Alone at sea: Chile's presencial ocean policy

Journal of Environmental Law

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 43-62

  Kibel, Paul Stanton ^a,b,c  

^a GOLDEN GATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION; EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE; INTERNATIONAL LAW; MARINE POLICY;

CHILE;

MARTES PENNANTI;

EID: 0034578629     PISSN: 09528873     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jel/12.1.43     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. A.J. English, 'Chile - Twenty Years On', Jane Intelligence Review (1.9.92) p 423.
2. D.J. Attard, The Historical Background and Development of the Exclusive Economic Zone Concept' in The Exclusive Economic Zone in International Law (Oxford University/Clarendon Press 1987) p 5 [hereinafter Attard].
3. Ibid at 2.
4. J.L. Jacobson and A. Reiser, 'The Evolution of Ocean Law', Scientific American (November 1998) [hereinafter Jacobson and Reiser].
5. Infra, ns 61-77.
6. C.C. Joyner and P.N. De Cola, 'Chile's Presencial Sea Proposal: Implications for the Straddling Stocks Convention', 24 Ocean Development and International Law 99 (1993) p 107 [hereinafter Joyner and De Cola].
7. Jacobson and Reiser, supra, n 4 at 101-2.
8. Ibid.
9. H. Grotius, Mare Liberum (Oxford University Press, 1916) pp 22-8 [hereinafter Grotius].
10. Lecture by Professor Harry Scheiber (Ocean Law and Policy Course, UC Berkeley, Boalt Hall Law School, Fall 1988) [hereinafter Scheiber].
11. A. Pardo, 'An Opportunity Lost' in Perspectives on U.S. Policy Toward the Law of the Sea: Prelude to the Final Session of the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (occasional paper, Law of the Sea Institute, 35, 1982).
12. Presidential Proclamation 2667 (28.9.45); Presidential Proclamation 2668 (28.9.45).
13. Presidential Proclamation 2667.
14. Scheiber, supra, n 10.
15. Presidential Proclamation 2667.
16. Presidential Proclamation 2668.
17. Scheiber, supra, n 10.
18. Attard, supra, n 2 at 5.
19. Ibid.
20. Chilean Presidential Declaration (23.6.47), as cited in Attard, supra, n 2 at 5.
21. Attard, supra, n 2 at 4.
22. Hollick, 71 American Journal of International Law 498-99 (1977).
23. Attard, supra, n 2 at 8.
24. Ibid at 6.
25. Jacobson and Reiser, supra, n 4 at 102.
26. Attard, supra, n 2 at 11-12.
27. United Nations Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone (Geneva, 1958).
28. United Nations Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas (Geneva, 1958).
29. Ibid, Article 1(1).
30. Ibid, Article 1(2).
31. Ibid, Article 7(1).
32. M.S. Sullivan, 'The Case in International Law for Canada's Extension of Fisheries Jurisdiction Beyond 200 Miles', 28 Ocean Development and International Law 203 (1997) P 207 [hereinafter Sullivan].
33. Attard, supra, n 2 at 30.
34. Fisheries Jurisdiction (United Kingdom υ Iceland) Case, ICJ Reports (1974) pp 3, 174 [hereinafter Iceland Fishery case].
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Sullivan, supra, n 32 at 232.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid at 231.
41. Ibid.
42. See Iceland Fishery case, supra, n 34.
43. For a thorough account of the political dynamics involved in the UNCLOS III negotiations, see the following two articles: W. Wertenbaker, 'A Reporter at Large - The Law of the Sea I', The New Yorker (1.8.83) pp 21-42; W. Wertenbaker, 'A Reporter at Large - The Law of the Sea II', The New Yorker (8.8.83). pp 48-72).
44. For a thorough account of the political dynamics involved in the UNCLOS III negotiations, see the following two articles: W. Wertenbaker, 'A Reporter at Large - The Law of the Sea I', The New Yorker (1.8.83) pp 21-42; W. Wertenbaker, 'A Reporter at Large - The Law of the Sea II', The New Yorker (8.8.83). pp 48-72).
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. See Iceland Fishery case, supra, n 34.
49. UNCLOS III, Article 56(1)(a).
50. UNCLOS III, Article 89.
51. UNCLOS III, Article 17-26.
52. UNCLOS III, Article 19 and 21.
53. L. Juda, The Interplay of Natural Systems and Political Jurisdictions: The Challenge of Large Marine Ecosystems (unpublished paper presented at the Ocean Governance Study Group Conference, University of California at Berkeley, October 1998).
54. UNCLOS III, Article 116.
55. UNCLOS III, Article 63(2).
56. UNCLOS III, Article 87.
57. Sullivan, supra, n 34 at 211: 'The failure to specific the exact nature of coastal states' special interests in common stocks, the consequence for failure to agree on conservation measures of the high seas fisheries, and the absence of default or express enforcement measures to implement these conservation measures, contributed to growing coastal state dissatisfaction with the high seas fisheries regime.'
58. G.L. Lutgen, 'Fisheries War for the Halibut', 25 Environmental Policy and Law 223 (1996) p 227 [hereinafter Lutgen]: 'Back in the mid-1970s, it was generally thought there would be fewer distant-water fishing fleets operating in the high seas as a result of the extension of national fisheries jurisdiction to 200 nautical miles. This did not happen. As their catches have begun to fall, the fleets of some countries have become increasingly desperate, fishing whatever they can, wherever they can.'
59. B. Applebaum, 'Straddling Stocks - International Law and the Northwest Atlantic Problem' in Canadian Marine Fisheries Management (1993) p 193.
60. J.M. Busch, 'El Mar Presencial: Un Nuevo Concepto Unificador del Derecho International de Mar', Revista de Derecho (July/September 1992) p 192.
61. Captains M.V. Villilobos and F.T. Garcia, 'El Factor Naval en la Proyeccion de Chile en el Oceano Pacific', 6 Revista de Marina 568 (1990) [hereinafter Vergara and Thauby].
62. F.O. Vicuna, 'Toward an Effective Management of High Seas Fisheries an the Settlement of Pending Issues of the Law of the Sea', 24 Ocean Development and International Law 81 (1993) [hereinafter Orrego]; F.O. Vicuna, 'The Presencial Sea: Defining Under International Law Coastal States' Specific Interest in High Seas Fisheries and Other Activities', German Yearbook of International Law, 35 (1993) pp 264-92.
63. F.O. Vicuna, 'Toward an Effective Management of High Seas Fisheries an the Settlement of Pending Issues of the Law of the Sea', 24 Ocean Development and International Law 81 (1993) [hereinafter Orrego]; F.O. Vicuna, 'The Presencial Sea: Defining Under International Law Coastal States' Specific Interest in High Seas Fisheries and Other Activities', German Yearbook of International Law, 35 (1993) pp 264-92.
64. Section 172, National Fisheries Law (Chile), Law 19,079, Official Journal (6.9.91).
65. Section 33, Environmental Policy Law (Chile), Law 19,300.
66. 2 [hereinafter Martinez].
67. 2 [hereinafter Martinez].
68. J.G. Dalton, The Chilean Mar Presential: A Harmless Concept or a Dangerous Precedent?', 8 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 397 (1998) p 398 [hereinafter Dalton].
69. Joyner and De Cola, supra, n 6 at 107.
70. Ibid.
71. T.C. Clingan, Jr, 'Mar Presencial (The Presential Sea): Deja Vu All Over Again? A Response to Francisco Orrego Vicuna', 24 Ocean Development and International Law 93 (1993), pp 94-6 [hereinafter Clingan]; Joyner and De Cola, supra, n 6 at 109.
72. Orrego, supra, n 61 at 88.
73. Ibid at 88.
74. Ibid at 88.
75. Vergara and Thauby, supra, n 60 at 568.
76. J.A. de Yturriaga, The International Regime of Fisheries: From UNCLOS 1982 to the Presential Sea (Kluwer Law International, 1997) p 230 [hereinafter Yturriaga].
77. Ibid at 229.
78. Orrego, supra, n 61 at 88.
79. Ibid at 88.
80. Joyner and De Cola, supra, n 6 at 105.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. 'Chile's Claim on Pacific Waters Alarms Britain', Observer (London, 7.11.93) p 23.
84. Orrego, supra, n 61 at 84.
85. Ibid at 88.
86. Yturriaga, supra, n 73 at 234.
87. Clingan, supra, n 68 at 96.
88. Sullivan, supra, n 32 at 203.
89. Ibid at 220.
90. Ibid at 203.
91. Ibid at 234; Lugten, supra, n 57 at 226-7.
92. Dalton, supra, n 65 at 401.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid.
95. Joyner and De Cola, supra, n 6 at 109: 'It is important to realise that other domestic forces have combined to drive Chile's enthusiasm for the presential sea idea. For one, the notion provides the Chilean navy with an important new mission in the post-cold war era. Overseeing and regulating maritime activities offshore in such as vast area of ocean space would not doubt considerably enhance the pride and national responsibility of the Chilean navy.'; see also Clingan, supra, n 25 at 94.
96. A.J. English, 'Chile Seizes the Chance to Modernize', International Defense Review (1.10.96) p 24.
97. Ibid.
98. M. Valente, Americas: Defense Chiefs Disagree on Military Role (Inter Press Service, 9.10.96) p 2.
99. Dalton, supra, n 65 at 401.
100. Ibid.
101. Year of the Ocean - Discussion Papers (United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, March 1998) p J-19 [hereinafter Year of the Ocean].
102. S.B. Kaye, 'Legal Approaches to Polar Fisheries Regimes: A Comparative Analysis of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources and the Bering Sea Doughnut Hole Convention', 26 California Western International Law Journal 75 (1995) p 79 [hereinafter Kaye].
103. UKTS 48, 19 ILM 841 (1980).
104. Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, 30 ILM 1455 (1991).
105. Pirates Plunder the Southern Ocean (backgrounder report by Greenpeace, March 1999) [Greenpeace Southern Ocean Report].
106. Unilateral Introduction of Toothfish Trade Controls Now Necessary to Protect Toothfish Stocks and Albatross Populations in the Southern Ocean (report by ISOFISH of Australia, July 1999) [hereinafter ISOFISH July 1999 Report].
107. Greenpeace Southern Ocean Report, supra, n 102.
108. Governments Move Too Slowly to Save Southern Oceans Toothfish Stocks and Albatross Populations (press release by the Antarctica Project, Washington DC, 30.4.99).
109. The Chilean Fishing Industry: Its Involvement in and Connections to the Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Exploitation of Patagonia Toothfish in the Southern Ocean (report by ISOFISH of Australia, August 1999) p 23 [hereinafter Chilean Fishing Industry].
110. Ibid at 10.
111. Ibid at 11.
112. ISOFISH Report (July 1999), supra, n 103 at 1.
113. Joyner and De Cola, supra, n 6 at 100.
114. E.L. Miles and W.T. Burke, 'Pressures on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 Arising from New Fisheries Conflicts: The Problem of Straddling Stocks', 20 Ocean Development and International Law 344 (1989).
115. Sullivan, supra, n 32 at 204.
116. Ibid.
117. Articles 8(4) and 17(1), Straddling Stocks Agreement.
118. Article 21, Straddling Stocks Agreement.
119. Article 21, Straddling Stocks Agreement.
120. Articles 8(4), 17(1) and 21, Straddling Stocks Agreement.
121. Article 21(8), Straddling Stocks Agreement.
122. Yturriaga, supra, n 73 at 234.
123. Clingan, supra, n 68 at 94; Orrego, supra, n 61 at 84.
124. Martinez, supra, n 64.
125. Yturriaga, supra, n 73 at 229.
126. Orrego, supra, n 61 at 88.
127. UNCLOS III, Article 89.
128. Straddling Stocks Convention, Article 4.
129. Update an Straddling Stocks Dispute in Chile (prepared by Juan Carlos Cardenas, Executive Director of ECOCEANO, a Santiago-based conservation organisation (18.8.99) on file with the author) [hereinafter ECOCEANO Straddling Stocks Update].
130. Ibid.
131. Ibid.
132. Ibid.
133. Ibid.
134. Ibid.
135. Ibid.
136. Ibid.
137. Ibid.
138. Ibid.
139. Ibid.
140. Ibid.
141. R.L. Friedheim, The Political, Economic and Legal Ocean (West View Press, 1979) pp 34, 38: 'Whether national enclosure is the best solution to the problem of despoliation of the common or not, it may be the only feasible solution . . . If there is any reason why national enclosure may have been necessary, it is that there was not an authority structure to turn to so as to create and maintain order.'
142. D.M. Wilkinson, 'The Use of Domestic Measures to Enforce International Whaling Agreements: A Critical Perspective', 17 Denver Journal of International Law 271 (1989).
143. Yturriago, supra, n 73 at 229-37.
144. Ibid at 235.
145. Ibid at 236-7.
146. Ibid.
147. Ibid.