'Norwalk-like viruses' as a cause of foodborne disease outbreaks

Reviews in Medical Virology

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 243-252

  Parashar, Umesh D ^a   Monroe, Stephan S ^a  

^a CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASSAY; CALICIVIRUS; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EPIDEMIC; FOOD CONTAMINATION; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION PREVENTION; NONHUMAN; NORWALK GASTROENTERITIS VIRUS; OYSTER; REVIEW; VIRUS CHARACTERIZATION; VIRUS INFECTION;

ANIMALS; CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; FOOD POISONING; HUMANS; NOROVIRUS; OSTREIDAE;

EID: 0034898276     PISSN: 10529276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.321     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Food safety: A growing global health problem
2. The magnitude of the global problem of diarrhoeal disease: A ten year update
3. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study
4. Food-related illness and death in the United States
5. Limitations of field investigations: Etiology and food vehicle not determined for a substantial proportion of food-borne outbreaks in FoodNet, 1998-1999
6. Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27 nm particle associated with acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis
7. Winter vomiting disease
8. Norwalk virus genome cloning and characterization
9. Sequence and genomic organization of Norwalk virus
10. The isolation and characterization of a Norwalk virus specific cDNA
11. Sequence and genome organization of a human small round-structured (Norwalk-like) virus
12. Detection of Norwalk virus in stool by polymerase chain reaction
13. Application of PCR to detect Norwalk virus in fecal specimens from outbreaks of gastroenteritis
14. A onetube method of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to efficiently amplify a 3-kilobase region from the RNA polymerase gene to the poly(A) tail of small round-structured viruses (Norwalk virus like viruses)
15. Comparison of the polymerase region of small round structured virus strains previously classified in three antigenic types by solid-phase immune electron microscopy
16. Broadly reactive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of SRSV-associated gastroenteritis
17. Detection and differentiation of antigenically distinct small round-structured viruses (Norwalk-like viruses) by reverse transcription PCR and Southern hybridization
18. Development of an ELISA to detect MX virus, a human calicivirus in the Snow Mountain agent genogroup
19. Characterization of SRSVs using RT-PCR and a new antigen ELISA
20. Expression, self-assembly, and antigenicity of a Snow Mountain agent like calicivirus capsid protein
21. Genetic and antigenic diversity of human caliciviruses (HuCVs) using RT-PCR and new EIAs
22. Human enteric Caliciviridae: The complete genome sequence and expression of virus-like particles from a genetic group II small round structured virus
23. Monoclonal antibodies for detection of Norwalk virus antigen in stools
24. Expression and self-assembly of recombinant capsid protein from the antigenically distinct Hawaii human calicivirus
25. Expression and self-assembly of Grimsby virus: Antigenic distinction from Norwalk and Mexico viruses
26. Characterization of Toronto virus capsid protein expressed in baculovirus
27. Solid-phase microtiter radioimmunoassay for detection of the Norwalk strain of acute nonbacterial, epidemic gastroenteritis virus and its antibodies
28. Detection of Norwalk agent antibody and antigen by solid-phase radioimmunoassay and immune adherence hemagglutination assay
29. Role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis
30. Epidemiology of Norwalk gastroenteritis and the role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis
31. Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis caused by small round structured viruses in Tokyo
32. The frequency of a Norwalk-like pattern of illness in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis
33. An Australia-wide outbreak of gastroenteritis from oysters caused by Norwalk virus
34. The Darwin outbreak of oyster-associated viral gastroenteritis
35. Norwalk virus gastroenteritis following raw oyster consumption
36. Widespread outbreaks of clam- and oyster- associated gastroenteritis. Role of Norwalk virus
37. Snow Mountain agent gastroenteritis from clams
38. Food-borne outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by small round structured viruses: Four outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with oyster consumption
39. Norwalk virus gastroenteritis in volunteers consuming depurated oysters
40. Foodborne Snow Mountain agent gastroenteritis in a school cafeteria
41. Foodborne Norwalk virus
42. An outbreak of food-borne gastroenteritis in two hospitals associated with a Norwalk-like virus
43. Norwalk gastroenteritis: A community outbreak associated with bakery product consumption
44. Food borne infection by a Norwalk like virus (small round structured virus)
45. Norwalk virus gastroenteritis. An outbreak associated with a cafeteria at a college
46. Norwalk virus outbreak at a college campus
47. A foodborne outbreak of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis. Evidence for post-recovery transmission
48. Two outbreaks of foodborne gastroenteritis caused by a small round structured virus: Evidence of prolonged infectivity in a food handler
49. Risk factors for secondary transmission in households after a common-source outbreak of Norwalk gastroenteritis
50. Role of infected food handler in hotel outbreak of Norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis: Implications for control
51. Role of Norwalk virus in two foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis: Definitive virus association
52. An outbreak of acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis in a high school in Maryland
53. Foodborne gastroenteritis due to Norwalk virus in a Winnipeg hotel
54. A large nontypical outbreak of Norwalk virus. Gastroenteritis associated with exposing celery to nonpotable water and with Citrobacter freundii
55. Small round structured viruses and persistence of infectivity in food handlers
56. Detection of antibody to recombinant Norwalk virus antigen in specimens from outbreaks of gastroenteritis
57. Prevalence of antibodies to Norwalk virus in England: Detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using baculovirus-expressed Norwalk virus capsid antigen
58. Molecular epidemiology of 'Norwalk-like viruses' in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States
59. Surveillance of small round structured virus (SRSV) infection in England and Wales, 1990-5
60. Molecular detection and epidemiology of small round-structured viruses in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the Netherlands
61. Surveillance of viral gastroenteritis in Japan: Pediatric cases and outbreak incidents
62. Detection of enteric viruses in oysters by using the polymerase chain reaction
63. Identification of Norwalk virus in artificially seeded shellfish and selected foods
64. Detection of Norwalk virus and hepatitis A virus in shellfish tissues with the PCR
65. Detection of small round structured viruses in shellfish by reverse transcription-PCR
66. A virion concentration method for detection of human enteric viruses in oysters by PCR and oligoprobe hybridization
67. A method to detect low levels of enteric viruses in contaminated oysters
68. Detection of norwalk-like virus in shellfish implicated in illness
69. Development of a reverse transcription-PCR-DNA enzyme immunoassay for detection of 'Norwalk-like' viruses and hepatitis A virus in stool and shellfish
70. A multistate outbreak of oyster-associated gastroenteritis: Implications for interstate tracing of contaminated shellfish
71. An outbreak of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis associated with eating raw oysters: Implications for maintaining safe oyster beds
72. Detection and analysis of a small round-structured virus strain in oysters implicated in an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis
73. Distribution of Norwalk virus within shellfish following bioaccumulation and subsequent depuration by detection using RT-PCR
74. Selective accumulation may account for shellfish-associated viral illness
75. Development of methods to detect 'Norwalk-like viruses' (NLVs) and hepatitis A virus in delicatessen foods: Application to a food-borne NLV outbreak
76. Detection methods for human enteric viruses in representative foods
77. A foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk-like viruses: First molecular traceback to deli sandwiches contaminated during preparation
78. An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of sandwiches: Implications for the control of transmission by food handlers
79. Pattern of shedding of the Norwalk particle in stools during experimentally induced gastroenteritis in volunteers as determined by immune electron microscopy
80. Norwalk virus infection of volunteers: New insights based on improved assays
81. Viral shedding and fecal IgA response after Norwalk virus infection
82. Correlation of patient immune responses with genetically characterized small round-structured viruses involved in outbreaks of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in the United States, 1990 to 1995
83. Epidemiological study of prevalence of genogroup II human calicivirus (Mexico virus) infections in Japan and Southeast Asia as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
84. Study on occurrence of human calicivirus (Mexico strain) as cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of calicivirus-associated diarrhoea in the United Kingdom, 1983-1995
85. The incidence and genetic variability of small roundstructured viruses in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in The Netherlands
86. Molecular epidemiology of outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with small roundstructured viruses in East Anglia, United Kingdom, during the 1996-1997 season
87. Mixed genogroup SRSV infections among a party of canoeists exposed to contaminated recreational water
88. Characterization of a novel human calicivirus that may be a naturally occurring recombinant
89. Genetic polymorphism across regions of the three open reading frames of 'Norwalk-like viruses'
90. Norwalk-like virus sequences detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in mineral waters imported into or bottled in Switzerland
91. The detection of small round-structured viruses in water and environmental materials
92. Outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to drinking water contaminated by Norwalk-like viruses
93. Detection of small round structured viruses in artificially contaminated water using filter adsorption and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
94. Detection of viral pathogens by reverse transcriptase PCR and of microbial indicators by standard methods in the canals of the Florida Keys
95. Outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to a contaminated well. International consequences
96. Widespread environmental contamination with Norwalk-like viruses (NLV) detected in a prolonged hotel outbreak of gastroenteritis
97. The role of environmental contamination with small round structured viruses in a hospital outbreak investigated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay
98. Failure of cooking to prevent shellfish-associated viral gastroenteritis
99. Steaming oysters does not prevent Norwalk-like gastroenteritis
100. Norwalk group of viruses