Involvement of the noradrenergic system in modulating the blink reflex in humans

Brain Research

Volumn 867, Issue 1-2, 2000, Pages 210-216

  Palmeri, Agostino ^a   Restivo, Domenico A ^a   Casabona, Antonino ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Blink reflex; Clonidine; Man; Noradrenergic system

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CLONIDINE;

ARTICLE; BRAIN STEM; DRUG EFFECT; EVOKED RESPONSE; EYELID REFLEX; FACILITATION; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MOTONEURON; MOTOR ACTIVITY; NEUROMODULATION; NORADRENERGIC NERVE; NORADRENERGIC SYSTEM; NORMAL HUMAN; POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE; PRESYNAPTIC MEMBRANE; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ADULT; BLINKING; BLOOD PRESSURE; CLONIDINE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NOREPINEPHRINE; SYMPATHOLYTICS;

EID: 0034625472     PISSN: 00068993     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02245-9     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Abercrombie E.D., Jacobs B.L. Microinjected clonidine inhibits noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus in freely moving cats. Neurosci. Lett. 76:1987;203-208.
2. Aghajanian G.K. Tolerance of locus coeruleus neurones to morphine and suppression of withdrawal response by clonidine. Nature. 276:1978;186-188.
3. Allen A.M., Guyenet P.G. Alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of bulbospinal barosensitive cells of rat rostral medulla. Am. J. Physiol. 265:1993;1065-1075.
4. Baker K.G., Tork I., Hornung J.P., Halasz P. The human locus coeruleus complex: an immunohistochemical and three dimensional reconstruction study. Exp. Brain Res. 77:1989;257-270.
5. 2-adrenergic receptors. J. Neurophysiol. 80:1998;2244-2254.
6. 2-adrenergic mechanism. Exp. Neurol. 111:1991;210-216.
7. Cruccu G., Ferracuti S., Leardi M.G., Fabbri A., Manfredi M. Nociceptive quality of the orbicularis oculi reflexes as evaluated by distinct opiate- and benzodiazepine-induced changes in man. Brain Res. 556:1991;209-217.
8. Davies J. Selective depression of synaptic transmission of spinal neurones in the cat by a new centrally acting muscle relaxant, 5-chloro-4-(2-imidazolin-2γl-amino)-2,1,3-benzothiodiazole (DS103-282). Br. J. Pharmacol. 7:1982;473-482.
9. Ellrich J., Treede R.D. Characterization of blink reflex interneurons by activation of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls in man. Brain Res. 803:1998;161-168.
10. Ellrich J., Bromm B., Hopf H.C. Pain evoked blink reflex. Muscle Nerve. 20:1997;265-270.
11. Ellrich J., Andersen O.K., Treede R.D., Arendt-Nielsen L. Convergence of nociceptive and non-nociceptive input onto the medullary dorsal horn in man. NeuroReport. 9:1998;3213-3217.
12. Faiers A.G., Mogenson G.J. Electrophysiological identification of neurons in locus coeruleus. Exp. Neurol. 53:1976;254-266.
13. Fung S.J., Barnes C.D. Locus coeruleus control of spinal cord activity. Barnes C.D. Brainstem Control of Spinal Cord Function. 1984;215-255 Academic Press, New York.
14. German D.C., Walker B.S., Manaye K., Smith W.K., Woodward D.J., North A.J. The human locus coeruleus: computer reconstruction of cellular distribution. J. Neurosci. 8:1988;1776-1788.
15. Holstege G. Neuronal organization of the blink reflex. Paxinos G. The Human Nervous System. 1990;287-296 Academic Press, New York.
16. Huangfu D., Guyenet P.G. Alpha 2-adrenergic autoreceptors in A5 and A6 neurons of neonate rats. Am. J. Physiol. 273:1997;2290-2295.
17. Kimura J. The blink reflex. Kimura J. Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle: Principles and Practice. Vol. 2:1989;307-331 Davis, Philadelphia, PA.
18. Klimek V., Ordway G.A. Distribution of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the human locus coeruleus. Brain Res. 741:1996;263-274.
19. Konradi C., Kornhuber J., Froelich L., Fritze J., Heinsen H., Beckmann H., Schulz E., Riederer P. Demonstration of monoamine oxidase-A and -B in the human brainstem by a histochemical technique. Neuroscience. 33:1989;383-400.
20. Larkman P.M., Kelly J.S. Ionic mechanisms mediating 5-hydroxytryptamine- and noradrenaline-evoked depolarization of adult rat facial motoneurones. J. Physiol. 456:1992;473-490.
21. Leis A.A., Kofler M., Stokic D.S., Grubwieser G.J., Delapasse J.S. Effect of the inhibitory phenomenon following magnetic stimulation of cortex on brainstem motor neuron excitability and on the cortical control of brainstem reflexes. Muscle Nerve. 16:1993;1351-1358.
22. Olson L., Fuxe K. Further mapping out of central noradrenaline neuron systems: projections of the 'subcoeruleus' area. Brain Res. 43:1972;289-295.
23. Ongerboer de Visser B.W. Anatomical and functional organization of reflexes involving the trigeminal system in man: jaw reflex, blink reflex, corneal reflex and exteroceptive suppression. Adv. Neurol. 39:1983;727-738.
24. 2-mediated muscle relaxation. Neuroscience. 34:1990;177-187.
25. Palmeri A., Sapienza S., Giuffrida R., Bellomo M., Rampello L., Vecchio I., Raffaele R. Modulatory action of noradrenergic system on spinal motoneurons in humans. NeuroReport. 10:1999;1225-1229.
26. h) in rat hypoglossal motoneurons. Brain Res. 769:1997;108-118.
27. 2-adrenergic tonic inhibition in behaving rats. Brain Res. 375:1986;235-245.
28. Rossi A., Risaliti R., Rossi A. The R3 component of the blink reflex in man: a reflex response induced by activation of high threshold cutaneous afferents. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 73:1989;334-340.
29. Sanes J.N., Foss J.A., Ison J.R. Conditions that affect the thresholds of the components of the eyeblink reflex in humans. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 45:1982;543-549.
30. Schomburg E.D., Steffens H. The effect of DOPA and clonidine on reflex pathways from group II muscle afferents to α-motoneurones in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 71:1988;441-446.
31. Sessle B.J., Hu J.W., Dubner R., Lucier G.E. Functional properties of neurons in cat trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn). II. Modulation of responses to noxious and nonnoxious stimuli by periaqueductal gray, nucleus raphe magnus, cerebral cortex, and afferent influences, and effect of naloxone. J. Neurophysiol. 45:1981;193-207.
32. Simpson K.L., Altman D.W., Wang L., Kirifides M.L., Lin R.C.-S., Waterhouse B.D. Lateralization and functional organization of the locus coeruleus projection to the trigeminal somatosensory pathway in rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 385:1997;135-147.
33. Starke K. Presynaptic α-autoreceptors. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 107:1987;73-146.
34. Takeuchi Y., Nakano K., Uemura M., Matsuda K., Matsushima R., Mizuno N. Mesencephalic and pontine afferent fiber system to the facial nucleus in the cat: a study using the horseradish peroxidase and silver impregnation techniques. Exp. Neurol. 66:1979;330-342.
35. Tamai Y., Iwamoto M., Tsujimoto T. Pathway of the blink reflex in the brainstem of the cat: interneurons between the trigeminal nuclei and the facial nucleus. Brain Res. 380:1986;19-25.
36. Trontelj M.A., Trontelj J.V. Reflex arc of the first component of the human blink reflex: a single motoneuron study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 41:1978;538-547.
37. Yeomans D.C., Clark F.M., Paice J.A., Proudfit H.K. Antinociception induced by electrical stimulation of spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons in the A7 catecholamine cell group of the rat. Pain. 48:1992;449-461.