The influence of antarctic sea ice on glacial-interglacial CO2 variations

Nature

Volumn 404, Issue 6774, 2000, Pages 171-174

  Stephens, Britton B ^a,b   Keeling, Ralph F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON 13; CARBON DIOXIDE; ICE; SURFACE WATER;

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CARBON DIOXIDE; GLACIAL-INTERGLACIAL CYCLE; SEA ICE;

ANTARCTICA; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERE; CLIMATE; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEA; SUMMER; WINTER;

ANTARCTICA;

EID: 0034624791     PISSN: 00280836     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/35004556     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Petit, J. R. et al. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399, 429-436 (1999).
2. 2. Nature 308, 621-624 (1984).
3. 2 variations and ocean circulation. Nature 308, 624-626 (1984).
4. 2: Influence of the marine biota at high latitude. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 4629-4637 (1984).
5. 2 change: The iron hypothesis. Paleoceanography 5, 1-13 (1990).
6. 2 changes. Paleoceanography 13, 352-364 (1998).
7. 2. Geology 20, 733-736 (1982).
8. Boyle, E. A. The role of vertical chemical fractionation in controlling Late Quaternary atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 15701-15714 (1988).
9. 2 concentration. Nature 367, 260-263 (1994).
10. Toggweiler, J. R. & Samuels, B. in The Global Carbon Cycle (ed. Heimann, M.) 333-366 (Springer, Berlin, 1993).
11. Gnanadesikan, A. & Toggweiler, J. R. Constraints placed by silicon cycling on vertical exchange in general circulation models, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 1865-1868 (1999).
12. Charles, C. D. & Fairbanks, R. G. in Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic Versus Antarctic (eds Bleil, U. & Thiede, J.) 519-538 (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1990).
13. 13C paleochemical ocean distributions during the Stage 2 glacial maximum. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 20, 245-287 (1992).
14. 2: Natural Variations Archean to Present (eds Sundquist, E. T. & Broecker, W. S.) 163-184 (American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 1985).
15. 2. Nature 357, 461-466 (1992).
16. Robbins, P. E. & Toole, J. M. The dissolved silica budget as a constraint on the meridional overturning circulation of the Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 44, 879-906 (1997).
17. Broecker, W. S. et al. How much deep water is formed in the Southern Ocean? J. Geophys. Res. 103, 15833-15843 (1998).
18. Tomczak, M. & Godfrey, J. S. Regional Oceanography: An Introduction 67-87 (Pergamon, Oxford, 1994).
19. Molinelli, E. J. The Antarctic influence on Antarctic Intermediate Water. J. Mar. Res. 39, 267-293 (1981).
20. McCartney, M. S. in A Voyage of Discovery (ed. Angel, M.) 103-119 (Pergamon, Oxford, 1977).
21. Berger, W. H. Deep-sea carbonate and the deglaciation preservation spike in pteropods and foraminifera. Nature 269, 301-304 (1977).
22. Broecker, W. S. An oceanographic explanation for the apparent carbon isotope-cadmium discordancy in the glacial Antarctic? Paleoceanography 8, 137-139 (1993).
23. Broecker, W. S. & Peng, T.-H. Greenhouse Puzzles 2nd edn (Eldigio, Palisades, New York, 1998).
24. Guilderson, T. P., Fairbanks, R. G. & Rubinstone, J. L. Tropical temperature variations since 20,000 years ago: Modulating interhemispheric climate change. Science 263, 663-665 (1994).
25. Smith, H. J., Fischer, H., Wahlen, M., Mastroianni, D. & Deck, B. Dual modes of the carbon cycle since the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 400, 248-250 (1999).
26. Cooke, D.W. & Hays, J. D. in Antarctic Geoscienee: Symposium on Antarctic Geology and Geophysics (ed. Craddock, C.) 1017-1025 (University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, 1982).
27. Crosta, X., Pichon, J.-J. & Burckle, L. H. Reappraisal of Antarctic seasonal sea-ice at the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 1865-1868 (1999).
28. 2 concentrations during the last glacial period. Nature 389, 929-935 (1997).
29. 2 by ventilation of the ocean's deepest water. Paleoceanography 14, 571-588 (1999).
30. Broecker, W. S., Takahashi, T. & Takahashi, T. Sources and flow patterns of deep-ocean waters as deduced from potential temperature, salinity, and initial phosphate concentration. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 6925-6939 (1985).