Infections of long intravenous lines: New developments and controversies

Current Clinical Topics in Infectious Diseases

Volumn , Issue 20, 2000, Pages 256-270

  Samore, Matthew H ^a   Burke, John P ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

CANDIDA ALBICANS; CATHETERIZATION; CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERIZATION; CROSS INFECTION; HUMAN; INSTRUMENTATION; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; NOMENCLATURE; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; REVIEW; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; VASCULAR SURGERY;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CATHETERIZATION, CENTRAL VENOUS; CATHETERIZATION, PERIPHERAL; CROSS INFECTION; HUMANS; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; TERMINOLOGY; VASCULAR SURGICAL PROCEDURES;

EID: 0034564482     PISSN: 01953842     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Pearson ML. Guideline for prevention of intravascular device-related infections. Part I. Intravascular device-related infections: an overview. The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Am J Infect Control 1996;24:262-277.
2. Press O, Ramsey P, Larson E, et al. Hickman catheter infections in patients with malignancies. Medicine 1984;63:189-200.
3. Sabel MS, Smith JL. Principles of chronic venous access: recommendations based on the Roswell Park experience. Surg Oncol 1997;6:171-177.
4. Alhimyary A, Fernandez C, Picard M, et al. Safety and efficacy of total parenteral nutrition delivered via a peripherally inserted central venous catheter. Nutr Clin Pract 1996;11:199-203.
5. Duerksen DR, Papineau N, Siemens J, Yaffe C. Peripherally inserted central catheters for parenteral nutrition: a comparison with centrally inserted catheters. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999;23:85-89.
6. Ng PK, Ault MJ, Ellrodt AG, Maldonado L. Peripherally inserted central catheters in general medicine. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72: 225-233.
7. Ng PK, Ault MJ, Maldonado L. Peripherally inserted central catheters in the intensive care unit. J Intensive Care Med 1996;11:49-54.
8. Mermel LA. Defining intravascular catheter-related infections: a plea for uniforinity. Nutrition 1997;13:2S-4S.
9. Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, et al. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988. Am J Infect Control 1988;16: 128-140.
10. Seo SK, Venkataraman L, DeGirolami P, Samore M. Molecular typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) from blood culture does not correlate with clinical criteria for true bacteremia. Abstracts from the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. September 1998 (abstract).
11. Maki DG. Infections associated with intravascular lines. In: Remington JS, Swartz MN, eds. Current clinical topics in infectious diseases. Vol. 3. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982: 309-363.
12. Raad II, Luna M, Khalil SA, et al. The relationship between the thrombotic and infections complications of central venous catheters. JAMA 1994;271:1014-1016.
13. Timsit JF, Farkas JC, Boyer JM, et al. Central vein catheter-related thrombosis in intensive care patients: incidence, risk factors, and relationship with catheter-related sepsis. Chest 1998;114:207-213.
14. Raad I. Intravascular-catheter-related infections. Lancet 1998;351:893-898.
15. Linares J, Sitges SA, Garau J, et al. Pathogenesis of catheter sepsis: a prospective study with quantitative and semiquantitative cultures of catheter hub and segments. J Clin Microbiol 1985;21:357-360.
16. Atela I, Coll P, Rello J, et al. Serial surveillance cultures of skin and catheter hub specimens from critically ill patients with central venous catheters: molecular epidemiology of infection and implications for clinical management and research. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:1784-1790.
17. Salzman MB, Rubin LG. Relevance of the catheter hub as a portal for microorganisms causing catheter-related bloodstream infections. Nutrition 1997;13:15S-17S.
18. Raad I, Costerton W, Sabharwal U, et al. Ultrastructural analysis of indwelling vascular catheters: a quantitative relationship between luminal colonization and duration of placement. J Infect Dis 1993;168:400-407.
19. Goldmann DA, Pier GB. Pathogenesis of infections related to intravascular catheterization. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993;6:176-192.
20. Pittet D, Wenzel RP. Nosocomial bloodstream infections. Secular trends in rates, mortality, and contribution to total hospital deaths. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1177-1184.
21. Hospital Infections Program. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system report, data summary from October 1986-April 1998. June 1998.
22. Weinstein MP, Mirrett S, Van-Pelt L, et al. Clinical importance of identifying coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from blood cultures: evaluation of MicroScan Rapid and Dried Overnight Gram-Positive panels versus a conventional reference method. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:2089-2092.
23. Branchini ML, Pfaller MA, Rhine CJ, et al. Genotypic variation and slime production among blood and catheter isolates of Candida parapsilosis. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:452-456.
24. Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Doern GV, et al. International surveillance of bloodstream infections due to Candida species: frequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibilities of isolates collected in 1997 in the United States, Canada, and South America for the SENTRY Program. The SENTRY Participant Group. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:1886-1889.
25. Cookson ST, Ihrig M, O'Mara EM, et al. Use of an estimation method to derive an appropriate denominator to calculate central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infection rates [published erratum appears in Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998;19:304]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998;19:28-31.
26. Cobb DK, High KP, Sawyer RG, et al. A controlled trial of scheduled replacement of central venous and pulmonary-artery catheters. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1062-1068.
27. Gastmeier P, Weist K, Ruden H. Catheter-associated primary bloodstream infections: epidemiology and preventive methods. Infection 1999;27:S1-S6.
28. Brodie SB, Sands KE, Gray JE, et al. Occurence of nosocomial bloodstream infections in six neonatal intensive care units. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:56-65.
29. Goetz AM, Wagener MM, Miller JM, Muder RR. Risk of infection due to central venous catheters: effect of site of placement and catheter type. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998;19:842-845.
30. Ma TY, Yoshinaka R, Banaag A, et al. Total parenteral nutrition via multilumen catheters does not increase the risk of catheter-related sepsis: a randomized, prospective study. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:500-503.
31. Gil RT, Kruse JA, Thill BM, Carlson RW. Triple- vs single-lumen central venous catheters. A prospective study in a critically ill population. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:1139-1143.
32. Farkas JC, Liu N, Bleriot JP, et al. Single-versus triple-lumen central catheter-related sepsis: a prospective randomized study in a critically ill population. Am J Med 1992;93: 277-282.
33. Richet H, Hubert B, Nitemberg G, et al. Prospective multicenter study of vascularcatheter-related complications and risk factors for positive central-catheter cultures in intensive care unit patients. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:2520-2525.
34. Gowardman JR, Montgomery C, Thirlwell S, et al. Central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections: an analysis of incidence and risk factors in a cohort of 400 patients. Intensive Care Med 1998;24:1034-1039.
35. Charalambous C, Swoboda SM, Dick J, et al. Risk factors and clinical impact of central line infections in the surgical intensive care unit. Arch Surg 1998;133: 1241-1246.
36. Durbec O, Viviand X, Potie F, et al. A prospective evaluation of the use of femoral venous catheters in critically ill adults. Crit Care Med 1997;25:1986-1989.
37. Freeman J, Goldmann DA, Smith NE, et al. Association of intravenous lipid emulsion and coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia in neonatal intensive care units. N Engl J Med 1990;323:301-308.
38. Avila FC, Goldmann DA, Richardson DK, et al. Intravenous lipid emulsions are the major determinant of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia in very low birth weight newborns. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17:10-17.
39. Keung YK, Watkins K, Chen SC, et al. Comparative study of infectious complications of different types of chronic central venous access devices. Cancer 1994;73:2832-2837.
40. Groeger JS, Lucas AB, Thaler HT, et al. Infectious morbidity associated with long-term use of venous access devices in patients with cancer. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:1168-1174.
41. Groeger JS, Lucas AB, Coit D, et al. A prospective, randomized evaluation of the effect of silver impregnated subcutaneous cuffs for preventing tunneled chronic venous access catheter infections in cancer patients. Ann Surg 1993;218:206-210.
42. Skoutelis AT, Murphy RL, MacDonell KB, et al. Indwelling central venous catheter infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1990;3:335-342.
43. Astagneau P, Maugat S, Tran-Minh T, et al. Long-term central venous catheter infection in HIV-infected and cancer patients: a multi-center cohort study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20:494-498.
44. Bacci S, Samore M, Allan JD, et al. Venous access discs are associated with increased risk of bacteremia compared to Hickman catheters in HIV-infected individuals. Abstracts of the 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. October 1993 (abstract).
45. Loughran SC, Borzatta M. Peripherally inserted central catheters: a report of 2506 catheter days. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1995;19:133-136.
46. Smith JR, Friedell ML, Cheatham ML, et al. Peripherally inserted central catheters revisited. Am J Surg 1998;176:208-211.
47. Cardella JF, Cardella K, Bacci N, et al. Cumulative experience with 1273 peripherally inserted central catheters at a single institution. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996;7:5-13.
48. Duerksen DR, Papineau N, Siemens J, Yaffe C. Peripherally inserted central catheters for parenteral nutrition: a comparison with centrally inserted catheters. J Parenter Enteral Nutr (JPEN). 1999;23:85-89.
49. Danzig LE, Short LJ, Collins K, et al. Blood-stream infections associated with a needleless intravenous infusion system in patients receiving home infusion therapy. JAMA 1995;273: 1862-1864.
50. Do AN, Ray BJ, Banerjee SN, et al. Bloodstream infection associated with needleless device use and the importance of infection-control practices in the home health care setting. J Infect Dis 1999;179:442-448.
51. McDonald LC, Banerjee SN, Janis WR. Line-associated bloodstream infections in pediatric intensive-care-unit patients associated with a needleless device and intermittent intravenous therapy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998;19:772-777.
52. Duncan RA. Nursing staffing and central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections (CVC-BSIs) in a changing surgical intensive care unit (SICU). Abstracts of the 9th Annual Meeting of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. 1999 (abstract).
53. Fridkin SK, Pear SM, Williamson TH, et al. The role of understaffing in central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:150-158.
54. Doolcy DP, Garcia A, Kelly JW, et al. Validation of catheter semiquantitative culture technique for nonstaphylococcal organisms. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:409-412.
55. Maki DG, Jarrett F, Sarafin H. A semiquantitative culture method for identification of catheter-related infection in the burn patient. J Surg Res 1977;22:513-520.
56. Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin H. A semi-quantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection. N Engl J Med 1977;296:1305-1309.
57. Sherertz RJ, Heard SO, Raad II. Diagnosis of triple-lumen catheter infection: comparison of roll plate, sonication, and flushing methodologies. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35: 641-646.
58. Markus S, Buday S. Culturing indwelling central venous catheters in situ. Infect Surg May 1989:157-162.
59. Kite P, Dobbins BM, Wilcox MH, et al. Evaluation of a novel endoluminal brush method for in situ diagnosis of catheter related sepsis. J Clin Pathol 1997;50:278-282.
60. Siegman IY, Anglim AM, Shapiro DE, et al. Diagnosis of vascular catheter-related blood-stream infection: a meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:928-936.
61. Raad II, Holm DC, Gilbreath BJ, et al. Prevention of central venous catheter-related infections by using maximal sterile barrier precautions during insertion. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15:231-238.
62. Maas A, Flament P, Pardou A, et al. Central venous catheter-related bacteraemia in critically ill neonates: risk factors and impact of a prevention programme. J Hosp Infect 1998; 40:211-224.
63. Mermel L. Central venous catheter-related infections and their prevention: is there enough evidence to recommend tunneling for short-term use? Crit Care Med 1998; 26:1315-1316.
64. Madeo M, Martin CR, Turner C, et al. A randomized trial comparing Arglaes (a transparent dressing containing silver ions) to Tegaderm (a transparent polyurethane dressing) for dressing peripheral arterial catheters and central vascular catheters. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 1998;14:187-191.
65. Conly JM, Grieves K, Peters B. A prospective, randomized study comparing transparent and dry gauze dressings for central venous catheters. J Infect Dis 1989;159:310-319.
66. Young GP, Alexeyeff M, Russell DM, Thomas RJ. Catheter sepsis during parenteral nutrition: the safety of long-term OpSite dressings. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1988;12: 365-370.
67. Maki DG, Stolz SS, Wheeler S, Mermel LA. A prospective, randomized trial of gauze and two polyurethane dressings for site care of pulmonary artery catheters: implications for catheter management. Crit Care Med 1994; 22:1729-1737.
68. Maki DG, Ringer M. Evaluation of dressing regimens for prevention of infection with peripheral intravenous catheters. Gauze, a transparent polyurethane dressing, and an iodophor-transparent dressing. JAMA 1987; 258:2396-2403.
69. Maki DG, Ringer M, Alvarado CJ. Prospective randomised trial of povidoneiodine, alcohol, and chlorhexidine for prevention of infection associated with central venous and arterial catheters. Lancet 1991; 338:339-343.
70. Timsit JF, Sebille V, Farkas JC, et al. Effect of subcutaneous tunneling on internal jugular catheter-related sepsis in critically ill patients: a prospective randomized multicenter study. JAMA 1996;276:1416-1420.
71. Timsit JF, Bruneel F, Cheval C, et al. Use of tunneled femoral catheters to prevent catheter-related infection. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999;130: 729-735.
72. Randolph AG, Cook DJ, Gonzales CA, Brun BC. Tunneling short-term central venous catheters to prevent catheter-related infection: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Crit Care Med 1998;26: 1452-1457.
73. Hoffmann KK, Weber DJ, Samsa GP, Rutala WA. Transparent polyurethane film as an intravenous catheter dressing. A meta-analysis of the infection risks. JAMA 1992;267:2072-2076.
74. Maki DG, Mermel L, Martin M, et al. A highly-semipermeable polyurethane dressing docs not increase the risk of CVC-related BSI: a prospective, multicenter, investigator-blinded trial. Abstracts from the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. September 1996:62-62 (abstract).
75. Pettigrew RA, Lang SD, Haydock DA, et al. Catheter-related sepsis in patients on intravenous nutrition: a prospective study of quantitative catheter cultures and guidewire changes for suspected sepsis. Br J Surg 1985; 72:52-55.
76. Bozzetti F, Terno G, Bonfanti G, et al. Prevention and treatment of central venous catheter sepsis by exchange via a guidewire. A prospective controlled trial. Ann Surg 1983; 198:48-52.
77. Armstrong CW, Mayhall CG, Miller KB, et al. Prospective study of catheter replacement and other risk factors for infection of hyperalimentation catheters. J Infect Dis 1986;154:808-816.
78. Eyer S, Brummitt C, Crossley K, et al. Catheter-related sepsis: prospective, randomized study of three methods of long-term catheter maintenance. Crit Care Med 1990; 18:1073-1079.
79. Cook D, Randolph A, Kernerman P, et al. Central venous catheter replacement strategies: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med 1997;25:1417-1424.
80. Schierholz JM, Rump AF, Pulverer G, Beuth J. Anti-infective catheters: novel strategies to prevent nosocomial infections in oncology. Anticancer Res 1998;18:3629-3638.
81. Pearson ML, Abrutyn E. Reducing the risk for catheter-related infections: a new strategy [editorial; comment]. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127:304-306.
82. Eickhoff T. The 1999 SHEA meeting: a big win for biotechnology. Infect Dis News 1999:4-5.
83. Jansen B, Kristinsson KG, Jansen S, Peters G, Pulverer G. In-vitro efficacy of a central venous catheter complexed with iodine to prevent bacterial colonization. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992;30:135-139.
84. Flowers RH, Schwenzer KJ, Kopel RF, et al. Efficacy of an attachable subcutaneous cuff for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infection. A randomized, controlled trial. JAMA 1989;261:878-883.
85. Maki DG, Cobb L, Garman JK, et al. An attachable silver-impregnated cuff for prevention of infection with central venous catheters: a prospective randomized multi-center trial. Am J Med 1988;85:307-314.
86. Kamal GD, Pfaller MA, Rempe LE, Jebson PJ. Reduced intravascular catheter infection by antibiotic bonding. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. JAMA 1991;265: 2364-2368.
87. Rackoff WR, Weiman M, Jakobowski D, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of the efficacy of a heparin and vancomycin solution in preventing central venous catheter infections in children. J Pediatr 1995;127:147-151.
88. Elliott TS, Tebbs SE. Prevention of central venous catheter-related infection. J Hosp Infect 1998;40:193-201.
89. Mermel LA, Stolz SM, Maki DG. Surface antimicrobial activity of heparin-bondcd and antiseptic-impregnated vascular catheters [published erratum appears in J Infect Dis 1993;168:1342]. J Infect Dis 1993;167:920-924.
90. Raad I, Darouiche R, Hachem R, et al. Antibiotics and prevention of microbial colonization of catheters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:2397-2400.
91. Raad II, Darouiche RO, Hachem R, et al. Antimicrobial durability and rare ultrastructural colonization of indwelling central catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin. Crit Care Med 1998;26:219-224.
92. Maki DG, Stolz SM, Wheeler S, Mermel LA. Prevention of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection by use of an antiseptic-impregnated catheter. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127:257-266.
93. Bach A. Impact of chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine-impregnated central venous catheters on in vitro quantitation of catheter-associated bacteria [letter; comment]. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:2640-2641.
94. Haxhe JJ, D'Hoore W. A meta-analysis dealing with the effectiveness of chlorhexidine and silver-suffadiazine impregnated central venous catheters. J Hosp Infect 1998;40:166-168.
95. Heard SO, Wagle M, Vijayakumar E, et al. Influence of triple-lumen central venous catheters coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazinc on the incidence of catheter-related bacteremia. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:81-87.
96. Logghe C, Van-Ossel C, D'Hoore W, et al. Evaluation of chlorhexidine and silver-sulfadiazine impregnated central venous catheters for the prevention of bloodstream infection in leukaemic patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Hosp Infect 1997;37:145-156.
97. Tennenberg S, Lieser M, McCurdy B, et al. A prospective randomized trial of an antibiotic- and antiseptic-coated central venous catheter in the prevention of catheter-related infections. Arch Surg 1997;132: 1348-1351.
98. Veenstra DL, Saint S, Saha S, et al. Efficacy of antiseptic-impregnated central venous catheters in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infection: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1999;281:261-267.
99. Yasukawa T, Fujita Y, Sari A. Antimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1762.
100. Raad I, Darouiche R, Hachem R, et al. The broad-spectrum activity and efficacy of catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin. J Infect Dis 1996;173:418-424.
101. Raad I, Darouiche R, Dupuis J, et al. Central venous catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin for the prevention of catheter-related colonization and blood-stream infections. A randomized, double-blind trial. The Texas Medical Center Catheter Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:267-274.
102. Darouiche RO, Raad II, Heard SO, et al. A comparison of two antimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters. Catheter Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1-8.
103. Raad I, Davis S, Khan A, et al. Impact of central venous catheter removal on the recurrence of catheter-related coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:215-221.
104. Lokich JJ, Bothe A, Benotti P, Moore C. Complications and management of implanted venous access catheters. J Clin Oncol 1985;3: 710-717.
105. Schuman ES, Winters V, Gross GF, Hayes JF. Management of Hickman catheter sepsis. Am J Surg 1985;149:627-628.
106. Raad II, Sabbagh MF. Optimal duration of therapy for catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a study of 55 cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:75-82.
107. Malanoski GJ, Samore MH, Pefanis A, Karchmer AW. Staphylococcus aureus catheter-associated bacteremia. Minimal effective therapy and unusual infectious complications associated with arterial sheath catheters. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1161-1166.
108. Rahal JJ. Preventing second-generation complications due to Staphylococcus aureus. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:503-504.
109. Jernigan JA, Farr BM. Short-course therapy of catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:304-311.
110. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1325-1330.
111. Strinden WD, Helgerson RB, Maki DG. Candida septic thrombosis of the great central veins associated with central catheters. Clinical features and management. Ann Surg 1985;202:653-658.
112. Verghese A, Widrich WC, Arbeit RD. Central venous septic thrombophlebitis - the role of medical therapy. Medicine Baltimore 1985;64:394-400.
113. Pittet D, Tarara D, Wenzel RP. Nosocomial bloodstream infection in critically ill patients. Excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality. JAMA 1994;271: 1598-1601.
114. Soufir L, Timsit JF, Mahe C, et al. Attributable morbidity and mortality of catheter-related septicemia in critically ill patients: a matched, risk-adjusted, cohort study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20:396-401.