메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 288, Issue 5463, 2000, Pages 128-133

Carbon isotopic evidence for methane hydrate instability during quaternary interstadials

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON; METHANE;

EID: 0034616364     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5463.128     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (464)

References (82)
  • 1
    • 0025196381 scopus 로고
    • C. Lorius et al., Nature 347, 139 (1990); J. Chappellaz et al., Nature 345, 127 (1990); E. J. Brook, T. Sowers, J. Orchardo, Science 273, 1087 (1996).
    • (1990) Nature , vol.347 , pp. 139
    • Lorius, C.1
  • 2
    • 0025250773 scopus 로고
    • C. Lorius et al., Nature 347, 139 (1990); J. Chappellaz et al., Nature 345, 127 (1990); E. J. Brook, T. Sowers, J. Orchardo, Science 273, 1087 (1996).
    • (1990) Nature , vol.345 , pp. 127
    • Chappellaz, J.1
  • 3
    • 0029659906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C. Lorius et al., Nature 347, 139 (1990); J. Chappellaz et al., Nature 345, 127 (1990); E. J. Brook, T. Sowers, J. Orchardo, Science 273, 1087 (1996).
    • (1996) Science , vol.273 , pp. 1087
    • Brook, E.J.1    Sowers, T.2    Orchardo, J.3
  • 6
    • 0031955008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. L. Salgado-Labouriau et al., Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 99, 115 (1998); M.-P. Ledru, M. L. Salgado-Labouriau, M. L. Lorscheitter, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 99, 131 (1998); H. Behling and H. Hooghiemstra, J. Paleolimnol. 21, 461 (1999); K. Liu and H. Qiu, Terrest. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. 5, 393 (1994); M. C. Bonnefille and F. Chalié, Global Planet. Changes, in press; M. G. Winkler, P. R. Sanford, S. W. Kaplan, Bull. Am. Paleontol., in press.
    • (1998) Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. , vol.99 , pp. 115
    • Salgado-Labouriau, M.L.1
  • 7
    • 0031976164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. L. Salgado-Labouriau et al., Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 99, 115 (1998); M.-P. Ledru, M. L. Salgado-Labouriau, M. L. Lorscheitter, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 99, 131 (1998); H. Behling and H. Hooghiemstra, J. Paleolimnol. 21, 461 (1999); K. Liu and H. Qiu, Terrest. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. 5, 393 (1994); M. C. Bonnefille and F. Chalié, Global Planet. Changes, in press; M. G. Winkler, P. R. Sanford, S. W. Kaplan, Bull. Am. Paleontol., in press.
    • (1998) Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. , vol.99 , pp. 131
    • Ledru, M.-P.1    Salgado-Labouriau, M.L.2    Lorscheitter, M.L.3
  • 8
    • 0033040616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. L. Salgado-Labouriau et al., Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 99, 115 (1998); M.-P. Ledru, M. L. Salgado-Labouriau, M. L. Lorscheitter, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 99, 131 (1998); H. Behling and H. Hooghiemstra, J. Paleolimnol. 21, 461 (1999); K. Liu and H. Qiu, Terrest. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. 5, 393 (1994); M. C. Bonnefille and F. Chalié, Global Planet. Changes, in press; M. G. Winkler, P. R. Sanford, S. W. Kaplan, Bull. Am. Paleontol., in press.
    • (1999) J. Paleolimnol. , vol.21 , pp. 461
    • Behling, H.1    Hooghiemstra, H.2
  • 9
    • 0031955008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. L. Salgado-Labouriau et al., Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 99, 115 (1998); M.-P. Ledru, M. L. Salgado-Labouriau, M. L. Lorscheitter, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 99, 131 (1998); H. Behling and H. Hooghiemstra, J. Paleolimnol. 21, 461 (1999); K. Liu and H. Qiu, Terrest. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. 5, 393 (1994); M. C. Bonnefille and F. Chalié, Global Planet. Changes, in press; M. G. Winkler, P. R. Sanford, S. W. Kaplan, Bull. Am. Paleontol., in press.
    • (1994) Terrest. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. , vol.5 , pp. 393
    • Liu, K.1    Qiu, H.2
  • 10
    • 0031955008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in press
    • M. L. Salgado-Labouriau et al., Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 99, 115 (1998); M.-P. Ledru, M. L. Salgado-Labouriau, M. L. Lorscheitter, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 99, 131 (1998); H. Behling and H. Hooghiemstra, J. Paleolimnol. 21, 461 (1999); K. Liu and H. Qiu, Terrest. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. 5, 393 (1994); M. C. Bonnefille and F. Chalié, Global Planet. Changes, in press; M. G. Winkler, P. R. Sanford, S. W. Kaplan, Bull. Am. Paleontol., in press.
    • Global Planet. Changes
    • Bonnefille, M.C.1    Chalié, F.2
  • 11
    • 0031955008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in press
    • M. L. Salgado-Labouriau et al., Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 99, 115 (1998); M.-P. Ledru, M. L. Salgado-Labouriau, M. L. Lorscheitter, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 99, 131 (1998); H. Behling and H. Hooghiemstra, J. Paleolimnol. 21, 461 (1999); K. Liu and H. Qiu, Terrest. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. 5, 393 (1994); M. C. Bonnefille and F. Chalié, Global Planet. Changes, in press; M. G. Winkler, P. R. Sanford, S. W. Kaplan, Bull. Am. Paleontol., in press.
    • Bull. Am. Paleontol.
    • Winkler, M.G.1    Sanford, P.R.2    Kaplan, S.W.3
  • 13
    • 0029659213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K. A. Kvenvolden, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2, 221 (1988); C. K. Pault et al., Geology 24, 143 (1996).
    • (1996) Geology , vol.24 , pp. 143
    • Pault, C.K.1
  • 14
    • 0024233957 scopus 로고
    • K. A. Kvenvolden, Chem. Geol. 71, 41 (1988); G. T. MacDonald, Annu. Rev. Energy 15, 5 (1990); G. R. Dickens et al., Nature 385, 426 (1997).
    • (1988) Chem. Geol. , vol.71 , pp. 41
    • Kvenvolden, K.A.1
  • 15
    • 0024233957 scopus 로고
    • K. A. Kvenvolden, Chem. Geol. 71, 41 (1988); G. T. MacDonald, Annu. Rev. Energy 15, 5 (1990); G. R. Dickens et al., Nature 385, 426 (1997).
    • (1990) Annu. Rev. Energy , vol.15 , pp. 5
    • MacDonald, G.T.1
  • 16
    • 0030621309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K. A. Kvenvolden, Chem. Geol. 71, 41 (1988); G. T. MacDonald, Annu. Rev. Energy 15, 5 (1990); G. R. Dickens et al., Nature 385, 426 (1997).
    • (1997) Nature , vol.385 , pp. 426
    • Dickens, G.R.1
  • 17
    • 0029415407 scopus 로고
    • K. A. Kvenvolden, Org. Geochem. 23, 997 (1995); R. J. Cicerone and R. S. Oremland, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2, 299 (1988).
    • (1995) Org. Geochem. , vol.23 , pp. 997
    • Kvenvolden, K.A.1
  • 20
    • 0030845308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G. R. Dickens and M. S. Quinby-Hunt, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 2115 (1994); P. G. Brewer et al., Geology 25, 407 (1997).
    • (1997) Geology , vol.25 , pp. 407
    • Brewer, P.G.1
  • 22
    • 0032324043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C. K. Paull and W. Ussler III, Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 432 (1991); B. U. Haq. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 137, 303 (1998).
    • (1998) Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. , vol.137 , pp. 303
    • Haq, B.U.1
  • 23
    • 0029529085 scopus 로고
    • G. R. Dickens et al., Paleoceanography 10, 965 (1995); M. E. Katz et al., Science 286, 1531 (1999).
    • (1995) Paleoceanography , vol.10 , pp. 965
    • Dickens, G.R.1
  • 24
    • 0033584808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G. R. Dickens et al., Paleoceanography 10, 965 (1995); M. E. Katz et al., Science 286, 1531 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.286 , pp. 1531
    • Katz, M.E.1
  • 26
    • 0026358134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. E. Kayen and H. J. Lee, Mar. Geotechnol. 10, 125 (1991); E. G. Nisbet, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 12859 (1992); D. Evans et al., Mar. Geol. 130, 281 (1996); E. G. Nisbet and D. J. W. Piper, Nature 392, 329 (1998); M. Maslin et al., in Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results 155 (Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1998), pp. 305-318; R. G. Rothwell, J. Thomson, G. Kähler, Nature 392, 377 (1998).
    • (1991) Mar. Geotechnol. , vol.10 , pp. 125
    • Kayen, R.E.1    Lee, H.J.2
  • 27
    • 0039115086 scopus 로고
    • R. E. Kayen and H. J. Lee, Mar. Geotechnol. 10, 125 (1991); E. G. Nisbet, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 12859 (1992); D. Evans et al., Mar. Geol. 130, 281 (1996); E. G. Nisbet and D. J. W. Piper, Nature 392, 329 (1998); M. Maslin et al., in Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results 155 (Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1998), pp. 305-318; R. G. Rothwell, J. Thomson, G. Kähler, Nature 392, 377 (1998).
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97 , pp. 12859
    • Nisbet, E.G.1
  • 28
    • 0029768643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. E. Kayen and H. J. Lee, Mar. Geotechnol. 10, 125 (1991); E. G. Nisbet, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 12859 (1992); D. Evans et al., Mar. Geol. 130, 281 (1996); E. G. Nisbet and D. J. W. Piper, Nature 392, 329 (1998); M. Maslin et al., in Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results 155 (Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1998), pp. 305-318; R. G. Rothwell, J. Thomson, G. Kähler, Nature 392, 377 (1998).
    • (1996) Mar. Geol. , vol.130 , pp. 281
    • Evans, D.1
  • 29
    • 0032568367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. E. Kayen and H. J. Lee, Mar. Geotechnol. 10, 125 (1991); E. G. Nisbet, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 12859 (1992); D. Evans et al., Mar. Geol. 130, 281 (1996); E. G. Nisbet and D. J. W. Piper, Nature 392, 329 (1998); M. Maslin et al., in Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results 155 (Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1998), pp. 305-318; R. G. Rothwell, J. Thomson, G. Kähler, Nature 392, 377 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature , vol.392 , pp. 329
    • Nisbet, E.G.1    Piper, D.J.W.2
  • 30
    • 0026358134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX
    • R. E. Kayen and H. J. Lee, Mar. Geotechnol. 10, 125 (1991); E. G. Nisbet, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 12859 (1992); D. Evans et al., Mar. Geol. 130, 281 (1996); E. G. Nisbet and D. J. W. Piper, Nature 392, 329 (1998); M. Maslin et al., in Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results 155 (Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1998), pp. 305-318; R. G. Rothwell, J. Thomson, G. Kähler, Nature 392, 377 (1998).
    • (1998) Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results , vol.155 , pp. 305-318
    • Maslin, M.1
  • 31
    • 0032568446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. E. Kayen and H. J. Lee, Mar. Geotechnol. 10, 125 (1991); E. G. Nisbet, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 12859 (1992); D. Evans et al., Mar. Geol. 130, 281 (1996); E. G. Nisbet and D. J. W. Piper, Nature 392, 329 (1998); M. Maslin et al., in Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results 155 (Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1998), pp. 305-318; R. G. Rothwell, J. Thomson, G. Kähler, Nature 392, 377 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature , vol.392 , pp. 377
    • Rothwell, R.G.1    Thomson, J.2    Kähler, G.3
  • 32
    • 84879883066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Maslin et al., Geology 26, 1107 (1998).
    • (1998) Geology , vol.26 , pp. 1107
    • Maslin, M.1
  • 36
    • 84874951938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I. L. Hendy and J. P. Kennett, Geology 27, 291 (1999); J. P. Kennett et al., Ocean Drill. Program, Leg 167 (Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX), in press.
    • (1999) Geology , vol.27 , pp. 291
    • Hendy, I.L.1    Kennett, J.P.2
  • 37
    • 84874951938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leg 167 (Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX), in press
    • I. L. Hendy and J. P. Kennett, Geology 27, 291 (1999); J. P. Kennett et al., Ocean Drill. Program, Leg 167 (Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX), in press.
    • Ocean Drill. Program
    • Kennett, J.P.1
  • 38
    • 0027878202 scopus 로고
    • W. Dansgaard et al., Nature 364, 218 (1993);
    • (1993) Nature , vol.364 , pp. 218
    • Dansgaard, W.1
  • 39
    • 0027069846 scopus 로고
    • S. J. Johnsen et al., Nature 359, 311 (1992).
    • (1992) Nature , vol.359 , pp. 311
    • Johnsen, S.J.1
  • 40
    • 0033382871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K. G. Cannariato and J. P. Kennett, Geology 27, 975 (1999); K. C. Cannariato, J. P. Kennett, R. J. Behl, Geology 27, 63 (1999).
    • (1999) Geology , vol.27 , pp. 975
    • Cannariato, K.G.1    Kennett, J.P.2
  • 44
    • 0342376939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 18O stratigraphy.
  • 45
    • 0342376940 scopus 로고
    • Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX
    • J. P. Kennett et al., Eds., Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Initial Reports 146 (part 2) (Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1994); J. P. Kennett et al., Eds., Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results 146 (part 2) (Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1994).
    • (1994) Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Initial Reports , vol.146 , Issue.PART 2
    • Kennett, J.P.1
  • 46
    • 0342811848 scopus 로고
    • Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX
    • J. P. Kennett et al., Eds., Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Initial Reports 146 (part 2) (Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1994); J. P. Kennett et al., Eds., Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results 146 (part 2) (Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1994).
    • (1994) Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results , vol.146 , Issue.PART 2
    • Kennett, J.P.1
  • 51
    • 0007367974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 13C records of Globigerina bulloides (surface water) and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (thermocline) [D. Pak, J. P. Kennett, M. Kashgarian, Eos 78, 359 (1997)] and short records of Globigerina quinqueloba (surface water) and Globorotalia scitula (subthermocline) [ J. D. Ortiz, A. C. Mix, R. W. Collier, Paleoceanography 10, 987 (1995); J. D. Ortiz et al., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 4509 (1996)].
    • (1997) Eos , vol.78 , pp. 359
    • Pak, D.1    Kennett, J.P.2    Kashgarian, M.3
  • 52
    • 0029477964 scopus 로고
    • 13C records of Globigerina bulloides (surface water) and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (thermocline) [D. Pak, J. P. Kennett, M. Kashgarian, Eos 78, 359 (1997)] and short records of Globigerina quinqueloba (surface water) and Globorotalia scitula (subthermocline) [ J. D. Ortiz, A. C. Mix, R. W. Collier, Paleoceanography 10, 987 (1995); J. D. Ortiz et al., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 4509 (1996)].
    • (1995) Paleoceanography , vol.10 , pp. 987
    • Ortiz, J.D.1    Mix, A.C.2    Collier, R.W.3
  • 53
    • 0030434529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 13C records of Globigerina bulloides (surface water) and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (thermocline) [D. Pak, J. P. Kennett, M. Kashgarian, Eos 78, 359 (1997)] and short records of Globigerina quinqueloba (surface water) and Globorotalia scitula (subthermocline) [ J. D. Ortiz, A. C. Mix, R. W. Collier, Paleoceanography 10, 987 (1995); J. D. Ortiz et al., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 4509 (1996)].
    • (1996) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.60 , pp. 4509
    • Ortiz, J.D.1
  • 55
    • 0342811847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Overlapping taxonomic ranges between stadials and interstadials at some levels are reflected only by rare specimens that may be environmentally unrepresentative of that climatic episode.
  • 57
    • 0024223440 scopus 로고
    • D. C. McCorkle and S. R. Emerson, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 1169 (1988); D. C. McCorkle and G. P. Klinkhammer, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 161 (1991); J. M. Bernhard, B. K. Sen Gupta, P. F. Borne, J. Foram. Res. 27, 301 (1997).
    • (1988) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.52 , pp. 1169
    • McCorkle, D.C.1    Emerson, S.R.2
  • 58
    • 0001929716 scopus 로고
    • D. C. McCorkle and S. R. Emerson, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 1169 (1988); D. C. McCorkle and G. P. Klinkhammer, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 161 (1991); J. M. Bernhard, B. K. Sen Gupta, P. F. Borne, J. Foram. Res. 27, 301 (1997).
    • (1991) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.55 , pp. 161
    • McCorkle, D.C.1    Klinkhammer, G.P.2
  • 59
    • 0031287398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. C. McCorkle and S. R. Emerson, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 1169 (1988); D. C. McCorkle and G. P. Klinkhammer, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 161 (1991); J. M. Bernhard, B. K. Sen Gupta, P. F. Borne, J. Foram. Res. 27, 301 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Foram. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 301
    • Bernhard, J.M.1    Sen Gupta, B.K.2    Borne, P.F.3
  • 60
    • 84979376576 scopus 로고
    • R. Zahn, K. Winn, M. Sarnthein, Paleoceanography 1, 27 (1986); D. C. McCorkle et al., paleoceanography 5, 161 (1990); G. J. Van der Zwaan et al., Earth Sci. Rev. 46, 213 (1999).
    • (1986) Paleoceanography , vol.1 , pp. 27
    • Zahn, R.1    Winn, K.2    Sarnthein, M.3
  • 61
    • 0025623951 scopus 로고
    • R. Zahn, K. Winn, M. Sarnthein, Paleoceanography 1, 27 (1986); D. C. McCorkle et al., paleoceanography 5, 161 (1990); G. J. Van der Zwaan et al., Earth Sci. Rev. 46, 213 (1999).
    • (1990) Paleoceanography , vol.5 , pp. 161
    • McCorkle, D.C.1
  • 62
    • 0032733069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. Zahn, K. Winn, M. Sarnthein, Paleoceanography 1, 27 (1986); D. C. McCorkle et al., paleoceanography 5, 161 (1990); G. J. Van der Zwaan et al., Earth Sci. Rev. 46, 213 (1999).
    • (1999) Earth Sci. Rev. , vol.46 , pp. 213
    • Van Der Zwaan, G.J.1
  • 64
    • 0343246490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 13C values may also be taken up by foraminifera through consumption of methanotrophic bacteria.
  • 65
    • 0342811845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unpublished data
    • J. P. Kennett, unpublished data.
    • Kennett, J.P.1
  • 66
    • 0003360784 scopus 로고
    • R. O. Barnes and E. E. Goldberg, Geology 4, 297 (1976); A. L. Watford, D. R. Kosiur, P. R. Doose, Geomicrobiol. J. 1, 117 (1979).
    • (1976) Geology , vol.4 , pp. 297
    • Barnes, R.O.1    Goldberg, E.E.2
  • 71
    • 0343682143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • personal communication
    • Y. Zhang, personal communication.
    • Zhang, Y.1
  • 73
    • 0343682142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 29 March to 1 April 1999, Santa Barbara
    • 13C of -65‰; and DIC of 2000 μmol/kg. The time-dependent calculation assumes an event duration of 14 years; residence time of surface waters in Santa Barbara Channel of 30 days. We infer a longer residence time compared with the present day (∼10 days) [M. C. Henderscott, Fifth California Islands Symposium, 29 March to 1 April 1999, Santa Barbara, p. 21; S. Harms and C. D. Winant, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 3041 (1998)] because of the location of Site 893A near the center of the basin gyre.
    • Fifth California Islands Symposium , pp. 21
    • Henderscott, M.C.1
  • 74
    • 0032519243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 13C of -65‰; and DIC of 2000 μmol/kg. The time-dependent calculation assumes an event duration of 14 years; residence time of surface waters in Santa Barbara Channel of 30 days. We infer a longer residence time compared with the present day (∼10 days) [M. C. Henderscott, Fifth California Islands Symposium, 29 March to 1 April 1999, Santa Barbara, p. 21; S. Harms and C. D. Winant, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 3041 (1998)] because of the location of Site 893A near the center of the basin gyre.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 3041
    • Harms, S.1    Winant, C.D.2
  • 76
    • 0032485386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. Stauffer et al., Nature 392, 59 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature , vol.392 , pp. 59
    • Stauffer, R.1
  • 78
    • 84879885402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. E. Field and K. A. Kvenvolden, Geology 13, 517 (1985); J. M. Brooks, M. E. Field, M. C. Kennicutt II, Mar. Geol. 96, 103 (1991); P. G. Brewer et al., Eos 78, 340 (1997)
    • (1985) Geology , vol.13 , pp. 517
    • Field, M.E.1    Kvenvolden, K.A.2
  • 79
    • 0025995199 scopus 로고
    • M. E. Field and K. A. Kvenvolden, Geology 13, 517 (1985); J. M. Brooks, M. E. Field, M. C. Kennicutt II, Mar. Geol. 96, 103 (1991); P. G. Brewer et al., Eos 78, 340 (1997)
    • (1991) Mar. Geol. , vol.96 , pp. 103
    • Brooks, J.M.1    Field, M.E.2    Kennicutt M.C. II3
  • 80
    • 84879885402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. E. Field and K. A. Kvenvolden, Geology 13, 517 (1985); J. M. Brooks, M. E. Field, M. C. Kennicutt II, Mar. Geol. 96, 103 (1991); P. G. Brewer et al., Eos 78, 340 (1997)
    • (1997) Eos , vol.78 , pp. 340
    • Brewer, P.G.1
  • 82
    • 0342811843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We thank personnel of the Ocean Drilling Program for their efforts during drilling and assistance with sampling. We also thank D. Krause for encouragement and enlightening discussions during this work and for review of the manuscript. Critical inspiration came from the work of E. Nisbet and G. Dickens. We thank two anonymous reviewers for constructive advice. Careful technical assistance was provided by K. Thompson and H. Berg. Supported by NSF grant EAR99-0424 (Earth System History) and an NSF Fellowship to I.L.H. Twenty-five percent of this research was funded by the National Institute for Global Environmental Change through the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (Cooperative Agreement DE-FC03-90ER61010). Conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the DOE.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.