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Distances may be determined directly with trigonometry for stars as far away as 1 kpc, where the triangle is created by the orbit of Earth around the sun. Greater distances must be estimated indirectly, often by comparing the brightnesses of classes of stars, some of which are closer than 1 kpc, others of which are in the region of interest.
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I thank my colleagues on the MACHO Project for their help and advice. Everything I know in this field has been learned through working with them. I also thank M. Merrifield, B. Sadoulet, and K. van Bibber for supplying figures. Work performed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract W7405-ENC-48.
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