Cytokines and HIV-1: Interactions and clinical implications

Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 133-150

  Kedzierska, K ^a   Crowe, S M ^a  

^a MACFARLANE BURNET INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (Australia)

Author keywords

Chemokines; Cytokines; HIV 1; Macrophages; T cells

Indexed keywords

ALPHA CHEMOKINE; ALPHA INTERFERON; BETA INTERFERON; COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR 1; CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 15; INTERLEUKIN 16; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 7; INTERLEUKIN 8; LYMPHOTOXIN; RANTES; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; COLONY STIMULATING FACTORS; INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN DERIVATIVE;

CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TH1 CELL; TH2 CELL; VIRUS REPLICATION; DOWN REGULATION; DRUG EFFECT; IMMUNOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; T LYMPHOCYTE; UPREGULATION;

COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS; CYTOKINES; DOWN-REGULATION; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMAN; INTERFERONS; INTERLEUKINS; T-LYMPHOCYTES; UP-REGULATION; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 0034788136     PISSN: 09563202     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/095632020101200301     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. Interleukin-12 decreases human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in human macrophage cultures reconstituted with autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells
2. Induction of HIV-1 replication by type 1-like cytokines, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-15: Effect on viral transcriptional activation, cellular proliferation, and endogenous cytokine production
3. Cell type specific fusion cofactors determine human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tropism for T cell lines versus primary macrophages
4. CC CKR5; a RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1beta receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage tropic HIV-1
5. Interferon and interferon inhibitor levels in patients infected with varicella-zoster virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex, or Kaposi's sarcoma, and in normal individuals
6. Serum IL-10 levels in HIV-positive subjects: Correlation with CDC stages
7. Interleukin-16 (IL-16) inhibits human immunodeficiency virus replication in cells from infected subjects, and serum IL-16 levels drop with disease progression
8. Emerging applications of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
9. Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members and their ligands
10. Alpha interferon-induced antiretroviral activities: Restriction of viral nucleic acid synthesis and progeny virion production in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected monocles
11. IL-13 and IFN-gamma secretion by activated T cells in HIV-1 infection associated with viral suppression and a lack of disease progression
12. IL-13 and TNF-alpha inhibit dual-tropic HIV-1 in primary macrophages by reduction of surface expression of CD4, chemokine receptors CCR5, CXCR4 and post-entry viral gene expression
13. Enhanced interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by LPS stimulated human monocytes isolated from HIV+ patients
14. TH1 and TH2 cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected patients
15. gp41 envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus induces interleukin (IL)-10 in monocytes, but not in B, T, or NK cells, leading to reduced IL-2 and interferon-gamma production
16. Control of viremia and prevention of clinical AIDS in rhesus monkeys by cytokine-augmented DNA vaccination
17. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
18. Shared architecture of hormone binding domains in type I and II interferon receptors
19. HIV-1 infection of human macrophages impairs phagocytosis and killing of Toxoplasma gondii
20. Modulation of cellular and humoral immune responses to a multiepitopic HIV-1 DNA vaccine by interleukin-18 DNA immunization/viral protein boost
21. Induction of interleukin-6 during human immunodeficiency virus infection
22. Interferon gamma induces the expression of human immunodeficiency virus in persistently infected promonocytic cells (U1) and redirects the production of virions to intracytoplasmic vacuoles in phorbol myristate acetate-differentiated U1 cells
23. IFN alpha kinoid vaccine in conjunction with tritherapy, a weapon to combat immunopathogenesis in AIDS
24. The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry
25. Induction of interleukin-10 by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and its gp120 protein in human monocyte/macrophages
26. A selective defect of IFN-gamma- but not of IFN-alpha-induced JAK/STAT pathway in a subset of U937 clones prevents the antiretroviral effect of IFN-gamma against HIV-1
27. Infection with HIV is associated with elevated IL-6 levels and production
28. Flow cytometric analysis of the Th1-Th2 balance in healthy individuals and patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receiving a plant sterol/sterolin mixture
29. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor and nucleoside analogue therapy in AIDS
30. Induction of lymphomonocyte activation by HIV-1 glycoprotein gp120. Possible role in AIDS pathogenesis
31. Inhibition of HIV type 1 BaL replication by MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES in macrophages
32. Impaired proliferative capacity and abnormal cytokine profile of naive and memory CD4 T cells from HIV-seropositive patients
33. The beta chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 facilitate infection by primary HIV-1 isolates
34. Effect of interleukin-2 on the pool of latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells in HIV-1-infected patients receiving highly active anti-retroviral therapy
35. A TH1→TH2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection
36. Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells
37. The V3 domain of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein is critical for chemokine-mediated blockade of infection
38. Higher macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta levels from CD8+ T cells are associated with asymptomatic HIV-1 infection
39. RANTES inhibits HIV-1 replication in human peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages
40. Retrovirally mediated IFN-beta transduction of macrophages induces resistance to HIV, correlated with up-regulation of RANTES production and down-regulation of C-C chemokine receptor-5 expression
41. GM-CSF and its effects on replication of HIV-1 in cells of macrophage lineage
42. Kinetics of lymphokine production in HIV+ patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy and interleukin 2
43. The role of IL-13 and its receptor in allergy and inflammatory responses
44. Reduced toxoplasmastatic activity of monocytes from AIDS patients: A role for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
45. Dysregulation of interleukin 8, interleukin 10, and interleukin 12 release by alveolar macrophages from HIV type 1-infected subjects
46. Interleukin 13 and interleukin 4 protect bronchoalveolar macrophages from productive infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1
47. Lack of interleukin 10 expression in monocyte-derived macrophages in response to in vitro infection by HIV type 1 isolates
48. Interferon-gamma-induced downregulation of CD4 inhibits the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 in primary monocytes
49. Chemokine regulation and HIV type 1 tropism in monocyte-macrophages
50. Inhibition of CD4+ T cell function by the HIV envelope protein, gp120
51. Effects of IFN alpha on late stages of HIV-1 replication cycle
52. Interleukin-1
53. HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5
54. Pooled analysis of 3 randomized, controlled trials of interleukin-2 therapy in adult human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease
55. Secretory repertoire of HIV-infected human monocytes/macrophages
56. Differential regulation of proinflammatory and hematopoietic cytokines in human macrophages after infection with human immunodeficiency virus
57. Individual cell analysis of the cytokine repertoire in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected monocytes/macrophages by a combination of immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization
58. Interferon-gamma protects primary monocytes against infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1
59. AZT blocks down-regulation of IL-2 and IFN-gamma gene expression in HIV acutely infected cells
60. Induction of interleukin-12 (IL-12) by recombinant glycoprotein gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human monocytes/macrophages: Requirement of gamma interferon for IL-12 secretion
61. HIV-1 gp120 stimulates the production of beta-chemokines in human peripheral blood monocytes through a CD4-independent mechanism
62. IL-7 enhancement of antigen-driven activation/expansion of HIV-1- specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp)
63. Safety and antiviral activity of combination therapy with zidovudine, zalcitabine, and two doses of interferon-alpha2a in patients with HIV
64. Effects of the Th1 and Th2 stimulatory cytokines interleukin-12 and interleukin-4 on human immunodeficiency virus replication
65. Effects of human immunodeficiency virus and colony-stimulating factors on the production of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha by monocyte/macrophages
66. Cytokine-induced expression of HIV-1 in a chronically infected promonocyte cell line
67. Tumor necrosis factor alpha induces expression of human immunodeficiency virus in a chronically infected T-cell clone
68. Interferons in the persistence, pathogenesis, and treatment of HIV infection
69. Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
70. M-CSF production by HIV-1-infected monocytes and its intrathecal synthesis. Implications for neurological HIV-1-related disease
71. Spontaneous and antigen-induced production of HIV-inhibitory beta- chemokines are associated with AIDS-free status
72. A selective defect of interferon alpha production in human immunodeficiency virus-infected monocytes
73. Induction of beta interferon by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and its gp120 protein in human monocytes-macrophages: Role of beta interferon in restriction of virus replication
74. Role of endogenous interferon-beta in the restriction of HIV replication in human monocyte/macrophages
75. Induction of cytokines by HIV-1 and its gp120 protein in human peripheral blood monocyte/macrophages and modulation of cytokine response during differentiation
76. Towards a new generation of vaccines: The cytokine IL-12 as an adjuvant to enhance cellular immune responses to pathogens during primebooster vaccination regimens
77. Modulation of endogenous IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist results in opposing effects on HIV expression in chronically infected monocytic cells
78. Interleukin 1 induces HIV-1 expression in chronically infected U1 cells: Blockade by interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor binding protein type 1
79. Differential effects of human immunodeficiency virus isolates on beta-chemokine and gamma interferon production and on cell proliferation
80. Induction of NF-kappa B during monocyte differentiation is associated with activation of HIV-gene expression
81. Endogenous macrophage CSF production is associated with viral replication in HIV-1-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages
82. A randomized trial of interferon alpha therapy for HIV type 1 infection
83. Effect of zidovudine and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on human immunodeficiency virus replication in alveolar macrophages
84. Synergistic stimulatory effects of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma on replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and on apoptosis of HIV-1-infected host cells
85. Essential involvement of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in acute inflammation
86. Interferon-gamma upregulates CCR5 expression in cord and adult blood mononuclear phagocytes
87. Use of IFN-gamma in patients with AIDS
88. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into primary human macrophages: A selective role for the 75-kilodalton receptor
89. IL-2 and IFN-gamma, but not IL-4 secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are related to CD4+ T cells and clinical status in Brazilian HIV-1-infected subjects
90. HIV-1 gp160 as a modifier of Th1 and Th2 cytokine response: gp160 suppresses interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 production concomitantly with enhanced interleukin-4 production in vitro
91. Recombinant human IL-16 inhibits HIV-1 replication and protects against activation-induced cell death (AICD)
92. Assessment of type 1 and type 2 cytokines in HIV type 1-infected individuals: Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy
93. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes release gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and TNF-beta when they encounter their target antigens
94. Effect of beta-chemokines on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication, binding, uncoating, and CCR5 receptor expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages
95. Up-regulation of HIV coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5 on CD4(+) T cells during human endotoxemia and after stimulation with (myco)bacterial antigens: The role of cytokines
96. Enhanced HIV replication in macrophage colony stimulating factor treated monocytes
97. Clinical and virologic effects of recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (rGM-CSF) in patients receiving chemotherapy for HIV associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; results of a randomized trial
98. Recombinant interleukin 4 stimulates human immunodeficiency virus production by infected monocytes and macrophages
99. Effect of GM-CSF on HIV-1 replication in monocytes/macrophages In vivo and in vitro; a review
100. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor inhibits HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages
101. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments phagocytosis of Mycobacterium avium complex by human immunodeficiency virus type 1- infected monocytes/macrophages in vitro and in vivo
102. Lymphokine production by B cells from normal and HIV-infected individuals
103. Effect of protease therapy on cytokine secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV-infected subjects
104. Expansion of restricted cellular immune responses to HIV-1 envelope by vaccination: IL-7 and IL-12 differentially augment cellular proliferative responses to HIV-1
105. Antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses can be modulated in rhesus macaques through the use of IFN-gamma, IL-12, IL-18 gene adjuvants
106. Interleukin 2 induces CD8+ T cell-mediated suppression of human immunodeficiency virus replication in CD4+ T cells and this effect overrides its ability to stimulate virus expression
107. HIV replication in IL-2-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells is driven in an autocrine/paracrine manner by endogenous cytokines
108. Interleukin-2 and human immunodeficiency virus infection: Pathogenic mechanisms and potential for immunologic enhancement
109. Role of MIP-1beta and RANTES in HIV-1 infection of microglia: Inhibition of infection and induction by IFNbeta
110. Macrophage active colony stimulating factors enhance human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in bone marrow stem cells
111. Interference of interleukin-10 with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in primary monocyte-derived macrophages
112. Interferons and bacterial lipopolysaccharide protect macrophages from productive infection by human immunodeficiency virus in vitro
113. CD40 ligand (CD154) stimulation of macrophages to produce HIV-l-suppressive beta-chemokines
114. Cytokines alter production of HIV-1 from primary mononuclear phagocytes
115. Proinflammatory cytokines
116. Endogenous levels of C-C chemokines MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES do not reflect the disease course in HIV-seropositive individuals
117. Interferon-alpha, zidovudine, and granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor: A phase I AIDS Clinical Trials Group study in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma associated with AIDS
118. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor antagonists inhibit replication of HIV-1 in human macrophages
119. Pilot study of a combination of highly active antiretroviral therapy and cytokines to induce HIV-1 remission
120. GM-CSF increases HIV-1 load
121. Elevated levels of circulating cachectin/tumor necrosis factor in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
122. Antiretroviral effects of interferon-alpha in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma
123. Interferon activation and innate immunity
124. Residue 21 of human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor is critical for biological activity and for high but not low affinity binding
125. In vitro immunologic and virologic effects of interleukin 15 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal donors and human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients
126. Proinflammatory response and IL-12 expression in HIV-1 infection
127. IL-16 represses HIV-1 promoter activity
128. Ability of HIV to promote a TH1 to TH0 shift and to replicate preferentially in TH2 and TH0 cells
129. Increased plasma levels of the C-C chemokine RANTES in patients with primary HIV-1 infection
130. In vivo role of IL-6 on the viral load and on immunological abnormalities of HIV-infected patients
131. The interleukin-12-mediated pathway of immune events is dysfunctional in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals
132. Suppression of HIV replication in human monocyte derived macrophages induced by granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor
133. Elevated serum levels of IL-8 in patients with HIV infection
134. Evidence for type 2 cytokine production and lymphocyte activation in the early phases of HIV-1 infection
135. Single cell analysis of IL-4 and IFN-gamma production by T cells from HIV-infected individuals: Decreased IFN-gamma in the presence of preserved IL-4 production
136. Interleukin 13 inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 production in primary blood-derived human macrophages in vitro
137. IL-13 acts on macrophages to block the completion of reverse transcription, inhibit virus production, and reduce virus infectivity
138. Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor
139. Regulation of HIV production by blood mononuclear cells from HIV- infected donors: I. Lack of correlation between HIV-1 production and T cell activation
140. Replication of human immunodeficiency virus-1 in primary human T cells is dependent on the autocrine secretion of tumor necrosis factor through the control of nuclear factor-kappa B activation
141. Current and future clinical applications of interferon-gamma in host antimicrobial defense
142. Molecular mechanisms of IL-4 effect on HIV expression in promonocytic cell lines and primary human monocytes
143. The state of maturation of monocles into macrophages determines the effects of IL-4 and IL-13 on HIV replication
144. The effect of interleukin 4 (BSF-1) on infection of peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages with HIV-1
145. The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusinn and prevents infection T-cell-line-adapted lab
146. Effects of interferon-alpha on a reduced release of interleukin-8 from latently HIV-1-infected monocytic cell line U937 cells
147. High SDF-1 expression in HIV-1 carriers does not correlate with CD8+ T-cell-mediated suppression of viral replication
148. Low-dose IL-2 reduces lymphocyte apoptosis and increases naive CD4 cells in HIV-1 patients treated with HAART
149. Interleukin-4: A prototypic immunoregulatory lymphokine
150. Relative resistance to HIV-1 infection of CD4 lymphocytes from persons who remain uninfected despite multiple high-risk sexual exposure
151. Replication of human immunodeficiency virus in monocytes. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) potentiates viral production yet enhances the antiviral effect mediated by 3′-azido- 2′3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT) and other dideoxynucleoside congeners of thymidine
152. Effects of bone marrow stimulatory cytokines on human immunodeficiency virus replication and the antiviral activity of dideoxynucleosides in cultures of monocyte/macrophages
153. In vitro activity of inhibitors of late stages of the replication of HIV in chronically infected macrophages
154. Immunomodulators as adjunctive therapy for HIV-1 infection
155. Interferon-alpha but not AZT suppresses HIV expression in chronically infected cell lines
156. Interleukin 6 induces human immunodeficiency virus expression in infected monocytic cells alone and in synergy with tumor necrosis factor alpha by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms
157. The effect of cytokines and pharmacologic agents on chronic HIV infection
158. Interferons in the pathogenesis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection
159. Interleukin 1 induces expression of the human immunodeficiency virus alone and in synergy with interleukin 6 in chronically infected U1 cells: Inhibition of inductive effects by the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist
160. Lipopolysaccharide is a potent monocyte/macrophage-specific stimulator of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression
161. IL-12 inhibits apoptosis induced in a human Th1 clone by gp120/CD4 cross-linking and CD3/TCR activation or by IL-2 deprivation
162. Progressive and selective impairment of IL-3 and IL-4 production by peripheral blood CD4+ T-lymphocytes during the course of HIV-1 infection
163. A potential role for interferon-alpha in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia
164. Interleukin (IL)-6 directs the differentiation of IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells
165. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF-related molecules in HIV-1+ individuals: Relationship with in vitro Th1/Th2-type response
166. Chemokines
167. Antiretroviral therapy suppresses the constitutive production of interleukin-1 associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection
168. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection alters chemokine beta peptide expression in human monocytes: Implications for recruitment of leukocytes into brain and lymph nodes
169. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 induces anergy in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by inducing interleukin-10 production
170. Bicyclams, a class of potent anti-HIV agents, are targeted at the HIV coreceptor fusin/CXCR-4
171. Induction of monocyte proliferation and HIV expression by IL-3 does not interfere with antiviral activity of zidovudine
172. Proliferation-dependent HIV-1 infection of monocytes occurs during differentiation into macrophages
173. Interleukin 18 stimulates HIV type 1 in monocytic cells
174. Alpha interferon inhibits early stages of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication cycle
175. The safety and efficacy of GM-CSF (Sargramostim) added to indinavir-or ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy: A randomized double blind, placebo-controlled trial
176. Interleukin-2: Inception, impact, and implications
177. The active form of tumor necrosis factor is a trimer
178. IL-7 up-regulates HIV-1 replication in naturally infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells
179. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication is blocked prior to reverse transcription and integration in freshly isolated peripheral blood monocytes
180. HIV-1 Nef mediates lymphocyte chemotaxis and activation by infected macrophages
181. Induction of IL-6 and IL-10 production by recombinant HIV-2 envelope glycoprotein 41 (gp41) in the THP-1 human monocytic cell line
182. Efficacy of low-dose intermittent subcutaneous interleukin (IL)-2 in antiviral drug-experienced human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons with detectable virus load: A controlled study of 3 IL-2 regimens with antiviral drug therapy
183. Human immunodeficiency virus gp120 inhibits interleukin-12 secretion by human monocytes: An indirect interleukin-10-mediated effect
184. Interleukin-12: Basic principles and clinical applications
185. Interleukin-16 inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry and replication in macrophages and in dendritic cells
186. Ligation of either CD2 or CD28 rescues CD4+ T cells from HIV-gp120-induced apoptosis
187. Potential utility of recombinant human GM-CSF as adjunctive treatment of refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS patients
188. Hemophilia and nonprogressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
189. Divergent regulation of HIV-1 replication in PBMC of infected individuals by CC chemokines: Suppression by RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MCP-3, and enhancement by MCP-1
190. Interferon beta transduction of peripheral blood lymphocytes from HIV- infected donors increases Th1-type cytokine production and improves the proliferative response to recall antigens
191. Tumour necrosis factors (alpha, beta) induced by HIV-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells potentiate virus replication
192. Cytokine regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry and replication in human monocytes/macrophages through modulation of CCR5 expression
193. Interleukin 10 blocks HIV replication in macrophages by inhibiting the autocrine loop of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 induction of virus
194. IL-10 synergizes with multiple cytokines in enhancing HIV production in cells of monocytic lineage
195. Cytokine regulation of HIV replication induced by dendritic cell-CD4-positive T cell interactions
196. IL-15 expression plasmid enhances cell-mediated immunity induced by an HIV-1 DNA vaccine
197. Enhanced inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by met-stromal-derived factor 1β correlates with down-modulation of CXCR4
198. Initial clinical experience with dideoxynucleosides as single agents and in combination therapy
199. HIV-1 entry into quiescent primary lymphocytes: Molecular analysis reveals a labile, latent viral structure
200. The effects of interleukin-2 therapy on the viral reservoir in HIV+ patients
201. Increased T-helper-type 2 cytokine production in chronic HIV infection is due to interleukin (IL)-13 rather than IL-4