Tectonics of mascon loading: Resolution of the strike-slip faulting paradox

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 106, Issue E9, 2001, Pages 20603-20620

  Freed, Andrew M ^a   Melosh, H Jay ^b   Solomon, Sean C ^a  

^a GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD; LITHOSPHERE; LOADING; MARE BASALT; STRESS; STRIKE-SLIP FAULT; TECTONICS;

EID: 0034760553     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000JE001347     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Anderson, E. M., The Dynamics of Faulting, 206 pp., Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 1951.
2. Bowin, C., B. Simon, and W. R. Wollenhaupt, Mascons: A two-body solution, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 4947-4955, 1975.
3. Bratt, S. R., S. C. Solomon, J. W. Head, and C. H. Thurber, The deep structure of lunar basins: Implications for basin formation and modification, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 3049-3064, 1985a.
4. Bratt, S. R., S. C. Solomon, and J. W. Head, The evolution of impact basins; cooling, subsidence, and thermal stress, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 12,415-12,433, 1985b.
5. Brotchie, J. F., Flexure of a liquid-filled spherical shell in a radial gravity field, Mod. Geol., 3, 15-23, 1971.
6. Budney, C. J., and P. G. Lucey, Basalt thickness in Mare Humorum: The crater excavation method, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16,855-16,870, 1998.
7. Byerlee, J. D., Frictional characteristics of granite under high confining pressure, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 3639-3648, 1967.
8. Celerier, B., Tectonic regime and slip orientation of reactivated faults, Geophys. J. Int., 121, 143-161, 1995.
9. Comer, R. P., S. C. Solomon, and J. W. Head, Elastic lithospheric thickness on the Moon from mare tectonic features: A formal inversion, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 10th, 2441-2463, 1979.
10. Comer, R. P., S. C. Solomon, and J. W. Head, Mars: Thickness of the lithosphere from the tectonic response to volcanic loads, Rev. Geophys., 23, 61-92, 1985.
11. Conel, J. E., and G. B. Holstrom, Lunar mascons: A near-surface interpretation, Science, 162, 1403-1405, 1968.
12. Goins, N. R., A. M. Dainty, and M. N. Toksöz, Lunar seismology: The internal structure of the Moon, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 5061-5074, 1981.
13. Golombek, M. P., Fault type predictions from stress distributions on planetary surfaces: Importance of fault initiation depth, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 3065-3074, 1985.
14. Golombek, M. P., and G. E. McGill, Grabens, basin tectonics, and the maximum total expansion of the Moon, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 3563-3587, 1983.
15. Guiraud, M., O. Laborde, and H. Philip, Characterization of various types of deformation and their corresponding deviatoric stress tensors using microfault analysis, Tectonophysics, 170, 289-316, 1989.
16. Hall, J. L., S. C. Solomon, and J. W. Head, Elysium region, Mars: Tests of lithospheric loading models for the formation of tectonic features, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 11,377-11,392, 1986.
17. Head, J. W., Morphology and structure of the Taurus-Littrow highlands (Apollo 17): Evidence for their origin and evolution, Moon, 9, 355-395, 1974a.
18. Head, J. W., Lunar dark-mantle deposits: Possible clues to the distribution of early mare deposits, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 5th, 207-222, 1974b.
19. Head, J. W., Serenitatis multi-ringed basin: Regional geology and basin ring interpretation, Moon Planets, 21, 439-462, 1979.
20. Head, J. W., J. B. Adams, T. B. McCord, C. Pieters, and S. Zisk, Regional stratigraphy and geological history of Mare Crisium, in Mare Crisium: The View From Luna 24, edited by R. B. Merrill and J. J. Papike, pp. 43-74, Pergamon, Tarrytown, New York, 1978.
21. Hoek, E., and E. T. Brown, Empirical strength criterion for rock masses, J. Geotech. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 106, 1013-1035, 1980.
22. Howard, K. A., and W. R. Muehlberger, Lunar thrust faults in the Taurus-Littrow region, in Apollo 17 Preliminary Science Report, NASA Spec. Publ., SP-330, 31-22-31-25, 1973.
23. Howard, K. A., M. H. Carr, and W. R. Muehlberger, Basalt stratigraphy of southern Mare Serenitatis, in Apollo 17 Preliminary Science Report, NASA Spec. Publ., SP-330, 29-1 - 29-12, 1973.
24. Janes, D. M., and H. J. Melosh, Tectonics of planetary loading: A general model and results, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 21,345-21,355, 1990.
25. Janes, D. M., S. W. Squyres, D. L. Bindschadler, G. Baer, G. Schubert, V. L. Sharpton, and E. R. Stofan, Geophysical models for the formation and evolution of coronae on Venus, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 16,055-16,067, 1992.
26. Landau, L. D., and E. M. Lifshitz, Theory of Elasticity, 289 pp., Pergamon, Tarrytown, New York, 1970.
27. Lucchitta, B. K., Topography, structure, and mare ridges in southern Mare Imbrium and northern Oceanus Procellarum, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 8th, 2691-2703, 1977.
28. Lucchitta, B. K., and J. A. Watkins, Age of graben systems on the Moon, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 9th, 3459-3472, 1978.
29. Maxwell, T. A., F. El-Baz, and S. H. Ward, Distribution, morphology, and origin of ridges and arches in Mare Serenitatis, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 86, 1273-1278, 1975.
30. McGovern, P. J., and S. C. Solomon, State of stress, faulting, and eruption characteristics of large volcanoes on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 23,553-23,579, 1993.
31. McGovern, P. J., and S. C. Solomon, Growth of large volcanoes on Venus: Mechanical models and implications for structural evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 11,071-11,101, 1998.
32. Melosh, H. J., On the origin of fractures radial to lunar basins, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 7th, 2967-2982, 1976.
33. Melosh, H. J., The tectonics of mascon loading, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 9th, 3513-3525, 1978.
34. Melosh, H. J., Impact Cratering, A Geological Process, 245 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1989.
35. Melosh, H. J., and A. Raefsky, The dynamic origin of subduction zone topography, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 60, 333-354, 1980.
36. Melosh, H. J., and C. A. Williams, Mechanics of graben formation in crustal rocks: A finite-element analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 13,961-13,973, 1989.
37. Muehlberger, W. R., Structural history of southeastern Mare Serenitatis and adjacent highlands, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 5th, 101-110, 1974.
38. Muller, P. M., and W. L. Sjogren, Mascons: Lunar mass concentrations, Science, 161, 680-684, 1968.
39. Nakamura, Y., G. V. Latham, H. J. Dorman, A.-B. K. Ibrahim, J. Koyama, and P. Horvath, Shallow moonquakes: Depth, distribution and implications as to the present state of the lunar interior, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 10th, 2299-2309, 1979.
40. Neumann, G. A., and M. T. Zuber, A continuum approach to the development of normal faults, in Rock Mechanics, edited by J. Daemen and R. Schultz, pp. 191-198, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1995.
41. Neumann, G. A., M. T. Zuber, D. E. Smith, and F. G. Lemoine, The lunar crust: Global structure and signature of major basins, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 16,841-16,863, 1996.
42. Philip, H., Plio-Quaternary evolution of the stress field in Mediterranean zones of subduction and collision, Ann. Geophys., Ser. B, 5, 301-319, 1987.
43. Phillips, R. J., and J. Dvorak, The origin of lunar mascons: Analysis of the Bouguer gravity associated with Grimaldi, in Proceedings of the Conference on Multi-ring Basins: Formation and Evolution, edited by P. H. Schultz and R. B. Merrill, pp. 91-104, Pergamon, Tarrytown, New York, 1981.
44. Phillips, R. J., and T. A. Maxwell, Lunar Sounder revisited: Stratigraphic correlations and structural inferences (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., 9, 890-892, 1978.
45. Phillips, R. J., J. E. Conel, E. A. Abbot, W. L. Sjogren, and J. B. Morton, Mascons: Progress toward a unique solution for mass distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 7106-7114, 1972.
46. Pieters, C., J. W. Head, T. B. McCord, J. B. Adams, and S. Zisk, Geochemical and geological units of Mare Humorum: Definition using remote sensing and lunar sample information, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 6th, 2689-2710, 1975.
47. Pieters, C., J. W. Head, J. B. Adams, T. B. McCord, S. Zisk, and J. L. Whitford-Stark, Late high-titanium basalts of the western maria: Geology of the Flamsteed region of Oceanus Procellarum, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 3913-3938, 1980.
48. Pritchard, M. E., and D. J. Stevenson, Thermal aspects of a lunar origin by giant impact, in Origin of the Earth and Moon, edited by R. M. Canup and K. Righter, pp. 179-196, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 2000.
49. Pullan, S., and K. Lambeck, Mascons and loading of the lunar lithosphere, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 12th, 853-865, 1981.
50. Scholz, C. H., The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting, 439 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1990.
51. Schultz, R. A., and M. T. Zuber, Observations, models, and mechanisms of failure of surface rocks surrounding planetary surface loads, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14,691-14,702, 1994.
52. Secor, D. T., Jr., Role of fluid pressure in jointing, Am. J. Sci., 263, 633-646, 1965.
53. Simpson, R. W., Quantifying Anderson's fault types, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 17,909-17,919, 1997.
54. Solomon, S. C., The relationship between crustal tectonics and internal evolution in the Moon and Mercury, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 15, 135-145, 1977.
55. Solomon, S. C., and J. Chaiken, Thermal expansion and thermal stress in the Moon and terrestrial planets: Clues to early thermal history, Proc. Lunar Sci Conf. 7th, 3229-3243, 1976.
56. Solomon, S. C., and J. W. Head, Vertical movement in mare basins: Relation to mare emplacement, basin tectonics, and lunar thermal history, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 1667-1682, 1979.
57. Solomon, S. C., and J. W. Head, Lunar mascon basins: Lava filling, tectonics, and evolution of the lithosphere, Rev. Geophys., 18, 107-141, 1980.
58. Squyres, S. W., D. M. Janes, G. Baer, D. L. Bindschadler, G. Schubert, V. L. Sharpton, and E. R. Stofan, The morphology and evolution of coronae on Venus, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 13,611-13,634, 1992.
59. Stofan, E. R., V. L. Sharpton, G. Schubert, G. Baer, D. L. Bindschadler, D. M. Janes, and S. W. Squyres, Global distribution and characteristics of coronae and related features on Venus: Implications for origin and relation to mantle processes, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 13,347-13,378, 1992.
60. Turcotte, D. L., and G. Schubert, Geodynamics: Applications of Continuum Physics to Geological Problems, 450 pp., John Wiley, New York, 1982.
61. Turtle, E. P., and H. J. Melosh, Stress and flexural modeling of the Martian lithospheric response to Alba Patera, Icarus, 126, 197-211, 1997.
62. Whitford-Stark, J. L., and J. W. Head, Stratigraphy of Oceanus Procellarum basalts: Sources and styles of emplacement, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 6579-6609, 1980.
63. Wilhelms, D. E., The geological history of the Moon, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1348, 302 pp., 1987.
64. Willemann, R. J., and D. L. Turcotte, The role of lithospheric stress in the support of Tharsis rise, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 9793-9801, 1982.
65. Williams, K. K., and M. T. Zuber, Measurement and analysis of lunar basin depths from Clementine altimetry, Icarus, 131, 107-122, 1998.
66. Willis, J. J., and V. L. Hansen, Conjugate shear fractures at "Ki Corona," southeast Parga Chasma, Venus (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., 27, 1443-1444, 1996.
67. Wise, D. U., and M. Y. Yates, Mascons as surface relief on a lunar "Moho," J. Geophys. Res., 75, 261-268, 1970.
68. Zuber, M. T., D. E. Smith, F. G. Lemoine, and G. A. Neumann, The shape and internal structure of the Moon from the Clementine mission, Science, 266, 1839-1843, 1994.