Psychological assistance in organ transplantations;L'assistenza psicologica nei trapianti d'organo

Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanita

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 225-246

  Lovera, Giorgio ^g   Basile, Assunta ^a   Bertolotti, Marina ^b   Comazzi, Alberto Maria ^c   Clerici, Carlo Alfredo ^c   Gandione, Marina ^d   Mazzoldi, Mariantonietta ^e   Rupolo, Giampietro ^f   Feltrin, Alessandra ^f   Ponton, Paola ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF SIENA   (Italy)

^b Azienda Ospedaliera OIRM   (Italy)

^c Serv Psicol Medica Nord Italia T   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^e OSPEDALE CA FONCELLO   (Italy)

^f UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^g NONE

Author keywords

Organ transplantations; Psychiatric aspects; Psychological aspects; Quality of life

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; FAMILY HEALTH; HUMAN; ITALY; LIVING DONOR; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; PREOPERATIVE CARE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUALITY OF LIFE;

ADULT; CHILD; FAMILY HEALTH; HUMANS; ITALY; LIVING DONORS; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; PREOPERATIVE CARE; QUALITY OF LIFE;

EID: 0034577393     PISSN: 00212571     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. FREEDMAN, B. 1985. The ethical continuity of transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 17(6, Suppl. 4): 17-23.
2. DAAR, A.S. & MARSHALL, P. 1998. Culture and psychology in organ transplantation. World Health Forum 19(2): 124-132.
3. EATON, S. 1998. The subtle politics of organ donation: a proposal. J. Med. Ethics 24(3): 166-170.
4. MARSHALL, P.A. & DAAR, A.S. 1998. Cultural and psychological dimensions of human organ transplantation. Ann. Transplant. 3(2): 7-11.
5. TURNER, L. 1998. An anthropological exploration of contemporary bioethics: the varieties of common sense. J. Med. Ethics 24(2): 127-133.
6. RADECKI, C.M. & JACCARD, J. 1997. Psychological aspects of organ donation: a critical review and synthesis of individual and next-of-kin donation decisions. Health Psychol. 16(2): 183-195.
7. YOUNGNER, S.J. 1992. Psychological impediments to procurement. Transplant. Proc. 24(5): 2159-2161.
8. LOVERA, G. 1999. Il malato tumorale. Per un'umanizzazione dell'assistenza. Edizioni Medico Scientifiche, Torino.
9. COLEMAN-MUSSER, L. 1997. The physician's perspective: a survey of attitudes toward organ donor management. J. Transplant. Coord. 7(2): 55-58.
10. JAKUBOWSKA-WINECKA, A. 1998. Psychological rules of communication with relatives of a potential organ donor-the Polish experience. Ann. Transplant. 3(1): 42-45.
11. BURROUGHS, T.E., HONG, B.A., KAPPEL, D.F. & FREEDMAN, B. K. 1998. The stability of family decisions to consent or refuse organ donation: would you do it again? Psychosom. Med. 60(2): 156-162.
12. CUNNINGHAM, D.M. 1998. Setting standards for donor family care. EDTNA ERCA J. 24(2): 16-18.
13. BURKE, C.M., THEODORE, J., BALDWIN, J.C., TAZELAAR, H.D., MORRIS, A.J., MCGREGOR, C., SHUMWAY, N.E., ROBIN, E.D. & JAMIESON, S.W. 1986. Twenty-eight cases of human heart-lung transplantation. Lancet 1(8480): 517-519.
14. FREYBERGER, H. 1983. L'unità trapianti renali. In: Psicoterapia neue malattie che minacciano la vita. H. Freyberger (Ed.). Patron, Bologna. p. 213-247.
15. HATHAWAY, D.K., WINSETT, R.P. & PETERS, T.G. 1987. Psychosocial assessment of renal transplant recipients. Dialysis Transplantat. 16: 442-444.
16. HOUSE, R.M. & THOMPSON, T.L. 1988. Psychiatric aspects of organ transplantation. JAMA 260(4): 535-539.
17. KUHN, W.F., DAVIS, M.H. & LIPPMANN, S.B. 1988. Emotional adjustment in cardiac transplantation. Gen. Hospital Psychiatry 10(2): 108-113.
18. FUKUNISHI, I. 1993. Psychological problems of kidney transplantation. Nephron 64(1): 146-149.
19. SURMAN, O.S. 1989. Psychiatric aspects of organ transplantation. Am. J. Psychiatry 146(8): 972-982.
20. CRAVEN, J. 1990. Psychiatric aspects of lung transplant. The Toronto Lung transplant group. Can. J. Psychiatry 35(9): 759-764.
21. RUPOLO, G. & POZNANSKI, C. 1999. Psicologia e psichiatria del trapianto d'organi. Masson, Milano.
22. MAI, F.M., MC KENZIE, F.M. & KOSTUK, W.J. 1984. Liaison psychiatry in the heart transplant unit. Psychosomatic Med. 46: 80-81.
23. HOUSE, R.M., TRZEPACZ, P.T. & THOMPSON, T.L. 1990. Psychiatric consultation to organ transplant services. Rev. Psychiatry 9: 515-536.
24. PARIS, W., BRAWNER, N., THOMPSON, S. & PENIDO, M. 1997. Psychosocial issues in heart transplantation: a review for transplant coordinators. J. Transplant. Coord. 7(2): 88-95.
25. PHIPPS, L. 1997. Psychiatric evaluation and outcomes in candidates for heart transplantation. Clin. Invest. Med. 20(6): 388-395.
26. LOVERA, G. 1999. Aspetti psicologici nella donazione e nel trapianto di organi. In: Atti del 10. Convegno AIRT. Bologna, 18-20 febbraio 1999. Ed. Compositori, Bologna. p. 99-101.
27. LOVERA, G. 1990. La consulenza psicoscmatica in ospedale: un problema di melodo. Dalle basi teoriche alle linee operative. Med. Psicosom. 35(4): 225-237.
28. CHACKO, R.C., HARPER, R.G., GOTTO, J. & YOUNG, G. 1996. Psychiatric interview and psychometric predictors of cardiac transplant survival. Am. J. Psychiatry 153(12): 1607-1612.
29. DEW, M.A., ROTH, L.H., THOMPSON, M.E., KORMOS, R.L. & GRIFFITH, B.P. 1996. Medical compliance and its predictors in the first year after heart transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 15(6): 631-645.
30. HYLER, B.J., CORLEY, M.C. & MC MAHON, D. 1985. The role of nursing in a support group for heart transplantation recipients and their familes. J. Heart Transplant. 4(4): 453-456.
31. ABBEY, S. & FARROW, S. 1998. Group therapy and organ transplantation. Int. J. Group Psychotherapy 48(2): 163-185.
32. CHACKO, R.C., HARPER, R.G., KUNIK, M. & YOUNG, J. 1996. Relationship of psychiatric morbidity and psychosocial factors in organ transplant candidates. Psychosomatics 37(2): 100-107.
33. DESHIELDS, T.L., MCDONOUGH, E.M., MANNEN, R.K. & MILLER, L.W. 1996. Psychological and cognitive status before and after heart transplantation. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 18(6 Suppl.): 62S-69S.
34. GRADY, K.L., JALOWIEC, A. & WHITE-WILLIAMS, C. 1998. Patient compliance at one year and two years after heart transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 17(4): 383-394.
35. WINSETT, R.P. 1998. Posttransplant quality of life: a decade of descriptive studies leading to practice interventions. Posttransplant Quality of Life Intervention Study Group. J. Transplant. Coord. 8(4): 236-240.
36. WOODMAN, C.L., GEIST, L.J., VANCE, S., LAXSON, C., JONES, K. & KLINE, J.N. 1999. Psychiatric disorders and survival after lung transplantation. Psychosomatics 40(4): 293-297.
37. TRABUCCO, G. 1995. I vissuti emotivi e psicologici degli emodializzati. In: Emodialisi e bisogni psicologici. G. Trabucco & M.C. Magagnotti (Eds). EdiSES, Napoli. p. 27-57.
38. KAPLAN DE-NOUR, A., SHALTIEL, J. & CZACZKES, J.W. 1968. Emotional reactions of patients in chronic hemodialysis. Psychosom. Med. 30: 521-533.
39. KAPLAN DE-NOUR, A. & CZACZKES, J.W. 1976. The influence of patient's personality on adjustment to chronic dialysis. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 162: 323-333.
40. FUKUNISHI, I., SAITO, S. & OZAKI, S. 1992. The influence of defense mechanisms on secondary alexithymia in hemodialysis patients. Psychother. Psychosom. 57(1-2): 50-56.
41. LOWRY, M.R. 1979. Frequency of depressive disorder in patients entering home hemodialysis. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 167(4): 199-204.
42. DE STEFANO, R., FUMAGALLI, A. & DE CECCO, G. 1988. Emodialisi e disturbo affettivo. Riv. Sper. Fren. 112: 157-169.
43. SHULMAN, R., PRICE, J.D. & SPINELLI, J. 1989. Biopsychosocial aspects of long-term survival on end-stage renal failure therapy. Psychol. Med. 19(4): 945-954.
44. SENSKY, T. 1989. Psychiatric morbidity in renal transplantation. Psychother. Psychosom. 52(1-3): 41-46.
45. CHRISTOPHERSON, L.K. 1987. Cardiac transplantation: a psychological perspective. Circulation 75(1): 57-62.
46. SCHLITT, H.J., BRUNKHORST, R., SCHMIDT, H.H., NASHAN, B., HAVERICH, A. & RAAB, R. 1999. Attitudes of patients before and after transplantation towards various allografts. Transplantation 68(4): 510-514.
47. JONES, B.M., CHANG, V.P., ESMORE, D., SPRATT, P., SHANAHAN, M.X., FARNSWORTH, A.E., KEOGH, A. & DOWNS, K. 1988. Psychological adjustment after cardiac transplantation. Med. J. Aust. 149(3): 118-122.
48. ZIPFEL, S., LOWE, B., PASCHKE, T., ZIMMERMANN, R., LANGE, R., HERZOG, W. & BERGMANN, G. 1998. Emotional status of patients on the waiting list for heart transplantation. Z. Kardiol. 87(6): 436-442.
49. KUHN, W.F., MYERS, B., BRENNAN, A.F., DAVIS, M.H., LIPPMANN, S.B., GRAY, L.A. JR & POOL, G.E. 1988. Psychopathology in heart transplant candidates. J. Heart Transplant. 7(3): 223-226.
50. MAI, F.M. 1993. Psychiatric aspects of heart transplantation. Br. J. Psychiatry 163: 285-292.
51. RODRIGUE, J.R., DAVIS, G.L., HOWARD, R.J., BRUNSON, M.E., LANGHAM, M.R., HAIMAN, S. & BEHEN, J. 1993. Psychological adjustment of liver transplant candidates. Clin. Transplant. 7(3): 228-229.
52. LANG, T., KLAGHOFER, R. & BUDDEBERG, C. 1997. Psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial markers in patients before heart, liver or lung transplantation. Schweiz Med. Wochenschr. 127(47): 1950-1960.
53. PARIS, W., MUCHMORE, J, PRIBIL, A., ZUHDI, N. & COOPER, D.K. 1994. Study of the relative incidences of psychosocial factors before and after heart transplantatin and the influence of posttransplantation psychosocial factors on heart transplantation outcome. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 13(3): 424-430.
54. COHEN, L., LITTLEFIELD, C., KELLY, P., MAURER, G. & ABBEY, S. 1998. Predictors of quality of life and adjustment after lung transplantation. Chest 113(3): 633-644.
55. SPEIDEL, H., DAHME, B., FLEMMING, B. et al. 1983. L'unità di cardiochirurgia. In: Psicoterapia nelle malattie che minacciano la vita. H. Freyberger (Ed). Patron, Bologna, p. 50-83.
56. CRAVEN, J.L., BRIGHT, J. & DEAR, C.L. 1990. Psychiatric, psychosocial, and rehabilitative aspects of lung transplantation. Clin. Chest. Med. 11(2): 247-257.
57. PELLEGRINI, A., COLOMBO, T., QUAINI, E. et al. 1994. Qualità della vita dopo trapianto cardiaco. In: Cardiologia 1994. Atti del 28. Convegno Internazionale del Centro A. De Gasperis. Milano, 26-30 settembre 1994. Scientific Press, Milano. p. 41-47.
58. DEW, M.A., SWITZER, G.E., GOYCOOLEA, J.M., ALLEN, A.S., DIMARTINI, A., KORMOS, R.L. & GRIFFITH, B.P. 1997. Does transplantation produces quality of life benefits? Transplantation 64(9): 1261-1273.
59. JOFRE, R., LOPEZ-GOMEZ, J.M., MORENO, F., SANZGUAJARDO, D. & VALDERRABANO, F. 1998. Changes in quality of life after renal transplantation. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 32(1): 93-100.
60. TEN VERGERT, E.M., ESSINK-BOT, M.L., GEERTSMA, A., VAN ENCKEVORT, P.J., DE BOER, W.J. & VAN DER BIJ, W. 1998. The effect of lung transplantation on health-related quality of life: a longitudinal study. Chest 113(2): 358-364.
61. GEEVARGHESE, S.K., BRADLEY, A.E., WRIGHT, J.K., CHAPMAN, W.C., FEURER, I., PAYNE, J.L., HUNTER, E.B. & PINSON, C.W. 1998. Outcomes analysis in 100 liver transplantation patients. Am. J. Surg. 175(5): 348-353.
62. GRADY, K.L., JALOWIEC, A. & WHITE-WILLIAMS, C. 1996. Improvement in quality of life in patients with heart failure who undergo transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 15(8): 749-757.
63. WITZKE, O., BECKER, G., FRANKE, G., BINEK, M., PHILIPP, T. & HEEMANN, U. 1997. Kidney transplantation improves quality of life. Transplant. Proc. 29(1-2): 1569-1570.
64. BRAVATA, D.M., OLKIN, J., BARNATO, A.E., KEEFFE, E.B. & OWENS, D.K. 1999. Health-related quality of life after liver transplantation: a meta-analysis. Liver. Transplant. Surg. 5(4): 318-331.
65. FUKUNISHI, I., HASEGAWA, A., OHARA, T., AIKAWA, A., HATANAKA, A., SUZUKI, J., KIKUCHI, M. & AMAGASAKI, K. 1997. Kidney transplantation and liaison psychiatry, part I: anxiety before, and the prevalence rate of psychiatric disorsers before and after transplantation. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 51(5): 301-304.
66. KALMAN, T.P., WILSON, P.G. & KALMAN, C.H. 1983. Psychiatric morbidity in long-term renal transplant recipients and patients undergoing hemodialysis. A comparative study. JAMA 250(1): 55-58.
67. DEW, M.A., ROTH, L.H., SCHULBERG, H.C., SIMMONS, R.G., KORMOS, R.L., TRZEPACZ, P.T. & GRIFFITH, B.P. 1996. Prevalence and predictors of depression and anxiety-related disorders during the year after heart transplantation. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 18(6 Suppl.): 48S-61S.
68. STUKAS, A.A., DEW, M.A., SWITZER, G.E., DIMARTINI, A., KORMOS, R.L. & GRIFFITH, B.P. 1999. PTSD in heart transplant recipients and their primary family caregivers. Psychosomatics 40(3): 212-221.
69. CHIESA, S. 1989. Il trapianto d'organo: crisi e adattamento psicologico. Psichiatria Medicina 10: 15-21.
70. RUPOLO, G., DE BERTOLINI, C. et al. 1996. Modalità di coping nei pazienti sottoposti a trapianto d'organo. Riv. Psichiatria 3: 94-102.
71. HART, L.K., MILDE, F.K., ZEHR, P.S., COX, D.M., TARARA, D.T. & FEARING, M.O. 1997. Survey of sexual concerns among organ transplant recipients. J. Transplant. Coord. 7(2): 82-87.
72. BUNZEL, B., LAEDERACH-HOFMANN, K. & SCHUBERT, M.T. 1999. Patients benefit-partners suffer? The impact of heart transplantation on the partner relationship. Transplant. Int. 12(1): 33-41.
73. NOTOVA, P., SCHREINEROVA, Z.,, SCHRAMEKOVA, E., BASS, K. & FABIAN, J. 1997. Quality of life after heart transplantation. Psychosocial aspects. Bratisl. Lek. Listy 98(5): 278-283.
74. BUZZI, F., BERTOLI, E., MINZIONI, G. & GAVAZZI, A. 1995. Indagine medico-sociale su un campione di cento cardiotrapiantati. Difesa sociale 5: 7-15.
75. CASTELNUOVO-TEDESCO, P. 1981. Transplantation: psychological implications of changes in body image. In: Psychonephrology 1. Psychological factors in hemodialysis and transplantation. N.B. Levy (Ed.). Plenum Press, New York. p. 219-225.
76. KUCHLER, T., KOBER, B., BROELSCH, C., HENNE-BRUNS, D. & KREMER, B. 1991. Quality of life after liver transplantation: can a psychological support program contribute? Transplant. Proc. 23(1): 1541-1544.
77. JORALEMON, D. & FUJINAGA, K.M. 1996. Studying quality of life after organ transplantation: research problems and solutions. Social Sci. Med. 44(9): 1259-1269.
78. RIETHER, A.M. & LIBB, J.W. 1993. Heart and liver transplantation. Med. Psychiatric Practice 1: 309-346.
79. SURMAN, O.S. 1994. Psychiatric aspects of liver transplantation. Psychosomatics 35(3): 297-307.
80. FELSER, I., WAGNER, S., DEPEE, J., JOHNSON, N., STASCHAK, S., JAIN, A., FUNG, J.J. & STARZL, T.E. 1991. Changes in quality of life following conversion from CyA to FK 506 in orthotopic liver transplant patients. Transplant. Proc. 23(6): 3032-3034.
81. SCHOLLER, G., ROSE, NEUHAUS, R., NEUHAUS, P. & KLAPP, B.F. 1997. Comparison of CyA and FK 506 with regard to complaints and psychosocial characteristics before and after liver transplantation. Transplant. Procurement 29(5): 2491-2493.
82. KOBER, B., KUCHLER, T., BROELSCH, C., KREMER, B. & HENNE-BRUNS, D. 1990. A psychological support concept and quality of life research in a liver transplantation program: an interdisciplinary multicenter study. Psychoter. Psychosom. 54: 117-131.
83. MICHEL, B.C., VAN HOUT, B.A. & BONSEL, G.J. 1994. Assessing the benefits of transplant services. Baillière's Clin. Gastroenterol. 8(3): 411-423.
84. PETROU, S. 1997. Measurement and applications of health-related quality of life in chronic viral hepatitis. Viral Hepatitis 3(4): 253-265.
85. COLONNA, J.O., BREMS, J.J., HIATT, J.R., MILLIS, J.M., AMENT, M.E., BALDRICH-QUINONES, W.J., BERQUIST, W.E., BESBRIS, D., BRILL, J .E., GOLDSTEIN, L.I., NUESSE, B.J., RAMMING, K.P., SALEH, S., VARGAS, J.H. & BUSUTTIL, R.W. 1988. The quality of life after liver transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 20: 594-597.
86. TARTER, R., SWITALA, J., ARRIA ,A., PLAIL, J. & VAN THIEL, D. 1991. Quality of life before and after orthotopic hepatic transplantation. Arch. Intern. Med. 151: 1521-1526.
87. BONSEL, J.G., ESSINK-BOT, M.L., KLOMPMAKER, I.J. & SLOOF, M.J.H. 1992. Assessment of the quality of life before and following liver transplantation. Transplantation 53(4): 796-800.
88. MOORE, K.A., BURROWS, G., MCL. JONES, R. & HARDY, K. 1992. Control evaluation of cognitive functioning, mood state, and quality of life post-liver transplant. Transplant. Proc. 24(1): 202.
89. PYNE, J.L., MC CARTY, K.R. et al 1996. Outcomes analysis for 50 liver transplant recipients: the Vanderbilt experience. Am. Surg. 62(4): 320-325.
90. LO BIONDO-WOOD, G., WILLIAMS, L., WOOD, R.P. & SHAW, B.M. Jr. 1997. Impact of liver transplantation on quality of life: a longitudinal perspective. Appl. Nurs. Res. 10(1): 27-32.
91. SPITAL, A. 1988. Living kidney donation: still worth the risk. Transplant. Proc. 20(5): 1051-1058.
92. LAND, W. & COHEN, B. 1992. Postmortem and living organ donation in Europe: transplant laws and activities. Transplant. Proc. 24(5): 2165-2167.
93. WESTLIE, L., FAUCHALD, P., TALSETH, T., JAKOBSEN, A. & FLATMARK, A. 1993. Quality of life in Norwegian kidney donors. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 8: 1146-1150.
94. MATHIESON, P.W., JOLLIFFE, D., JOLLIFFE, R., DUDLEY, C.R., HAMILTON, K. & LEAR, P.A. 1999. The spouse as a kidney donor: ethically sound? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 14(1): 46-48.
95. GEFFNER, S.R., D'ALESSANDRO, A.M., KALAYOGLU, M., KNECHTLE, S.J., PIRSCH, J.D., BELZER, F.O. & SOLLINGER, H.W. 1994. Living-unrelated renal donor transplantation: the UNOS experience, 1987-91. United Network for organ Sharing. Clin. Trasplant.: 197-201.
96. D'ALESSANDRO, A.M., SOLLINGER, H..W., KNECHTLE, S.J., KALAYOGLU, M., KISKEN, W.A., UEHLING, D.T., MOON, T.D., MESSING, E.M., BRUSKEWITZ, R.C., PIRSCH, J.D. et al. 1995. Living related and unrelated donors for kidney transplantation. A 28-year experience. Ann. Surg. 222(3): 353-362.
97. CECKA, J.M. 1995. Living donor transplants. Clin. Transpl.: 363-377.
98. TERASAKI, P.I., CECKA, J.M., GJERTSON, D.W. & TAKEMOTO, S. 1995. High survival rates of kidney transplantations from spousal and living unrelated donors. N. Engl. J. Med. 333(6): 333-336.
99. SCHLEBUSCH, L., PILLAY, B. J. & LOUW, J. 1989. Depression and self-report disclosure after live related donor and cadaver renal transplants. S. Afr. Med. J. 75: 490-493.
100. GOUGE, F., MOORE, J., BREMER, B.A., MC CAULY, C.R. & JOHNSON, J.P. 1990. The quality of life of donors, potential donors, and recipients of living - related donor renal transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 22(5): 2409-2413.
101. PILLAY, B.J., SCHLEBUSCH, L. & LOUW, J. 1992. Illness behaviour in live-related and cadaver renal transplant recipients. S. Afr. Med. J. 81: 411-415.
102. WILLIAMS, S.L., OLER, J. & JORKASKY, K. 1986. Long-term renal function in kidney donors. A comparison of donors and their siblings. Ann. Intern. Med. 105: 1-8.
103. BAY, W.H. & HEBERT, L.A. 1987. The living donor in kidney transplantation. Ann. Intern. Med. 106: 719-727.
104. BLOHMÈ, J., FEHRMAN, J. & NORDÈN, G. 1992. Living donor nephrectomy. Complication rates in 490 consecutive cases. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 26: 149-153.
105. TALSETH, T., FAUCHALD, P., SKREDE, S., DJOSELAND, O., BERG, K.J., STENSTROM, J., HEILO, A., BRODWALL, E.K. & FLATMARK, A. 1986. Long-term blood pressure and renal funcion in kidney donors. Kidney Int. 29(5): 1072-1076.
106. SADLER, H.H., DAVISON, L., CARROL, C. et al. 1971. The living, genetically unrelated, kidney donor. Semin. Psychiatry 3: 86-101.
107. SIMMONS, R.G. 1983. Long-term reactions of renal recipients and donors. In: Psychonephrology 2. Psychological problems in kidney failure and their treatment. N.B. Levy (Ed.). Plenum Press, New York. p. 275-287.
108. SMITH, M.D., KAPPEL, D.F., PROVINCE, M.A., HONG, B.A., ROBSON, A.M., DUTTON, S., GUZMAN, T., HOFF, J., SHELTON, L., CAMERON, E., EMERSON, W., GLASS, N.R., HOPKINS, J. & PETERSON, C. 1986. Living-related kidney donors: a multicenter study of donor education, socioeconomic adjustment and rehabilitation. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 8(4): 223-233.
109. SPITAL, A. 1989. Unconventional living kidney donors. Attitudes and use among Transplant Centers. Transplantation 48(2): 243-248.
110. SPITAL, A. 1992. Unrelated living donors: should they be used? Transplant. Proc. 24(5): 2215-2217.
111. BONOMINI, V. 1991. Ethical aspects of living donation. Transplant. Proc. 23(5): 2497-2499.
112. FELLNER, C.H. & SCHWARTZ, S.H. 1971. Altruism in disrepute: medical versus public attitudes toward the living organ donor. N. Engl. J. Med. 284: 582-585.
113. LAWTON, R.L. 1978. Living nonrelated donors for transplantation. Pro Dial. Transplant. Forum 8: 30-34.
114. MOORE, F.D. 1988. Three ethical revolutions: ancient assumptions remodeled under pressure of transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 20(1): 1061-1067.
115. SPITAL, A. & SPITAL, M. 1988. Living kidney donation. Attitudes outside the transplant center. Arch. Intern. Med. 148: 1077-1080.
116. SPITAL, A. 1994. Unrelated living kidney donors. An update of attitudes and use amomg US transplant centers. Transplantation 57(12): 1722-1726.
117. SPITAL, A. & SPITAL, M. 1987. Kidney donation: reflections. Am. J. Nephrol. 7: 49-54.
118. SELLS, R.A. 1992. The case against buying organs and futures market in transplants. Transplant. Proc. 24(5): 2198-2202.
119. TERASAKI, P,I,, CECKA, J.M., GJERTSON, D.W. & CHO, Y.W. 1997. Spousal and other living renal donor transplants. Clin. Transplant. 269-284.
120. TORONYI, E., ALFOLDY, F., JARAY, J., REMPORT, A., MATHE, Z., SZABO, J., GATI, Z. & FERNER, F. 1998. Attitudes of donors towards organ transplantation in living related kidney transplantations. Transplant. Int. 11(Suppl. 1): S481-S483.
121. LA SPINA, F. 1991. Studio delle motivazioni psicologiche alla donazione d'organo. NITp, Milano.
122. COMAZZI, A.M. & CLERICI, C.A. 1994. Dare assistenza alle famiglie dei donatori di organi; il servizio di psicologia medica del NITp. In: Brevi NITp. NITp, Milano.
123. RADETSKY, M. 1985. Sudden intimacies. JAMA 254: 1361.
124. MC GOUGH, E.A. & CHOPEK, M.W. 1990. The physician's role as asker in obtaining organ donation. Transplant. Proc. 22: 267-272.
125. NILE, P.A. & MATTICE, B.J. 1996. The timing factor in the consent process. J. Transpl. Coord. 6(2): 84-87.
126. LOVERA, G. 2000. Lo stress professionale nelle rianimazioni in occasione della donazione di organi a fine di trapianto. Aspetti psicologici e interventi di formazione. In: La qualità della vita. Percorsi psicologici, biomedici e transculturali. S. Fassino, P. Leombruni & G.G. Rovera (Eds). Centro Scientifico Editore, Torino, p. 309-316.
127. LOVERA, G. 1994. La formazione Balint in Europa, in Italia, a Torino. Torino Medica 5(2): 15-18.
128. MASSAGLIA, P. & BERTOLOTTI, M. 1998. Psicologia e gestione del bambino portatore di tumore e della sua famiglia. In: Tutti bravi, Psicologia e clinica del bambino portatore di tumore. R. Saccomani (Ed.). Raffaello Cortina, Milano.
129. GANDIONE, M. 1998. L'accoglimento della sofferenza mentale dei genitori di fronte alla nascita di un bambino malato. In: La nascitapatologica. C. Finicelli, G.F. Piccoli & E. Verrani (Eds). Unicopli, Milano. p. 97-103.
130. DI CAGNO, L., GANDIONE, M. & MASSAGLIA, P. 1992. Il contenimento delle angosce come momento terapeutico nel lavoro con genitori di bambini con patologia organica grave. In: Dalle cure materne all'interpretazione. G. Fava Vizziello & D.N. Stern (Eds). Cortina, Milano. p. 115-142.
131. RODRIGUE, J.R., HOFFMANN, R.G., MAC NAUGHTON, K., GRAHAM-POLE, J., ANDRES, J.M., NOVAK, D.A. & FENNEL, R.S. 1996. Mothers of children evaluated for transplantation: stress, coping resources, and perceptions of family functioning. Clin. Transplant. 10(5): 447-450.