Toward new narratives of twentieth-century medicine

Bulletin of the History of Medicine

Volumn 74, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 786-793

  Dwyer, Ellen ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; HUMAN; PSYCHIATRY; PSYCHOSURGERY; UNITED STATES;

HISTORIOGRAPHY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; PSYCHIATRY; PSYCHOSURGERY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0034564373     PISSN: 00075140     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2000.0176     Document Type: Review

References (39)

1. Jack D. Pressman, Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
2. Other historians of medicine are tackling this project but much remains to be done. For an example in a very different field, see Bruce Fye, American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and its College (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
3. Among the many works that discuss this phenomenon are Gerald Grob, Mental Illness and American Society, 1875-1940 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983) and Bonnie Ellen Blustein, Preserve Your Love for Science: Life of William A. Hammond, American Neurologist (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
4. Among the many works that discuss this phenomenon are Gerald Grob, Mental Illness and American Society, 1875-1940 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983) and Bonnie Ellen Blustein, Preserve Your Love for Science: Life of William A. Hammond, American Neurologist (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
5. Pressman, Last Resort (n. 1), pp. 39-40. Pressman tells this story in two chapters, "Psychiatry's Renaissance" (pp. 19-46) and "Medicine Controlled: Psychiatry's Evolution as a Science and a Profession" (pp. 263-99).
6. Pressman, Last Resort (n. 1), pp. 39-40. Pressman tells this story in two chapters, "Psychiatry's Renaissance" (pp. 19-46) and "Medicine Controlled: Psychiatry's Evolution as a Science and a Profession" (pp. 263-99).
7. Pressman, Last Resort (n. 1), pp. 39-40. Pressman tells this story in two chapters, "Psychiatry's Renaissance" (pp. 19-46) and "Medicine Controlled: Psychiatry's Evolution as a Science and a Profession" (pp. 263-99).
8. The quotation comes from a letter written by Harvey Cushing to Lewis Weed just before the end of the war, on 10 November 1918. In August of 1934, Harvey Cushing recalled this effort in a letter to Alan Gregg. Both letters are quoted in John Fulton, Harvey Cushing: A Biography (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1946), pp. 443 and 445.
9. Pressman, Last Resort (n. 1), pp. 39-40.
10. Ibid.
11. The intense interest of historians of neurology in the years before 1918 can be seen both in journals like the History of the Neurosciences and in the programs of the related professional organizations.
12. A good example is Edward Shorter's A History of Psychiatry from the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac (New York: Wiley, 1997). For instance, his discussion of the Rockefeller Foundation's funding of "the basic psychiatric sciences" in the 1930s describes "neurophysiology and neurology" as the most important of these (p. 263).
13. Epilepsy and the Convulsive State: An Investigation of the Most Recent Advances, parts 1 and 2 (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1931). Part 1 consisted of papers from the December 1922 meeting of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease, and part 2 of papers from the December 1929 meeting. (Their cover pages suggest that both parts contain papers from that first meeting, but the preliminary editors' notes indicate that this is not the case.)
14. Walter Timme, "Introduction: Presidential Address," ibid., part 1, pp. 1-4, quotation on p. 1.
15. Edward C. Streeter, "A Note on the History of the Convulsive State Prior to Boerhaave," ibid., pp. 5-29; Stanley Cobb, "A Report of Plans and Progress in the Investigation of Convulsions at the Harvard Medical School," ibid., pp. 176-82.
16. Edward C. Streeter, "A Note on the History of the Convulsive State Prior to Boerhaave," ibid., pp. 5-29; Stanley Cobb, "A Report of Plans and Progress in the Investigation of Convulsions at the Harvard Medical School," ibid., pp. 176-82.
17. L. Pierce Clark, "The Psychobiologic Concept of Essential Epilepsy," ibid., pp. 65-74.
18. Ibid., p. 65.
19. Ibid., p. 67.
20. Ibid.
21. "Discussion," ibid., pp. 74-79.
22. Foster Kennedy, "On the Nature of Fits," ibid., part 2, pp. 30-40; "Discussion," ibid., part 2, pp. 40-44.
23. Foster Kennedy, "On the Nature of Fits," ibid., part 2, pp. 30-40; "Discussion," ibid., part 2, pp. 40-44.
24. Edwin F. Gildea and Stanley Cobb, "The Effects of Anemia on the Cerebral Cortex of the Cat," ibid., pp. 231-68; Leo M. Davidoff and Nicholas Kopeloff, "Repeated Experimental Convulsive Seizures in Rabbits," ibid., pp. 183-91.
25. Edwin F. Gildea and Stanley Cobb, "The Effects of Anemia on the Cerebral Cortex of the Cat," ibid., pp. 231-68; Leo M. Davidoff and Nicholas Kopeloff, "Repeated Experimental Convulsive Seizures in Rabbits," ibid., pp. 183-91.
26. George W. Swift, "The Posterior Fossa in Epilepsy," ibid., pp. 269-91; Harold A. Patterson, "Some Observations on Blood Calcium Content in Epilepsy," ibid., pp. 387-98.
27. George W. Swift, "The Posterior Fossa in Epilepsy," ibid., pp. 269-91; Harold A. Patterson, "Some Observations on Blood Calcium Content in Epilepsy," ibid., pp. 387-98.
28. William G. Lennox and Stanley Cobb, "The Non-Institutional Epileptic," ibid., pp. 358-72.
29. The section on treatment contained the following essays: O. Foerster and Wilder Penfield, "The Structural Basis of Traumatic Epilepsy and Results of Radical Operation," ibid., pp. 569-91; Temple Fay, "The Therapeutic Effect of Dehydration on Epileptic Patients," ibid., pp. 592-622; Irvin McQuarrie, Clark Husted, and R. C. Manchester, "The Effect of Induced Changes in the State of Hydration upon the Occurrence of Seizures in Epileptic Children," ibid., pp. 623-37; Clifford J. Barborka, "Results of Treatment by Ketogenic Diet in One Hundred Cases of Epilepsy in Adults," ibid., pp. 638-58; Clifton F. McClintic, "A Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy," ibid., pp. 659-66; Joshua Rosett, "Experiments on the Induction of Sleep in Epileptics," ibid., pp. 667-79.
30. The section on treatment contained the following essays: O. Foerster and Wilder Penfield, "The Structural Basis of Traumatic Epilepsy and Results of Radical Operation," ibid., pp. 569-91; Temple Fay, "The Therapeutic Effect of Dehydration on Epileptic Patients," ibid., pp. 592-622; Irvin McQuarrie, Clark Husted, and R. C. Manchester, "The Effect of Induced Changes in the State of Hydration upon the Occurrence of Seizures in Epileptic Children," ibid., pp. 623-37; Clifford J. Barborka, "Results of Treatment by Ketogenic Diet in One Hundred Cases of Epilepsy in Adults," ibid., pp. 638-58; Clifton F. McClintic, "A Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy," ibid., pp. 659-66; Joshua Rosett, "Experiments on the Induction of Sleep in Epileptics," ibid., pp. 667-79.
31. The section on treatment contained the following essays: O. Foerster and Wilder Penfield, "The Structural Basis of Traumatic Epilepsy and Results of Radical Operation," ibid., pp. 569-91; Temple Fay, "The Therapeutic Effect of Dehydration on Epileptic Patients," ibid., pp. 592-622; Irvin McQuarrie, Clark Husted, and R. C. Manchester, "The Effect of Induced Changes in the State of Hydration upon the Occurrence of Seizures in Epileptic Children," ibid., pp. 623-37; Clifford J. Barborka, "Results of Treatment by Ketogenic Diet in One Hundred Cases of Epilepsy in Adults," ibid., pp. 638-58; Clifton F. McClintic, "A Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy," ibid., pp. 659-66; Joshua Rosett, "Experiments on the Induction of Sleep in Epileptics," ibid., pp. 667-79.
32. The section on treatment contained the following essays: O. Foerster and Wilder Penfield, "The Structural Basis of Traumatic Epilepsy and Results of Radical Operation," ibid., pp. 569-91; Temple Fay, "The Therapeutic Effect of Dehydration on Epileptic Patients," ibid., pp. 592-622; Irvin McQuarrie, Clark Husted, and R. C. Manchester, "The Effect of Induced Changes in the State of Hydration upon the Occurrence of Seizures in Epileptic Children," ibid., pp. 623-37; Clifford J. Barborka, "Results of Treatment by Ketogenic Diet in One Hundred Cases of Epilepsy in Adults," ibid., pp. 638-58; Clifton F. McClintic, "A Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy," ibid., pp. 659-66; Joshua Rosett, "Experiments on the Induction of Sleep in Epileptics," ibid., pp. 667-79.
33. The section on treatment contained the following essays: O. Foerster and Wilder Penfield, "The Structural Basis of Traumatic Epilepsy and Results of Radical Operation," ibid., pp. 569-91; Temple Fay, "The Therapeutic Effect of Dehydration on Epileptic Patients," ibid., pp. 592-622; Irvin McQuarrie, Clark Husted, and R. C. Manchester, "The Effect of Induced Changes in the State of Hydration upon the Occurrence of Seizures in Epileptic Children," ibid., pp. 623-37; Clifford J. Barborka, "Results of Treatment by Ketogenic Diet in One Hundred Cases of Epilepsy in Adults," ibid., pp. 638-58; Clifton F. McClintic, "A Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy," ibid., pp. 659-66; Joshua Rosett, "Experiments on the Induction of Sleep in Epileptics," ibid., pp. 667-79.
34. The section on treatment contained the following essays: O. Foerster and Wilder Penfield, "The Structural Basis of Traumatic Epilepsy and Results of Radical Operation," ibid., pp. 569-91; Temple Fay, "The Therapeutic Effect of Dehydration on Epileptic Patients," ibid., pp. 592-622; Irvin McQuarrie, Clark Husted, and R. C. Manchester, "The Effect of Induced Changes in the State of Hydration upon the Occurrence of Seizures in Epileptic Children," ibid., pp. 623-37; Clifford J. Barborka, "Results of Treatment by Ketogenic Diet in One Hundred Cases of Epilepsy in Adults," ibid., pp. 638-58; Clifton F. McClintic, "A Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy," ibid., pp. 659-66; Joshua Rosett, "Experiments on the Induction of Sleep in Epileptics," ibid., pp. 667-79.
35. L. Pierce Clark, "Epilepsy," in Modern Medicine: Its Theory and Practice, vol. 6, Diseases of the Nervous System: Disease and Abnormalities of the Mind, ed. William Osler, rev. Thomas McCrae, 3d. ed. (Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1925-1928), pp. 596-624.
36. R. W. Waggoner, "Encephalography," Amer. J. Med. Sci., 1927, 174: 459-66, quotation on p. 464.
37. William J. Lennox and Stanley Cobb, "Epilepsy from the Standpoint of Physiology and Treatment," Medicine, 1928, 7: 105-290, quotation on p. 254.
38. For a discussion of earlier symptoms of this tension, see John C. Burnham, "The Founding of the Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry; or, What Was Wrong with thr Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease?", J. Hist. Med. & Allied Sci., 1981, 36:310-24.
39. At the institutional level, I am particularly interested in the efforts in the late 1930s and early 1940s by first Lawrence Kolb and then Robert Felix to establish a National Neuropsychiatric Institute in the Public Health Service. When their efforts finally bore fruit in 1949, however, the resulting center had been renamed the National Institute of Mental Health. According to Gerald Grob, this name shift involved "more than semantic differences" and suggested the continuing differences between problems seen as strictly neurological and mental disorders (Gerald N. Grob, From Asylum to Community: Mental Health Policy in Modern America [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991], pp. 45-54).