Field data do not support a textbook example of convergent character displacement

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 267, Issue 1443, 2000, Pages 607-612

  Scott, Robert J ^a   Foster, Susan A ^a  

^a CLARK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Competition; Nuptial coloration; Territoriality; Threat display; Three spined stickleback

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; COMPETITION; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; ECOSYSTEM; FISH; MALE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; THREAT;

ANIMALIA; GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS; NOVUMBRA HUBBSI; UMBRIDAE;

EID: 0034701187     PISSN: 09628452     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1045     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Abrams, P. A. 1986 Character displacement and niche shift analyzed using consumer-resource models of competition. Theor. Popul. Biol. 29, 107-160.
2. Abrams, P. A. 1987 Alternative models of character displacement and niche shift. I. Adaptive shifts in resource use when there is competition for nutritionally nonsubstitutable resources. Evolution 41, 651-661.
3. Arthur, W. 1982 The evolutionary consequences of interspecific competition. Adv. Ecol. Res. 12, 127-187.
4. Bakker, T. C. M. 1994 Evolution of aggressive behavior in the threespine stickleback. In The evolutionary biology of the threespine stickleback (ed. M. A. Bell & S. A. Foster), pp. 345-380. Oxford University Press.
5. Bakker, T. C. M. & Mundwiler, B. 1994 Female mate choice and male red coloration in a natural threespined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) population. Behav. Ecol. 5, 74-80.
6. Bernardo, J., Resetaritis Jr, W. J. & Dunham, A. E. 1995 Criteria for testing character displacement. Science 268, 1065-1066.
7. Bolyard, K. J. & Rowland, W. J. 1996 Context dependent response to red coloration in stickleback. Anim. Behav. 52, 923-927.
8. Brown, W. L. & Wilson, E. O. 1956 Character displacement. Syst. Zool. 5, 49-64.
9. Cody, M. L. 1969 Convergent characteristics in sympatric species: a possible relation to interspecific competition and aggression. Condor 71, 222-239.
10. Cody, M. L. 1973 Character convergence. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4, 189-211.
11. Connell, J. H. 1980 Diversity and the coevolution of competitors, or the ghost of competition past. Oikos 35, 131-138.
12. Connell, J. H. 1983 On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition: evidence from field experiments. Am. Nat. 122, 661-696.
13. Diamond, J., Pimm, S. C., Gilpin, M. E. & LeCroy, M. 1989 Rapid evolution of character displacement in myzomelid honeyeaters. Am. Nat. 134, 675-708.
14. Dunham, A. E., Smith, G. R. & Taylor, J. N. 1979 Evidence for ecological character displacement in western American catostomid fishes. Evolution 33, 877-896.
15. Endler, J. A. 1986 Natural selection in the wild. Princeton University Press.
16. FitzGerald, G. J. 1991 The role of cannibalism in the reproductive ecology of the threespine stickleback. Ethology 89, 177-194.
17. Foster, S. A. 1988 Diversionary displays of paternal stickleback: defenses against cannibalistic groups. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 22, 335-340.
18. Foster, S. A. 1994a Evolution of the reproductive behavior of threespine stickleback. In The evolutionary biology of the threespine stickleback (ed. M. A. Bell & S. A. Foster), pp. 381-398. Oxford University Press.
19. Foster, S. A. 1994b Inference of evolutionary pattern: diversionary displays of threespine stickleback. Behav. Ecol. 5, 114-121.
20. Foster, S. A., Garcia, V. B. & Brown, M. Y. 1988 Cannibalism as the cause of an ontogenetic shift in habitat use by fry of the threespine stickleback. Oecologia 74, 577-585.
21. Fraser, I. & Boake, C. R. 1997 Behavioral isolation, test design and Kaneshiro's hypothesis. Am. Nat. 149, 527-539.
22. Freeman, S. & Herron, J. C. 1998 Evolutionary analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
23. Grant, P. R. 1972 Convergent and divergent character displacement. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 4, 39-68.
24. Grant, P. R. 1994 Ecological character displacement. Science 266, 746-747.
25. Grant, P. R. & Abbott, I. 1980 Interspecific competition, island biogeography and null hypotheses. Evolution 34, 332-341.
26. Green, R. H. 1979 Sampling design and statistical methods for environmental biologists. New York: Wiley.
27. Hagen, D. W. & Moodie, G. E. E. 1979 Polymorphism for breeding colors in Gasterosteus aculeatus. I. Their genetics and geographic distribution. Evolution 33, 641-648.
28. Hagen, D. W., Moodie, G. E. E. & Moodie, P. F. 1972 Territoriality and courtship in the Olympic mudminnow (Novumbra hubbsi). Can. J. Zool. 50, 1111-1115.
29. Hagen, D. W., Moodie, G. E. E. & Moodie, P. F. 1980 Polymorphism for breeding colors in Gasterosteus aculeatus. II. Reproductive success as a result of convergence for threat display. Evolution 34, 1050-1059.
30. Hairston, N. G. 1980 The experimental test of an analysis of field distributions: competition in terrestrial salamanders. Ecology 61, 817-826.
31. Hairston, N. G. 1981 An experimental test of a guild: salamander competition. Ecology 62, 65-72.
32. Hay, D. E. & McPhail, J. D. 1975 Mate selection in threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus). Can. J. Zool. 53, 441-450.
33. Hendrickson Jr, J. A. 1981 Community-wide character displacement reexamined. Evolution 35, 794-809.
34. Kynard, B. E. 1978 Breeding behavior of a lacustrine population of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.). Behaviour 67, 178-207.
35. Lawlor, L. R. & Maynard Smith, J. 1976 The coevolution and stability of competing species. Am. Nat. 110, 79-99.
36. Lythgoe, J. N. 1979 The ecology of vision. Oxford University Press.
37. MacDonald, C. G., Reimchen, T. E. & Hawryshyn, C. W. 1995 Nuptial colour loss and signal masking in Gasterosteus aculeatus: an analysis using video imaging. Behaviour 132, 963-977.
38. McLennan, D. A. & McPhail, D. J. 1989 Experimental investigations of the evolutionary significance of sexually dimorphic nuptial coloration in Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.): temporal changes in the structure of the male mosaic signal. Can. J. Zool. 67, 1767-1777.
39. McPhail, J. D. 1969 Predation and the evolution of a stickleback (Gasterosteus). J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 26, 3183-3208.
40. Milinski, M. & Bakker, T. C. M. 1990 Female sticklebacks use male coloration in mate choice and hence avoid parasitized males. Nature 344, 330-333.
41. Pressley, P. H. 1981 Parental effort and the evolution of nest-guarding tactics in the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. Evolution 35, 282-295.
42. Reimchen, T. E. 1989 Loss of nuptial color in threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Evolution 43, 450-460.
43. Reznick, D. & Travis, J. 1996 The empirical study of adaptation in natural populations. In Adaptation (ed. R. Rose & G. V. Lauder), pp. 243-290. London: Academic Press.
44. Ridgway, M. S. 1988. Developmental stage of offspring and parental care in smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui). Can. J. Zool. 66, 1722-1728.
45. Robinson, B. W. & Wilson, D. S. 1994 Character release and displacement in fishes: a neglected literature. Am. Nat. 144, 596-627.
46. Rowland, W. J. 1982 The effects of male coloration on stickleback aggression: a re-examination. Behaviour 80, 118-126.
47. Rowland, W. J. 1989 The effects of body size, aggression and nuptial coloration on competition for territories in male threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Anim. Behav. 37, 282-289.
48. Rowland, W. J., Bolyard, K. J. & Halpern, A. D. 1995 The dual effect of stickleback nuptial coloration on rivals: manipulation of a graded signal using video playback. Anim. Behav. 50, 267-272.
49. Sargent, R. C. 1985 Territoriality and reproductive trade offs in the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Behaviour 93, 217-226.
50. Sargent, R. C. & Gross, M. R. 1986 Williams' principle: an explanation of parental care in teleost fishes. In The behaviour of teleost fishes (ed. T. J. Pitcher), pp. 275-293. New York: Chapman & Hall.
51. Schluter, D. 1988 Character displacement and the adaptive divergence of finches on islands and continents. Am. Nat. 131, 799-824.
52. Schluter, D. 1994 Experimental evidence that competition promotes divergence in adaptive radiation. Science 266, 798-800.
53. Schluter, D. & McPhail, J. D. 1992 Ecological character displacement and speciation in sticklebacks. Am. Nat. 140, 85-108.
54. Schoener, T. W. 1983 Field experiments on interspecific competition. Am. Nat. 122, 240-285.
55. Scott, R. J. 2000 Sensory drive and nuptial color loss in threespine stickleback. Behaviour (Submitted.)
56. Semler, D. E. 1971 Some aspects of adaptation in a polymorphism for breeding colors in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). J. Zool. Lond. 165, 291-302.
57. Simberloff, D. 1984 Properties of coexisting bird species in two archipelagoes. In Ecological communities: conceptual issues and the evidence (ed. D. R. Strong, D. Simberloff, L. G. Abele & A. B. Thistle), pp. 234-253. Princeton University Press.
58. Slatkin, M. 1980 Ecological character displacement. Ecology 61, 163-177.
59. Sokal, R. R. & Rohlf, J. 1995 Biometry, 3rd edn. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.
60. Strong, D. R. & Simberloff, D. 1981 Straining at gnats and swallowing ratios: character displacement. Evolution 35, 810-812.
61. Strong, D. R., Szyska, L. A. & Simberloff, D. 1979 Tests of community-wide character displacement against null hypotheses. Evolution 33, 897-913.
62. Taper, M. L. 1990 Experimental character displacement in the adzuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis. In Bruchids and legumes: economics, ecology and coevolution (ed. K. Fuji), pp. 289-301. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
63. Taper, M. L. & Case, T. J. 1993 Coevolution among competitors. In Oxford surveys in evolutionary biology, vol. 8 (ed. D. J. Futuyama & J. Antonovics), pp. 63-109. Oxford University Press.
64. Ukegbu, A. A. & Huntingford, F. A. 1988 Brood value and life expectancy as determinants of parental investment in male threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Ethology 78, 72-82.
65. Vadas Jr, R. L. 1990 Competitive exclusion, character convergence, or optimal foraging: which should we expect? Oikos 58, 123-128.
66. Verrell, P. A. 1990 Frequency of interspecific mating in salamanders of the plethodontid genus Desmognathus: different experimental designs may yield different results. J. Zool. Lond. 221, 441-451.
67. Whoriskey, F. G. & FitzGerald, G. J. 1985 Nest sites of threespine stickleback: can site characteristics alone protect the nest against egg predators and are nest sites a limiting resource? Can. J. Zool. 63, 1991-1994.
68. Whoriskey, F. G. & FitzGerald, G. J. 1994 Ecology of the threespine stickleback on the breeding grounds. In The evolutionary biology of the threespine stickleback (ed. M. A. Bell & S. A. Foster), pp. 188-206. Oxford University Press.
69. Wootton, R. J. 1976 The biology of the stickleback. London: Academic Press.