The Northern Belt 100 years on: A revised model of the Ordovician tracts near Leadhills, Scotland

Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences

Volumn 91, Issue 3-4, 2000, Pages 421-434

  Smith, R A ^a   Phillips, E R ^a   Floyd, J D ^a   Barron, H F ^a   Pickett, E A ^a  

^a BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

provenance; sinistral strike slip; Southern Uplands; structure References

Indexed keywords

DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT; ORDOVICIAN; PROVENANCE; STRATIGRAPHY; STRIKE-SLIP FAULT; TECTONIC SETTING;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0034885833     PISSN: 02635933     EISSN: 14737116     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0263593300008270     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Anderson T. B. 1987. The onset and timing of Caledonian sinistral shear in County Down. Journal of the Geological Society of London 144, 817–25.
2. Anderson T.B. 2001. Structural interpretations of the Southern Uplands Terrane. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 91 (for 2000), 363–73.
3. Armstrong H. A. 1997. Conodonts from the Ordovician Shinnel Formation, Southern Uplands, Scotland, Palaeontology 40, 763–97.
4. Armstrong H. A., Owen A. W., Scrutton C. T., Clarkson E. N. K. & Taylor C. M. 1996. Evolution of the Northern Belt, Southern Uplands: implications for the Southern Uplands controversy. Journal of the Geological Society, London 153, 197–205.
5. Armstrong H. A., Rushton A. W. A., Owen A. W. & Floyd J. D. 1998. Biostratigraphy of the Currarie Formation on the northwestern edge of the Southern Uplands: implications for the cessation of basic volcanism. Scottish Journal of Geology 34, 119–25.
6. Armstrong H. A., Owen A. W. & Floyd J. D. 1999. Rare earth geochemistry of the Arenig cherts from the Ballantrae Ophiolite and Leadhills Imbricate Zone, Southern Scotland: implications for origin and significance to the Caledonian Orogeny. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 549–60.
7. Armstrong H. A. & Coe A. L. 1997. Deep-sea sediments record the geophysiology of the late Ordovician glaciation. Journal of the Geological Society, London 154, 929–34.
8. Armstrong H. A. & Dean M. T. 1996. Conodonts from Ruddenleys, Lamancha and Crawford, Southern Uplands, Scotland, British Geological Survey, Technical Report WH/96/192R.
9. Barnes R. P., Lintern B. C. & Stone P. 1989. Short Paper: Timing and regional implications of deformation in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 146, 905–8.
10. Barnes R. P., Phillips E. R. & Boland M. P. 1995. The Orlock Bridge Fault in the Southern Uplands of southwestern Scotland: a terrane boundary? Geological Magazine 132, 523–9.
11. Barnes R. P., Phillips E. R. & Merriman R. J. 1996. Allochthonous Ordovician basaltic rocks of possible island arc affinity in the Southern Uplands, SW Scotland. In Hibbard J. P., van Staal C. R. & Cawood P. A. (eds) New Perspectives in the Appalachian-Caledonian Orogen, Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 41.
12. Bluck B. J. 1983. Role of the Midland Valley of Scotland in the Caledonian orogeny. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 74, 119–36.
13. Cameron I. B., Stone P. & Smellie J. L. 1986. Geology of the country around Girvan. Explanation of 1:50,000 British Geological Survey Sheet 7, Scotland.
14. Clarkson E. N. K., Harper D. A. T., Owen A. W. & Taylor C. M. 1992. Ordovician faunas in mass-flow deposits, Southern Uplands. Terra Nova 4, 245–53.
15. Clarkson E. N. K., Harper D. A. T., Owen A. W. & Taylor C. M. 1993. Biggar. In McAdam A. D., Clarkson E. N. K. & Stone P. (eds) Scottish Borders Geology, an excursion guide, 180–91. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
16. Craig L. E. 1984. Stratigraphy in an accretionary prism: the Ordovician rocks in the North Down, Ireland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 74, 183–91.
17. Daly J. S. 1996. Pre-Carboniferous history of the Annagh Gneiss Complex, North-western Ireland, and correlation with Laurentia-Baltica. Irish Journal of Earth Sciences 74, 5–18.
18. Danelian T. & Clarkson E. N. K. 1998. Ordovician radiolaria from bedded cherts of the Southern Uplands. Scottish Journal of Geology 34, 133–7.
19. Danelian T., Clarkson E. N. K., Floyd J. D. & Armstrong H. A. 1999. Radiolarian and conodont biostratigraphy of Arenig–Llanvirn chert sequences in the Southern Uplands of Scotland, British Geological Survey, Technical Report. WA/99/65. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.
20. Davidek K., Landing E., Bowring S. A., Westrop S. R., Rushton A. W. A., Fortey R. A. & Adrain J. M. 1998. New uppermost Cambrian U–Pb date from Avalonian Wales and age of the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary. Geological Magazine 135, 305–309.
21. Dempster T. J. 1985. Uplift patterns and orogenic evolution in the Scottish Dalradian. Journal of the Geological Society, London 142, 111–28.
22. Dewey J. F., Holdsworth R. E. & Strachan R. A. 1998. Transpression and transtension zones. In Holdsworth R. E., Strachan R. A. & Dewey J. F. (eds) Continental Transpressional and Transtensional Tectonics, Geological Society, London, Special Publication 135, 1–14.
23. Dewey J. F. & Mange M. 1999. Petrography of Ordovician and Silurian sediments in the western Irish Caledonides: tracers of a short-lived Ordovician continent-arc collision orogeny and the evolution of the Laurentian Appalachian-Caledonian margin. In MacNiocaill C. & Ryan P. D. (eds) Continental Tectonics, Geological Society, London, Special Publication 164, 55–107.
24. Duller P. R. & Floyd J. D. 1995. Turbidite geochemistry and provenance studies in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Geological Magazine 132, 557–69.
25. Elders C. F. 1987. The provenance of granite boulders in conglomerates of the Northern and Central Belts of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 144, 853–63.
26. Evans J. A., Stone P. & Floyd J. D. 1991. Isotopic characteristics of Ordovician greywacke provenance in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. In Morton A. C, Todd S. P. & Haughton P. D. W. (eds) Developments in Sedimentary Provenance Studies, Geological Society, London, Special Publication 57, 161–72.
27. Floyd J. D. 1994. The derivation and definition of the ‘Southern Upland Fault’: a review of the Midland Valley-Southern Upland terrane boundary. Scottish Journal of Geology 30, 51–62.
28. Floyd J. D. 1996. Lithostratigraphy of the Ordovician rocks in the Southern Uplands: Crawford Group, Moffat Shale Group, Leadhills Supergroup. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 86, 153–65.
29. Floyd J. D. 1999. Geology of the Carrick-Loch Doon district. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Geological Sheets 8W & 8E (Scotland).
30. Floyd J. D. 2001. The Southern Uplands Terrane: a stratigraphical review. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 91 (for 2000), 349–62.
31. Floyd J. D. & Rushton A. W. A. 1993. Ashgill greywackes in the Southern Uplands of Scotland: an extension of the Ordovician succession in the Northern Belt. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 84, 79–85.
32. Floyd J. D. & Trench A. 1989. Magnetic susceptibility contrasts in ordovician greywackes of the southern Uplands of Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 146, 77–83.
33. Hepworth B. C., Oliver G. J. H. & McMurtry M. J. 1982. Sedi-mentology, volcanism, structure and metamorphism of the northern margin of a Lower Palaeozoic accretionary complex; Bail Hill–Abington area of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. In Leggett J. K. (ed.). Trench-fore-arc geology, Geological Society, London, Special Publication 10, 521–34.
34. Hutchison A. R. & Oliver G. J. H. 1998. Garnet provenance studies, juxtaposition of Laurentian marginal terranes and timing of the Grampian Orogeny in Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 155, 541–50.
35. Hutton D. H. W. 1987. Strike-slip terranes and a model for the evolution of the British and Irish Caledonides. Geological Magazine 124, 405–25.
36. Hutton D. H. W., Aftalion M. & Halliday A. N. 1985. An Ordovician ophiolite in County Tyrone, Ireland. Nature 315, 210–12.
37. Hutton D. H. W. & Dewey J. F. 1986. Palaeozoic terrane accretion in the Western Irish Caledonides. Tectonics 5, 1115–24.
38. Hutton D. H. W. & Murphy F. C. 1987. The Silurian of the Southern Uplands and Ireland as a successor basin to the end-Ordovician closure of Iapetus. Journal of the Geological Society, London 144, 765–72.
39. Kelley S. & Bluck B. J. 1989. Detrital mica ages from the Southern Uplands using Ar–Ar laser probe. Journal of the Geological Society, London 146, 401–103.
40. Kelley S. & Bluck B. J. 1990. Discussion on detrital mica ages from the Southern Uplands using Ar–Ar laser probe. Journal of the Geological Society, London 141, 882–4.
41. Kelling G., Davis P. & Holroyd J. 1987. Style, scale and significance of sand bodies in the Northern and Central Belts, southwestern Southern Uplands. Journal of the Geological Society, London 144, 787–805.
42. Lambert R. St. J., Holland J. G. & Leggett J. K. 1981. Petrology and tectonic setting of some Orodovican volcanic rocks from the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 136, 755–70.
43. Lapworth C. 1870. On the Lower Silurian Rocks in the neighbourhood of Galashiels. Transactions of the Geological Society of Edinburgh 2, 46.
44. Lapworth C. 1878. The Moffat Series. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 43, 240–346.
45. Leggett J. K. 1980. The sedimentological evolution of a Lower Palaeozoic accretionary fore-arc in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Sedimentology 27, 401–17.
46. Leggett J. K. 1987. The Southern Uplands as an accretionary prism: the importance of analogues in reconstructing palaeogeography. Journal of the Geological Society, London 144, 737–52.
47. Leggett J. K., McKerrow W. S. & Eales M. H. 1979. The Southern Uplands of Scotland; a Lower Palaeozoic accretionary prism. Journal of the Geological Society, London 136, 755–70.
48. Leggett J. K., McKerrow W. S. & Casey D. M. 1982. The anatomy of a Lower Palaeozoic accretionary fore-arc: the Southern Upland of Scotland. In Leggett J. K. (ed.) Trench-fore-arc geology, Geological Society, London, Special Publication 10, 495–520.
49. Longman C. D., Bluck B. J. & van Breeman O. 1979. Ordovician conglomerates and the evolution of the Midland Valley, Nature 280, 578–81.
50. McKerrow W. S., Leggett J. K. & Eales M. H. 1977. Imbricate thrust model of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Nature 267, 237–9.
51. McKerrow W. S., Lambert R. St. J. & Cocks L. R. M. 1985. The Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian periods. In Snelling N. J. (ed.) The Chronology of the Geological Record, Geological Society, London, Memoir 10, 73–80.
52. Merriman R. J. & Kemp S. J. 1998. Metamorphism of the Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the New Cumnock district, Southern Scotland, 1:50K Sheet 15W. British Geological Survey, Technical Report. WG/98/9. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.
53. Merriman R. J. & Roberts B. 1990. Metabentonites in the Moffat Shale Group, Southern Uplands of Scotland: Geochemical evidence of ensialic marginal basin volcanism. Geological Magazine 127, 259–71.
54. Merriman R. J. & Roberts B. 2001. Low-grade metamorphism in the Scottish Southern Uplands terrane: deciphering the patterns of accretionary burial, shearing and cryptic aureoles. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 91 (for 2000), 521–37.
55. Meschede M. 1986. A method of discriminating between different types of mid-ocean ridge basalts and continental tholeiites with the Nb–Zr–Y diagram. Chemical Geology 56, 207–18.
56. Morris J. H. 1987. The Northern Belt of the Longford-Down, Ireland and Southern Uplands, Scotland: an Ordovician back-arc basin. Journal of the Geological Society, London 144, 773–86.
57. Nicol J. 1848. On the geology of the Silurian rocks in the Valley of the Tweed. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London 4, 197.
58. Ogawa Y. 1998. Tectonostratigraphy of the Glen App area, Southern Uplands, Scotland: anatomy of an Ordovician accretionary prism. Journal of the Geological Society, London 155, 651–62.
59. Owen A. W., Harper D. A. T. & Clarkson E. N. K. 1996. The trilo-bites and brachiopods of the Wrae Limestone, an Ordovician conglomerate in the Southern Uplands. Scottish Journal of Geology 32, 133–49.
60. Owen A. W., Armstrong H. A. & Floyd J. D. 1999 a. Rare earth element geochemistry of upper Ordovician cherts from the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 191–204.
61. Owen A. W., Armstrong H. A. & Floyd J. D. 1999 b. Rare earth elements in chert clasts as provenance indicators in the Ordovician and Silurian of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Sedimentary Geology 124, 185–95.
62. Owen A. W. & Clarkson E. N. K. 1992. Trilobites from Kilbucho and Wallace's Cast and the location of the Northern Belt of the Southern Uplands during the late Ordovician. Scottish Journal of Geology 28, 3–17.
63. Peach B. N. & Horne J. 1899. The Silurian rocks of Britain. Volume 1: Scotland, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. Glasgow: HMSO.
64. Pearce J. A. 1983. Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins. In Hawkesworth C. J. & Norry M. J. (eds) Continental basalts and mantle xenoliths Nantwich: Shiva, 230–49.
65. Pearce J. A. & Cann J. R. 1973. Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analyses. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 19, 290–300.
66. Phillips E. R., Barnes R. P., Merriman R. J. & Floyd J. D. 1995 a. The tectonic significance of Ordovician basaltic rocks in the Southern Uplands, SW Scotland, Geological Magazine 132, 549–56.
67. Phillips E. R., Barnes R. P., Boland M. P., Fortey N. J. & McMillan A. A. 1995 b. The Moniaive Shear Zone: A major zone of sinistral strike-slip deformation in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 31, 139–49.
68. Phillips E. R., Smith R. A. & Carroll S. 1998. Strike-slip, terrane accretion and the pre-Carboniferous evolution of the Midland Valley of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 88, 209–24.
69. Phillips E. R., Smith R. A. & Floyd J. D. 1999. The Bail Hill Volcanic Group: alkaline within-plate volcanism during Ordovician sedimentation in the Southern Uplands, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 89, 233–47.
70. Phillips E. R. & Floyd J. D. 1999. The mineralogy, petrology and provenance of lithic clasts from Ordovician and Silurian conglomerates from the Southern Uplands of Scotland, British Geological Survey, Technical Report, WG/99/5. Keyworth: Nottingham: British Geological Survey.
71. Rock N. M. S., Gasgarth J. W. & Rundle C. C. 1986. Late Caledonian dyke-swarms in Southern Scotland: a regional zone of primitive K-rich lamprophyres and associated vents. Journal of Geology 94, 505–22.
72. Rushton A. W. A. 1995. Graptolites from the area north of Sanquhar, British Geological Survey, Technical Report. WH/95/203R. Keyworth: Nottingham: British Geological Survey.
73. Rushton A. W. A. & Stone P. 1991. Terriginous input to the Moffat Shale sequence, Southern Uplands. Scottish Journal of Geology 27, 167–9.
74. Scrutton C. T., Jeram A. J. & Armstrong H. A. 1998. Kilbucho-phyllid corals from the Ordovician (Caradoc) of Pomeroy, Co. Tyrone: implications for coral phylogeny and for movement on the Southern Uplands Fault. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 88, 117–26.
75. Scrutton C. T. & Clarkson E. N. K. 1991. A new Scleractinian-like coral from the Ordovician of the Southern Uplands, Scotland. Palaeontology 34, 179–94.
76. Smith R. A. 1995. The Siluro-Devonian evolution of the southern Midland Valley of Scotland. Geological Magazine 132, 503–13.
77. Smith R. A. 1999. Geology of the New Cumnock district. Description of 1:50 000 geological sheet 15W (Scotland). Keyworth and Edinburgh: British Geological Survey.
78. Stone P., Floyd J. D., Barnes R. P. & Lintern B. C. 1987. A sequential back-arc and foreland basin thrust duplex model for the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 144, 753–64.
79. Stone P., Green P. M., Lintern B. C., Plant J. A., Simpson P. R. & Breward N. 1991. Geochemistry characterises provenance in southern Scotland. Geology Today 7, 177–80.
80. Stone P., Plant J. A., Mendum J. R. & Green P. M. 1999. A regional geochemical assessment of some terrane relationships in the British Caledonides. Scottish Journal of Geology 35, 145–56.
81. Stone P. & Evans J. A. 1995. Nd-study of provenance patterns across the Iapetus Suture. Geological Magazine 132, 571–80.
82. Styles M. T., Stone P. & Floyd J. D. 1989. Short paper: arc detrius in the Southern Uplands: mineralogical characterisation of a ‘missing’ terrane. Journal of the Geological Society, London 146, 397–400.
83. Styles M. T., Perez-Alverez M. & Floyd J. D. 1995. Pyroxenous grey-wackes in the Southern Uplands of Scotland and their petrotec-tonic implications. Geological Magazine 132, 539–47.
84. Taira A., Okada H., Whitaker J. H. McD. & Smith A. J. 1982. The Shimanto Belt of Japan: Cretaceous-Lower Miocene active-margin sedimentation. In Leggett J. K. (ed.) Trench-Forearc geology, Geological Society, London, Special Publication 10, 5–26.
85. Thirlwall M. F. 1981. Peralkaline rhyolites from the Ordovician Tweeddale lavas, Peebleshire, Scotland. Geological Journal 16, 41–4.
86. Walker R. G. 1978. Deep water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans: models for exploration for stratigraphic traps. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 62, 932–66.