Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride

Nature

Volumn 407, Issue 6802, 2000, Pages 361-364

  Chen, George Zheng ^a   Fray, Derek J ^a   Farthing, Tom W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM CHLORIDE; MINERAL; OXIDE; TITANIUM; TITANIUM DIOXIDE;

ARTICLE; CORROSION; DISTILLATION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; VACUUM;

EID: 0034699449     PISSN: 00280836     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/35030069     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Habashi, F. (ed.) Handbook of Extractive Metallurgy 1129-1180 (Wiley-VCH, Weinham, 1997).
2. Sadoway, D. R. in Refractory Metals Extraction, Processing and Applications: Proc. TMS Annual Meeting, New Orleans 1991 (eds Liddel, K. C., Sadoway, D. R. & Bautista, R. G.) (TMS - The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Warrendale, 1991).
3. Massalski, T. B., Okamoto, H., Subramanian, P. R. & Kacprzak, L. (eds) Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams 2nd edn, Vol. 3, 2924-2927 (ASM International, Materials Park, 1990).
4. Kroll, W. J. The production of ductile titanium. Trans. Am. Electrochem. Soc. 78, 35-47 (1940).
5. Ikeshima, T., in Titanium Science and Technology, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Titanium, München 1984 (eds Lutjering, G., Zwicker, U. & Bunk, W.) 3-14 (DGM-Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Materialkunde e.V., Oberursal, 1985).
6. Cobel, G., Fisher, I. & Synder, L. E. in Titanium '80, Science and Technology, Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Titanium, Kyoto 1980 (eds Kimura, H. & Izumi, O.) 1969-1976 (The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, 1980).
7. Opie, W. R. & Moles, O. W. A basket cathode electrolytic cell for production of titanium. Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 218, 646-649 (1960).
8. Ginatta, M. V. Method of producing metals by cathodic dissolution of their compounds. US Patent 4,400,247 (23 Aug. 1983).
9. Froes, F. H. Titanium and other light metals: let's do something about cost. JOM 50, 15 (1998).
10. Hartman, A. D., Gerdemann, S. J. & Hansen, J. S. Producing lower-cost titanium for automotive applications. JOM 50, 16-19 (1998).
11. Suzuki, K. The high-quality precision casting of titanium alloys. JOM 50, 20-23 (1998).
12. Okabe, T., Ohkubo, C., Watanabe, I., Okuno, O. & Takada, Y. The present status of dental titanium casting. JOM 50, 24-29 (1998).
13. Froes, F. H. The production of low-cost titanium powders. JOM 50, 41-43 (1998).
14. Tapphorn, R. M. & Gabel, H. The solid-state spray forming of low-oxide titanium components. JOM 50, 45-46, 76 (1998).
15. Elliott, G. R. B. The continuous production of titanium powder using circulating molten salt. JOM 50, 48-49 (1998).
16. Sohn, H. Y. Ti and TiAl powders by the flash reduction of chloride vapors. JOM 50, 50-51 (1998).
17. Segall, A. E., Papyrin, A. N., Conway, J. C. Jr & Shapiro, D. A cold-gas spray coating process for enhancing titanium. JOM 50, 52-54 (1998).
18. Larson, H. R. & Eagar, T. W. The plasma-enhanced recovery of titanium by the electrolysis of titanate slags. JOM 50, 56-57 (1998).
19. Okabe, T. H., Oishi, T. & Ono, K. Deoxidation of titanium aluminide by Ca-Al alloy under controlled aluminum activity. Metall. Trans. B 23, 583-590 (1992).
20. Okabe, T. H., Deura, T., Oishi, T., Ono, K. & Sadoway, D. R. Thermodynamic properties of oxygen in yttrium-oxygen solid solutions. J. Alloys Compounds 237, 841-847 (1996).
21. Boghosian, S., Godo, Aa., Mediaas, H., Ravlo, W. & Ostvold, T. Oxide complexes in alkali alkaline-earth chloride melts. Acta Chem. Scand. 45, 145-157 (1991).
22. Gruber, H. & Krautz, E. Magnetoresistance and conductivity in the binary-system titanium oxygen. 2. Semiconductive titanium-oxides. Phys. Status Solidi A 69, 287-295 (1982).
23. McQuillan, A. D. & McQuillan, M. K. Titanium 402-426 (Butterworths Scientific, London, 1956).
24. McKee, D. W. Gasification of graphite in carbon-dioxide and water-vapour - the catalytic effects of alkali-metal salts. Carbon 20, 59-66 (1982).