) International Law and the Environment
    • Birnie, P.W.1    Boyle, A.E.2
  • 2
    • 0003650643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • The article is a revised version of a lecture given at a conference in Barcelona (July 1999) entitled 'Responsabilidad civil por daños y contratos de seguro' organised by Professor Luis Díez-Picazo and Professor Encarna Roca. I approach the topic as a tort lawyer not an environmental lawyer. The lecture was intended to be provocative, and in revising it, I decided not to add too many footnotes even though there is, of course, a very large literature relevant to the matters I discuss. Two particularly useful works, from which I have derived great benefit are: P.W. Birnie and A.E. Boyle, International Law and the Environment (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992) and P. Wetterstein (ed), Harm to the Environment: The Right to Compensation and the Assessment of Damages (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997).
    • (1997) Harm to the Environment: The Right to Compensation and the Assessment of Damages
    • Wetterstein, P.1
  • 3
    • 5844323018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a discussion of the recent EU White Paper, which adopts such a view, see Pos script (p 18) this article
    • For a discussion of the recent EU White Paper, which adopts such a view, see Pos script (p 18) this article.
  • 4
    • 5844358441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollution-Related Health Damage Compensation Law, Law No 111, 5.10.1973 (as amended)
    • Pollution-Related Health Damage Compensation Law, Law No 111, 5.10.1973 (as amended).
  • 5
    • 5844399158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act 1980
    • Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act 1980.
  • 7
    • 5844425610 scopus 로고
    • The Uncertain Promise of Law: Lessons from Bhopal
    • For discussion see J. Cassels, 'The Uncertain Promise of Law: Lessons from Bhopal', 29 Osgoode Hall LJ (1991) 1.
    • (1991) Osgoode Hall LJ , vol.29 , pp. 1
    • Cassels, J.1
  • 8
    • 5844383513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The EU White Paper discussed in the Postscript in this article excludes historic pollution from its proposed liability regime. It leaves Member States to deal with historic pollution by other techniques (such as some form of taxation).
  • 11
    • 5844331544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The term 'civil liability' is often used to cover not only traditional non-contractual (tort) liability, but also regimes under which the State, having cleaned up, repaired and restored the environment, has a statutory right to recover the cost from the polluter(s).
  • 12
    • 5844396767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supra, n 8, Gaskins at 233-4
    • Supra, n 8, Gaskins at 233-4.
  • 14
    • 5844362599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perspectives on Causation
    • J. Horder (ed), Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • See J. Stapleton, 'Perspectives on Causation' in J. Horder (ed), Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence (Fourth Series) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
    • (2000) Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence (Fourth Series)
    • Stapleton, J.1
  • 16
    • 5844347783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge Water Co v Eastern Counties Leather plc [1994] 2 AC 264
    • Cambridge Water Co v Eastern Counties Leather plc [1994] 2 AC 264.
  • 18
    • 27744475026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fault and Strict Liability for Harm
    • W. Swadling and G. Jones (eds), Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • P. Cane, 'Fault and Strict Liability for Harm' in W. Swadling and G. Jones (eds), The Search for Principle: Essays in Honour of Lord Goff of Chieveley (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) 197-203.
    • (1999) The Search for Principle: Essays in Honour of Lord Goff of Chieveley , pp. 197-203
    • Cane, P.1
  • 19
    • 0042744330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Hart
    • For a brief account see P. Cane, The Anatomy of Tort Law (Oxford: Hart, 1997) 166-79.
    • (1997) The Anatomy of Tort Law , pp. 166-179
    • Cane, P.1
  • 20
    • 5844331539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Another approach is to reverse the burden of proof on the issue of causation. This technique does not seem to me very suitable for dealing with the problems of proof under discussion here, which do not arise out of disparity of relevant knowledge between the plaintiff and the defendant.
  • 21
    • 5844379721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wellington: Brookers, and ch 2
    • For an account of the scheme see S. Todd (ed), The Law of Torts in New Zealand, 2nd edn (Wellington: Brookers, 1997) 20-61 and ch 2. For a general discussion of no-fault schemes see P. Cane, Atyah's Accidents. Compensation and the Law, 6th edn (London: Butterworths, 1999) ch 19.
    • (1997) The Law of Torts in New Zealand, 2nd Edn , pp. 20-61
    • Todd, S.1
  • 22
    • 0009264636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: Butterworths, ch 19
    • For an account of the scheme see S. Todd (ed), The Law of Torts in New Zealand, 2nd edn (Wellington: Brookers, 1997) 20-61 and ch 2. For a general discussion of no-fault schemes see P. Cane, Atyah's Accidents. Compensation and the Law, 6th edn (London: Butterworths, 1999) ch 19.
    • (1999) Atyah's Accidents. Compensation and the Law, 6th Edn
    • Cane, P.1
  • 23
    • 5844368363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COM (2000) 66 final
    • COM (2000) 66 final.
  • 24
    • 5844391781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid at 2
    • Ibid at 2.
  • 25
    • 5844371732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid at 29
    • Ibid at 29.
  • 26
    • 5844419634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The White Paper offers no justification for subjecting traditional damage caused by pollution to a special liability regime.
  • 27
    • 5844412928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The proposal extends the liability regime from protection of private rights and interests to protection of the public interest in the environment: Supra, n 20, para 4.7. Eligible claimants would the State and, in default of action by the State or in cases of emergency, environmental protection interest groups that meet 'objective qualitative criteria': Supra, n 20, para 4.7.3.
  • 28
    • 5844349147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Or, in the case of irreversible damage, the restoration or improvement of comparable natural resources: Supra, n 20, para 4.6.
  • 29
    • 5844421437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supra, n 20, section 4.9
    • Supra, n 20, section 4.9.
  • 30
    • 5844331543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid, para 2.2
    • Ibid, para 2.2.
  • 31
    • 5844376442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supra, n 10 and accompanying text
    • Supra, n 10 and accompanying text.
  • 32
    • 5844357011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Supra, n 20, section 7 contains a discussion of the expected economic impact of the proposed liability regime.
  • 33
    • 5844325429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid, para 21
    • Ibid, para 21.
  • 34
    • 5844403380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid at 16
    • Ibid at 16.
  • 35
    • 5844383511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid, section 4.5.1
    • Ibid, section 4.5.1.
  • 36
    • 5844360238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid at 29
    • Ibid at 29.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.