Depressive symptoms in stable chronic schizophrenia: Prevalence and relationship to psychopathology and treatment

Schizophrenia Research

Volumn 45, Issue 1-2, 2000, Pages 47-56

  Baynes, D ^a   Mulholland, C ^b   Cooper, S J ^b   Montgomery, R C ^a   MacFlynn, G ^a   Lynch, G ^a   Kelly, C ^b   King, D J ^b  

^a Holywell Hospital   (United Kingdom)

^b QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Akathisia; Depression; Schizophrenia; Social support

Indexed keywords

CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

ADULT; AKATHISIA; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; BRIEF PSYCHIATRIC RATING SCALE; CHRONIC DISEASE; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HOSTILITY; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 0034730797     PISSN: 09209964     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00205-4     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Addington D., Addington J. The assessment of depression in schizophrenia. Williams R., Dalby T. Depression in Schizophrenia. 1989;67-75 Plenum Press, New York.
2. Addington D., Addington J., Maticka-Tyndale E. Assessing depression in schizophrenia: the Calgary Depression Scale. Br. J. Psychiatry. 163:(S22):1993;39-44.
3. Addington D., Addington J., Maticka-Tyndale E. Specificity of the Calgary Depression Scale for schizophrenics. Schizophr. Res. 11:1994;239-244.
4. Addington D., Addington J., Maticka-Tyndale E., Joyce J. Reliability and validity of a depression rating scale for schizophrenics. Schizophr. Res. 6:1992;201-208.
5. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R). third ed., revised :1987;American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
6. Andreasen N.C. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Definition and reliability. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 39:1982;784-788.
7. Barnes T.R.E. A scale for rating drug-induced akathisia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 154:1989;672-676.
8. Barnes T.R.E., Curson D.A., Liddle P.F., Patel M. The nature and prevalence of depression in chronic schizophrenic inpatients. Br. J. Psychiatry. 154:1989;486-491.
9. Beck A.T., Steer R.A. Beck Depression Inventory Manual. 1993;The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio.
10. Beck A.T., Ward C.I., Mendelson M., Mock J., Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 4:1961;561-571.
11. Birchwood M., Mason R., MacMillan F., Healy J. Depression, demoralisation and control over psychotic illness: a comparison of depressed and non-depressed patients with a chronic psychosis. Psychol. Med. 23:1993;387-395.
12. Bleuler E. Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. 1950;International Universities Press, New York.
13. Craig T.J., Richardson M.A., Pass R., Bregman Z. Measurement of mood and affect in schizophrenic inpatients. Am. J. Psychiatry. 142:1985;1272-1277.
14. Davis J.M. Comparative doses and costs of antipsychotic medication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 33:1976;858-861.
15. DeAlarcon R., Carney M.W.P. Severe depressive mood changes following slow-release intra-muscular fluphenazine injection. Br. Med. J. iii:1969;564-567.
16. DeLeon J., Wilson W.H., Simpson G.M. Measurement of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Dev. 3:1989;211-234.
17. Drake R.E., Cotton P.G. Depression, hopelessness and suicide in chronic schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 148:1986;554-559.
18. Glazer W., Prusoff B., John K., Williams D. Depression and social adjustment among chronic schizophrenic outpatients. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 169:1981;712-717.
19. Guy W. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, revised. 1976;National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville, MD. Dhew Pub. No. (ADM) 76-338.
20. Halstead S.M., Barnes T.R.E., Spellar J.C. Akathisia: prevalence and associated dysphoria in an in-patient population with chronic schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 164:1994;177-183.
21. Hamilton M. Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 6:1967;278-296.
22. Hirsch S.R., Gaind R., Rohde P.D., Stevens B.C., Wing J.K. Outpatient maintenance of chronic schizophrenia patients with long-acting fluphenazine: double-blind placebo trial. Br. Med. J. i:1973;633-637.
23. Hirsch S.R., Jolley A.G., Barnes T.R.E., Liddle P.F., Curson D.A., Patel A., York A., Bercu S., Patel M. Dysphoric and depressive symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2:1989;259-264.
24. House A., Bostock J., Cooper J. Depressive syndromes in the year following onset of a first schizophrenic illness. Br. J. Psychiatry. 151:1987;773-779.
25. Johnson D.A.W. Depressions in schizophrenia: some observations on prevalence, aetiology and treatment. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 63:(Suppl. 291):1981;137-144.
26. Kibel D.A., Laffont I., Liddle P.F. The composition of the negative syndrome of chronic schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 162:1993;744-750.
27. King D.J., Burke M., Lucas R.A. Antipsychotic drug-induced dysphoria. Br. J. Psychiatry. 167:1995;480-482.
28. Knights A., Hirsch S.R. 'Revealed' depression and drug treatment for schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 38:1981;806-811.
29. Knights A., Okasha M.S., Salih M., Hirsch S.R. Depressive and extrapyramidal symptoms and clinical effects: a trial of fluphenazine versus flupenthixol in maintenance of schizophrenic outpatients. Br. J. Psychiatry. 35:1979;515-523.
30. Kraepelin E. Robertson G.M. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. 1917;Krieger, Huntingdon, NY. Barclay, R.M., Trans.
31. Kulhara P., Avashti A., Chadda R., Chandiramani K., Matto S.K., Kota S.K., Joseph S. Negative and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 154:1989;207-211.
32. Leff J. Depressive symptoms in the course of schizophrenia. Delisi L.E. Depression in Schizophrenia. 1990;1-23 American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
33. Leff J., Tress K., Edwards B. The clinical course of depressive symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1:1988;25-30.
34. McGlashan T.H., Carpenter W.T. Post-psychotic depression in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 35:1978;153-155.
35. Marder S.R., Van Putten T., Wirshing W.C., Aravagiri M., Hicks-Gray T. Subjective experiences of extrapyramidal side-effects in schizophrenia. Racagni G., Brunello N., Fukada T. Biological Psychiatry. Proceedings of the 5th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry. vol. 1:1991;590-592 Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
36. Nakaya M., Komahashi T., Ohmori K., Suwa H. The composition of the depressive syndrome in acute schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 34:1998;151-157.
37. Newcomer J.W., Miller S., Faustmann W.O., Wetzel M.W., Vogler G.P., Csernansky J.G. Correlations between akathisia and residual psychopathology: a by-product of neuroleptic-induced dysphoria. Br. J. Psychiatry. 164:1994;834-838.
38. Norman R.M.G., Malla A.K. Dysphoric mood and symptomatology in schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 21:1991;897-903.
39. Overall J.E., Gorham D.R. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychol. Rep. 10:1962;799-812.
40. Paykel E.S., Hollyman J.A., Freeling P., Sedgewick P. Predictors of therapeutic benefit from amitriptyline in mild depression: a general practice placebo-controlled trial. J. Affect. Disord. 14:1988;83-95.
41. Pogue-Geile M. Negative symptoms and depression in schizophrenia. Williams R., Dalby T. Depression in Schizophrenics. 1989;121-130 Plenum Press, New York.
42. Power M.J., Champion L.A., Aris S.J. The development of a measure of social support: The Significant Others (SOS) Scale. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 27:1988;349-358.
43. Prosser E.E., Csernansky J.G., Kaplan J., Thiemann S., Becker T.J., Hollister L.E. Depression, parkinsonian symptoms and negative symptoms in schizophrenics treated with neuroleptics. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 175:1987;100-105.
44. Rey M.J., Schulz P., Costa C., Dick P., Tissot R. Guidlines for the dosage of neuroleptics. I. Chlorpromazine equivalents of orally administered neuroleptics. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 4:1989;95-104.
45. Rifkin A., Quitkin F., Klein D.F. Akinesia: a poorly recognised drug induced extrapyramidal behaviour disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 32:1975;672-674.
46. Roy A. Depression, attempted suicide, and suicide in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 9:1986;193-206.
47. Roy A., Thompson R., Kennedy S. Depression in chronic schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 142:1983;465-470.
48. Simpson G.M., Angus J.W.S. A rating scale for extra pyramidal side-effects. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 212:(Suppl. 44):1970;11-19.
49. Siris S.G. Assessment and treatment of depression in schizophrenia. Psych. Ann. 24:1994;463-467.
50. Siris S.G., Strahan A., Mandeli J., Cooper T.B., Casey E. Fluphenazine decanoate dose and severity of depression in patients with post-psychotic depression. Schizophr. Res. 1:1988;31-35.
51. Snaith P. What do depression rating scales measure? Br. J. Psychiatry. 163:1993;293-298.
52. Suy E., Woestenborghs R., Heykants J. Bioavailability and clinical effect of two different concentrations of haloperidol decanoate. Curr. Ther. Res. 31:1982;614-616.
53. The International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. vol. 1:1973;World Health Organisation, Geneva.
54. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. 1992;World Health Organisation, Geneva.
55. Van Putten T., May P.R.A. Akinetic depression in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 35:1978;1101-1107.
56. Wyatt R.J., Torgow J.S. A comparison of equivalent clinical potencies of neuroleptics as used to treat schizophrenia and affective disorders. J. Psychiatr. Res. 13:1976;91-98.