A thermodynamic explanation for black smoker temperatures

Nature

Volumn 403, Issue 6772, 2000, Pages 880-883

  Jupp, Tim ^a   Schultz, Adam ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLACK SMOKER; HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY; TEMPERATURE; THERMODYNAMICS;

ARTICLE; BOUNDARY LAYER; EFFLUENT; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; HYPOTHESIS; NONLINEAR SYSTEM; PLUME; POROSITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SMOKE; THERMODYNAMICS;

EID: 0034708161     PISSN: 00280836     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/35002552     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Lister, C. R. B. Heat transfer between magmas and hydrothermal systems, or, six lemmas in search of a theorem. Geophys. J. Int. 120, 45-59 (1995).
2. Lowell, R. P., Rona, P. A. & Von Herzen, R. P. Seafloor hydrothermal systems. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 327-352 (1995).
3. Wilcock, W. S. D. Cellular convection models of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal circulation and the temperatures of black modes fluids. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 2585-2596 (1998).
4. Bischoff, J. L. & Resenbauer, R. J. An empirical expression of state for hydrothermal seawater (3, 2 percent NaCl). Am. J. Sci. 385, 725-763 (1985).
5. 2O in the critical region. Am. J. Sci. 291, 541-548 (1991).
6. Gillis, K. M. & Roberts, M. D. Cracking at the magma-hydrothermal transition: evidence from the Troodos Ophiolite, Cyprus. Earth Plant. Sci. Lett. 169, 227-244 (1999).
7. Lowell, R. P. & Germanovich, L. N. On the temporal evolution of high-temperature hydrothermal systems at ocean ridge costs. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 565-575 (1994).
8. Lister, C. R. B. On the protection of water into hot rock. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 39, 465-509 (1974).
9. Fournier, R. O. The hydrostatic to greater than hydrostatic fluid pressure in presently active continental hydrothermal systems in crystalline rock. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 955-958 (1991).
10. Lowell, R. P., Van Cappillon, P. & Germanovich, L. Silica precipitation in fractures and the evolution of permeability in hydrothermal upflow zones. Science 260, 192-194 (1993).
11. Germanovich, L. N. & Lowell, R. P. Percolation theory, thermoelasticity, and discrete hydrothermal venting in the Earth's crust. Science 255, 1564-1567 (1992).
12. Straus, J. M. & G. Thermal convection of water in a porous medium: effects of temperature- and pressure-dependent thermodynamic and transport properties. J. Geophys. Res. 82, 325-333 (1977).
13. Dunn, J. C. & Hardett H. C. Expressionating geothermal zones. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 11, 189-201 (1981).
14. 2O. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 2199-2352 (1994).
15. Norton, D. & Knight, J. Transport phenomena in hydrothermal systems: cooling plutons. Am. J. Sci. 277, 937-981 (1977).
16. Hayba, D. O. & Ingfininra, S. E. The Composer Model HYDROTHERM, a Three-dimensional Finite-difference Model to Simulate Ground water Flow and Heat Transport in the Temperature Range of 0 to 1,200 degrees Celsius. (US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report, 94-4045, Denver, Colorado, 1994).
17. Dickson, P., Schultz, A. & Woods, A. in Hydrothermal Vents and Process (ed. Parson, L. M. et al.) Vol. 87, 145-157 (Geological Society Special Publication, London, 1995).
18. Faust, C. R. & Mercer, J. W. Geothermal reservoir simulation I. Mathematical models for liquid- and vapor dominated hydrothermal systems. Wat. Resour. Res. 15, 23-30 (1979).
19. Haar, L., Gallagher, J. S. & Kell, G. S. NBS/NRC Steam Tables, 1-320 (Hemisphere, New York, 1984).
20. Watson, J. T. R., Basu, R. S. & Sengers, J. V. An improved representative equation for the dynamic viscosity of water substance. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 9, 1255-1290 (1980).
21. Sengers, J. V. & Kamgar-Parsi, B. Representative equations for the viscosity of water substance. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 13, 185-205 (1984).
22. Sengers, J. V. & Watson, J. T. R. Improved international formulation for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 15, 1291-1314 (1986).
23. Elder, J. E. Geothermal Systems 188-187 (Academic, London, 1981).
24. Pascoe, A. R. & Cann, J. R. in Hydrothermal Vents and Processes (ed. Parson, L. M. et al.) Vol. 87, 159-173 (Geological Society Special Publication, London, 1995).
25. 2O above 573 K. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 57, 1657-1680 (1993).
26. Lapwood, E. R. Convection of a fluid in a porous medium. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 44, 508-521 (1948).
27. Phillips, O. M. Flow and Reactions in Permeable Rocks 245-264 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991).