Metabolic complications associated with antiretroviral therapy

Antiviral Research

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 151-177

  Jain, Renu G ^a   Furfine, Eric S ^a   Pedneault, Louise ^a   White, Alex J ^a   Lenhard, James M ^a  

^a GLAXOSMITHKLINE   (United States)

Author keywords

HAART; HIV infections; Metabolic changes

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; AMPRENAVIR; ANABOLIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ATORVASTATIN; DELAVIRDINE; DIDANOSINE; EFAVIRENZ; FENOFIBRATE; GEMFIBROZIL; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; INDINAVIR; INSULIN; LAMIVUDINE; LAMIVUDINE PLUS ZIDOVUDINE; LOPINAVIR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; METFORMIN; NELFINAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; NUCLEOSIDE DERIVATIVE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RITONAVIR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; SAQUINAVIR; STAVUDINE; SULFONYLUREA; TRIVIZIR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; ZALCITABINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; CACHEXIA; CELL CULTURE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG EFFECT; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FAT INTAKE; GENETICS; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; HYPOTHESIS; INFECTION; LACTIC ACIDEMIA; LIPID LIVER LEVEL; LIPODYSTROPHY; LIPOGENESIS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SURVIVAL; WASTING SYNDROME;

ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; DIABETES MELLITUS; GLUCOSE; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV PROTEASE INHIBITORS; HUMANS; HYPERLIPIDEMIAS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPODYSTROPHY; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS; RISK FACTORS; SYNDROME;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0034934689     PISSN: 01663542     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0166-3542(01)00148-6     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Lipodystrophy associated with nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapies
2. Decreased bone formative and enhanced resorptive markers in human immunodeficiency virus infection: Indication of normalization of the bone-remodeling process during highly active antiretroviral therapy
3. Disposition of indinavir, a potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor, after an oral dose in humans
4. The adipsin-acylation stimulating protein system and regulation of intracellular triglyceride synthesis
5. HIV wasting syndrome: Treatment update
6. Chemotherapeutic agents for human immunodeficiency virus infection: Mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and adverse reactions
7. Impaired glucose tolerance, beta cell function and lipid metabolism in HIV patients under treatment with protease inhibitors
8. Differential elevation of circulating interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-6 in AIDS-associated cachectic states
9. Influence of protease inhibitor therapy on lipoprotein metabolism
10. Hyperlactatemia and antiretroviral therapy in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS)
11. Genetics of human obesity: Recent results from linkage studies
12. Lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders in 646 HIV-1-infected patients earlier treated with or without a protease inhibitor
13. Mitochondrial toxicity induced by nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors is a key factor in the pathogenesis of antiretroviral-therapy-related lipodystrophy
14. Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors: Mitochondrial toxicity as common pathway
15. Changes in measurements of body fat distribution accompanying weight change
16. A syndrome of lipoatrophy, lactic acidaemia and liver dysfunction associated with HIV nucleoside analogue therapy: Contribution to protease inhibitor-related lipodystrophy syndrome
17. A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors
18. Pathogenesis of HIV-1-protease inhibitor-associated peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and insulin resistance
19. Diagnosis, prediction, and natural course of HIV-1 protease-inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus: A cohort study
20. Serum lipid concentration with reference to the clinical and immunological status of HIV-infected men
21. Lipodystrophy defined by a clinical score in HIV-infected men on highly active antiretroviral therapy: Correlation between dyslipidaemia and steroid hormone alterations
22. Correlation between increased cortisol: DHEA ratio and malnutrition in HIV-positive men
23. A short-term study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease
24. Mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma is expressed and translated in the absence of mitochondrial DNA maintenance and replication
25. AZT treatment induces molecular and ultrastructural oxidative damage to muscle mitochondria-prevention by antioxidant vitamins
26. Subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis in HIV-1 protease inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy
27. Changes in body habitus and serum lipid abnormalities in HIV-positive women on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
28. Suppression of preadipocyte differentiation and promotion of adipocyte death by HIV protease inhibitors
29. Protease inhibitor-associated hyperglycaemia
30. Preliminary guidelines for the evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy. Recommendations of the adult ACTG cardiovascular disease focus group
31. Effect of recombinant human growth hormone in the treatment of visceral fat accumulation in HIV infection: Interim analysis
32. Fat distribution in HIV-infected patients reporting truncal enlargement quantified by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging
33. Considerations in the development of a case definition for HIV/HAART-associated lipodystrophy syndrome
34. Fat-distribution and retinoid-like symptoms are infrequent in NRTI-experienced subjects treated with amprenavir
35. Tolerability profile of amprenavir (APV, 141W94) in combination with various NRTIs
36. Benign symmetrical lipomatosis ('peripheral lipodystrophy') during antiretroviral therapy of HIV infection
37. Antiretroviral therapy in 1999 for antiretroviral-naive individuals with HIV infection
38. Protease inhibitors and adipocyte differentiation in cell culture
39. Incidence of fat tissue abnormalities in protease inhibitor-naive patients treated with NRTI combinations
40. Redistribution of body fat in HIV-infected women undergoing combined antiretroviral therapy
41. Soluble receptors for tumor necrosis factor are markers for clinical course but not for major metabolic changes in human immunodeficiency virus infection
42. ART-associated insulin resistance: Frequency, potential causes and possible therapeutic interventions
43. The role of the cytokines, interferon alpha and tumor necrosis factor in the hypertriglyceridemia and wasting of AIDS
44. Circulating interferon-alpha levels and hypertriglyceridemia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
45. Lipids, lipoproteins, triglyceride clearance, and cytokines in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
46. Metformin in the treatment of HIV lipodystrophy syndrome-a randomized controlled trial
47. Fasting hyperinsulinemia in human immnuodeficiency virus-infected men: Relationship to body composition, gonadal function, and protease inhibitor use
48. Fasting hyperinsulinemia and changes in regional body composition in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women
49. Lactic acidosis complicating antiretroviral therapy: Frequency and correlates
50. Increased de novo hepatic lipogenesis in human immunodeficiency virus infection
51. Benign symmetric lipomatosis associated with protease inhibitors
52. Atorvastatin and gemfibrozil for protease-inhibitor-related lipid abnormalities
53. Alterations in bone tunrover in HIV-positive patients
54. Abacavir and diabetes
55. Gemfibrozil effectively lowers protease inhibitor-associated hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-1-positive patients
56. Selective action of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine 5′-triphosphate on viral reverse transcriptases and human DNA polymerases
57. Disorders of the complement system in lipodystrophy
58. Long-term effects of growth hormone therapy on intermediary metabolism and insulin sensitivity in hypopituitary adults
59. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity as an etiology for lipodystrophy
60. HIV protease inhibitors: Advances in therapy and adverse reactions, including metabolic complications
61. Discovery of ritonavir, a potent inhibitor of HIV protease with high oral bioavailability and clinical efficacy
62. Reduction of buffalo hump by switching to Amprenavir in an HIV-infected patient
63. Oral isotretinoin therapy in severe acne induces transient suppression of biochemical markers of bone turnover and calcium homeostasis
64. Preliminary evidence that DEXA provides an accurate assessment of body composition
65. Serum lipid levels associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease is associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-1 infection
66. Human immunodeficiency virus-related wasting: Malabsorption syndromes
67. IBC's 6th International Symposium on obesity and 3rd International Symposium on insulin resistance, 22-25 March, 1999
68. Positive correlation between indinavir and retinoic acid effects in mice
69. Dietary fat alters HIV protease inhibitor induced metabolic changes in mice
70. HIV protease inhibitors block adipogenesis and increase lipolysis in vitro
71. Effects of troglitazone and metformin on glucose and lipid metabolism: Alterations of two distinct molecular pathways
72. The RXR agonist LG100268 causes hepatomegaly, improves glycaemic control and decreases cardiovascular risk and cachexia in diabetic mice suffering from pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction
73. Stimulation of vitamin a signaling by the HIV protease inhibitor indinavir
74. Partial lipodystrophy, mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, and complement dysregulation. An autoimmune phenomenon
75. Clinical factors related to the severity of fat redistribution in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS)
76. Chicoric acid analogues as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors
77. Body shape changes in HIV-infected patients
78. Buffalo hump' in men with HIV-1 infection
79. Light and electron microscopy findings in subcutaneous fat in antiretroviral treated and naive HIV-infected patients
80. Contribution of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors to subcutaneous fat wasting in patients with HIV infection
81. Effects of antiviral nucleoside analogs on human DNA polymerases and mitochondrial DNA synthesis
82. Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic syndrome following treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection with didanosine
83. Reversion of metabolic abnormalities after switching from HIV-1 protease inhibitors to nevirapine
84. Reversal of protease inhibitor-related visceral abdominal fat accumulation with recombinant human growth hormone
85. A retrospective study to determine if hydroxyurea augmentation of antiretroviral drug regimens that contain ddI and/or d4T increases the risk of developing peripheral neuropathy in HIV-1-infected individuals
86. Metabolic aspects of HIV: Associated wasting
87. Excessive dietary intake of vitamin A is associated with reduced bone mineral density and increased risk for hip fracture
88. Intervention for hyperlipidemia associated with protease inhibitors
89. Abacavir and diabetes
90. Prevalence of lipodystrophy in the long-term follow-up of a clinical trial comparing various combinations of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors, ALBI Trial (ANRS 070)
91. Incidence of neuropathy in HIV-infected patients on monotherapy versus those on combination therapy with didanosine, stavudine and hydroxyurea
92. HIV nucleoside analogues: New adverse effects on mitochondria?
93. Changes in visceral adipose tissue and blood lipids in persons reporting fat redistribution syndrome switched from PI therapy to efavirenz
94. Hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance are induced by protease inhibitors independent of changes in body composition in patients with HIV infection
95. The mechanism of insulin resistance caused by HIV protease inhibitor therapy
96. Benefit to switching from a protease inhibitor (PI) to nevirapine in PI-experienced patients suffering acquired HIV-related lipodystrophy syndrome (AHL): Interim analysis at 3 months of follow-up
97. Ritonavir increases the level of active ADD-1/SREBP-1 protein during adipogenesis
98. Longitudinal analysis of bone mineral density in the western australian HIV cohort: Evidence for stable or increasing bone mineral density in antiretroviral-treated patients
99. Drug interaction of isotretinoin and protease inhibitors: Support for the cellular retinoic acid-binding protein-1 theory of lipodystrophy?
100. Nelfinavir mesylate: A protease inhibitor
101. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection
102. Bone mineral density in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
103. Thiazolidinediones inhibit alkaline phosphatase activity while increasing expression of uncoupling protein, deiodinase, and increasing mitochondrial mass in C3H10T1/2 cells
104. Detection and quantification of the control proteins of the alternative pathway of complement in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
105. Amprenavir: A new protease inhibitor with a favorable metabolic profile
106. Atherogenic dyslipidemia in HIV-infected individuals treated with protease inhibitors. The Swiss HIV Cohort Study
107. Prolonged therapy with the fusion inhibitor T-20 in combination with oral antiretroviral agents in an HIV-infected individual
108. Effect of ritonavir on lipids and post-heparin lipase activities in normal subjects
109. Osteonecrosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection
110. Diabetes mellitus associated with protease inhibitor use
111. Therapeutic approaches to type 2 diabetes mellitus
112. Recent studies of the 3T3-L1 adipocyte-like cell line
113. A pilot study of exercise training to reduce trunk fat in adults with HIV-associated fat redistribution
114. Improvement of lipodystrophy in HIV-infected subjects switching from 2 NRTI/PI to 2 NRTI/abacavir
115. Pharmacokinetic drug-interaction between Amprenavir (APV) and Ritonavir (RTV) in HIV-seronegative subjects after multiple oral dosing
116. Fat distribution and metabolic changes in patients with HIV infection
117. A syndrome of peripheral fat wasting (lipodystrophy) in patients receiving long-term nucleoside analogue therapy
118. Fat distribution evaluated by computed tomography and metabolic abnormalities in patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy: Preliminary results of the LIPOCO study
119. Reversibility of peripheral fat wasting (Lipoatrophy) on stopping stavudine therapy
120. The effects of discontinuing stavudine therapy on clinical and metabolic abnormalities in patients suffering from lipodystrophy
121. Morphologic criteria and detection of apoptosis
122. Lipid evaluation in HIV-1-positive patients treated with protease inhibitors
123. Sagittal diameter in comparison with single slice CT as a predictor of total visceral adipose tissue volume
124. Body weight changes with protease inhibitor treatment in undernourished HIV-infected patients
125. Hyperlipidemia under treatment with proteinase inhibitors
126. Endocrine and metabolic disturbances in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome
127. Bone remodelling in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients. A histomorphometric study
128. Hypocholesterolemia is associated with immune dysfunction in early human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection
129. The effect of protease inhibitors on weight and body composition in HIV-infected patients
130. The complement abnormalities of lipodystrophy
131. HIV protease inhibitors: Pharmacologic and metabolic distinctions
132. Retinoid-induced epiphyseal plate closure in guinea pigs
133. Preclinical investigations into the mechanisms by which HIV protease inhibitors may induce metabolic disorders
134. The etiology of wasting in the human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
135. Lack of clinical lipodystrophy in patients receiving efavirenz plus NRTIs in study 006
136. Marked hypertriglyceridaemia associated with ritonavir therapy
137. Accelerated bone mineral loss in HIV-infected patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy
138. Changes in calciotropic hormones and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
139. A study of the effectiveness of regular exercise on lean body mass, body cell mass and quality of life in people living with HIV/AIDS
140. Use of fenofibrate in the management of protease inhibitor-associated lipid abnormalities
141. Effects of protease inhibitors on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and lipodystrophy-A 5-year cohort study
142. Monitoring changes in fat-free mass in HIV-positive men with hypotestosteronemia and AIDS wasting syndrome treated with gonadal hormone replacement therapy
143. Lipodystrophic syndromes in a cohort of HIV-1 infected patients receiving HAART with a protease inhibitor
144. Adverse metabolic disorders during highly active antiretroviral treatments (HAART) of HIV disease
145. Diabetes, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia in lipodystrophic HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
146. Retroviral proteases-structure, function and inhibition from a non-anticipated viral enzyme to the target of a most promising HIV therapy
147. Treatment with protease inhibitors associated with peripheral insulin resistance and impaired oral glucose tolerance in HIV-1-infected patients
148. Effects of troglitazone on insulin sensitivity in HIV-infected patients with protease inhibitor-associated diabetes mellitus
149. Body-fat measurement in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Which method should be used?
150. Recombinant human growth hormone improves the fat redistribution syndrome (lipodystrophy) in patients with HIV
151. Agreement of skinfold measurement and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) methods with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in estimating total body fat in Anglo-Celtic Australians
152. Influence of diet and genetics on metabolic abnormalities in mice treated with HIV protease inhibitors
153. Bone mineral loss in HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy
154. HIV protease inhibitors block human preadipocyte differentiation, but not via the PPAR gamma/RXR heterodimer
155. Deoxyribonucleotide analogs as inhibitors and substrates of DNA polymerases
156. Insulin resistance in HIV protease inhibitor-associated diabetes
157. Ritonavir has paradoxical effects on lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in rats compared with human
158. Inhibition of adipocyte differentiation by HIV protease inhibitors