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Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 271-300

Marriage for the New Millennium: Heterosexual, Same Sex - Or Not at All?

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EID: 0034563405     PISSN: 0014729X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (14)

References (52)
  • 1
    • 0043186536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • infra note 9
    • See Basedow et al., infra note 9.
    • Basedow1
  • 2
    • 0042234961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family Law in the Age of Distrust
    • While publication schedules prevented me from considering the many valuable contributions in this journal's Millennium issue, I simply must refer here to Carl Schneider's insightful discourse on the decline of interpersonal commitment. Carl Schneider, Family Law in the Age of Distrust, 33 FAM. L.Q. 447 (1999).
    • (1999) Fam. L.Q. , vol.33 , pp. 447
    • Schneider, C.1
  • 3
    • 0034402392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Paradox of Family Privacy
    • Review, for the United States, the issue whether the U.S. Constitution may consider the institutional interests of a couple or the family or that of society in the family, or whether the U.S. Constitution speaks only to individuals, or at most, the sum of the individuals involved. See David Meyer, The Paradox of Family Privacy, 53 VANDERBILT L. REV. 527 (2000).
    • (2000) Vanderbilt L. Rev. , vol.53 , pp. 527
    • Meyer, D.1
  • 4
    • 0042685453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. (8 Otto) 145 (1878)
    • Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. (8 Otto) 145 (1878).
  • 7
    • 0042184335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra Part III
    • See supra Part III.
  • 8
    • 0347683533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Potential Impact of Homosexual Parenting on Children
    • Lynn Wardle, The Potential Impact of Homosexual Parenting on Children, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 833-920; Carlos Ball & Janice Pea, Warring With Wardle: Morality, Social Science and Gay and Lesbians Parents, 1998 U. ILL. L. REV. 253; Lynn Wardle, Fighting With Phantoms: A Reply, 1998 U. ILL. L. REV. 629.
    • (1997) U. ILL. L. Rev. , pp. 833-920
    • Wardle, L.1
  • 9
    • 0346072415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warring with Wardle: Morality, Social Science and Gay and Lesbians Parents
    • Lynn Wardle, The Potential Impact of Homosexual Parenting on Children, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 833-920; Carlos Ball & Janice Pea, Warring With Wardle: Morality, Social Science and Gay and Lesbians Parents, 1998 U. ILL. L. REV. 253; Lynn Wardle, Fighting With Phantoms: A Reply, 1998 U. ILL. L. REV. 629.
    • (1998) U. ILL. L. Rev. , pp. 253
    • Ball, C.1    Pea, J.2
  • 10
    • 0348194814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fighting with Phantoms: A Reply
    • Lynn Wardle, The Potential Impact of Homosexual Parenting on Children, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 833-920; Carlos Ball & Janice Pea, Warring With Wardle: Morality, Social Science and Gay and Lesbians Parents, 1998 U. ILL. L. REV. 253; Lynn Wardle, Fighting With Phantoms: A Reply, 1998 U. ILL. L. REV. 629.
    • (1998) U. ILL. L. Rev. , pp. 629
    • Wardle, L.1
  • 11
    • 0041683625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die Rechtsstellung gleichgeschlechtlicher Lebensgemeinschaften
    • Mohr Siebeck
    • At the request of and for the use of the German Ministry of Justice, a detailed review was undertaken in 1998-99 of the laws of the Nordic countries, the Netherlands, France, Spain and Spanish-derived legal systems, Hungary, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and published along with papers detailing the Roman Catholic position, the theological views of European Protestant denominations, a "sexual-scientific" view of homosexuality as well as a social scientist's paper on the effect of same sex partnerships on children. J. Basedow, K. Hopt, H. Koetz & P. Dopffel, eds., Die Rechtsstellung gleichgeschlechtlicher Lebensgemeinschaften, BEITRAEGE ZUM AUSLAENDISCHEN UND INTERNATIONALEN PRIVATRECHT #70 (Mohr Siebeck 2000) (originally prepared and published with limited circulation as "Gutachten fuer das Bundesministerium der Justiz, erstattet vom Max Planck Institut, Hamburg, Juli 1999"). Understandably (at least in one sense of the word), the papers - except the British and U.S. contributions - are in the German language.
    • (2000) Beitraege zum Auslaendischen und Internationalen Privatrecht #70
    • Basedow, J.1    Hopt, K.2    Koetz, H.3    Dopffel, P.4
  • 12
    • 0041683612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Baker v. State of Vermont, 744 A.2d 864 (Vt., Dec. 20, 1999)
  • 13
    • 12444263146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basedow et al., supra note 9
    • For up-to-date detail on the broad spectrum of state and federal legislation on same-sex relationships and marriage, see Harry D. Krause, U.S. American Law on Same Sex Marriage, Formal and Informal Same-Sex and Heterosexual Cohabitation, in Basedow et al., supra note 9, at 187-273. Given the relative difficulty of locating this "foreign" book in the United States, reprints of his chapter are available from the author on request.
    • U.S. American Law on Same Sex Marriage, Formal and Informal Same-Sex and Heterosexual Cohabitation , pp. 187-273
    • Krause, H.D.1
  • 14
    • 0042184327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baehr v. Lewin, 852 P.2d 44 (Haw. 1993).
    • Baehr v. Lewin, 852 P.2d 44 (Haw. 1993).
  • 15
    • 0041683569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baehr v. Miike, 910 P.2d 112 (1999).
    • Baehr v. Miike, 910 P.2d 112 (1999).
  • 16
    • 0042184328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baker v. State, 744 A.2d 864 (Vt. 1999).
    • Baker v. State, 744 A.2d 864 (Vt. 1999).
  • 17
    • 0042685450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In April 2000, Vermont's legislature enacted a detailed "civil union" statute, to provide same-sex couples "the opportunity to obtain same benefits and protections afforded by Vermont law to married opposite-sex couples." 1999 Vermont H.B. 847.
  • 18
    • 85037403113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feb. 25
    • N.Y. TIMES, Feb. 25, 2000, at A1.
    • (2000) N.Y. Times
  • 19
    • 25744436012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mar. 4
    • N.Y. TIMES, Mar. 4, 2000, at A30.
    • (2000) N.Y. Times
  • 20
    • 0042685401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the very Act legalizing same-sex partnerships! See supra note 15, § 1(1)
    • In the very Act legalizing same-sex partnerships! See supra note 15, § 1(1).
  • 21
    • 0041683621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Adhering to the English tradition, U.S. American law still commingles religious and civil marriage. The law requires a civil license, but allows a (civil or) religious pronouncement to be the last official word in formalizing the marriage.
  • 22
    • 0042184331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Consider for now only the agitated constitutional, political, and popular current controversy over posting the "Ten Commandments" (accepted by Jews, Muslims and Christians - albeit with slightly different wordings, at least in English, but Moses spoke no English) in school rooms, as well as the more complex issue of issuing private school vouchers that may be "cashed" in at parochial schools.
  • 23
    • 0043186482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • BVerfG, Beschluß v. 14. 11. 1973-1 BvR 719/69-, FamRZ 1974, 122 = NJW 1974, 545, 546 (Author's translation).
  • 24
    • 0000847375 scopus 로고
    • 30 AM. PSYCHOL. 1103 (1975).
    • (1975) Am. Psychol. , vol.30 , pp. 1103
  • 25
    • 0043186480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
    • Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
  • 26
    • 0043186481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967).
    • Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967).
  • 27
    • 0041683626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986).
    • Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986).
  • 28
    • 0041683622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996).
    • Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996).
  • 29
    • 0041683620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 (1878).
    • Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 (1878).
  • 30
    • 0041683615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra note 24.
    • See supra note 24.
  • 31
    • 0347933967 scopus 로고
    • Moral Foundations for a Discourse on Same-Sex Marriage
    • Cf. discussion in Carlos Ball, Moral Foundations For a Discourse on Same-Sex Marriage, 85 GEO. L.J. 1871, 1878-79.
    • (1871) Geo. L.J. , vol.85 , pp. 1878-1879
    • Ball, C.1
  • 32
    • 0043186530 scopus 로고
    • Sept. 12
    • N.Y. TIMES, Sept. 12, 1983.
    • (1983) N.Y. Times
  • 33
    • 25844512274 scopus 로고
    • April 29
    • N.Y. TIMES, April 29, 1984.
    • (1984) N.Y. Times
  • 34
    • 0042685402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potter v. Murray City, 760 F.2d 1065 (10th Cir. 1985)
    • Potter v. Murray City, 760 F.2d 1065 (10th Cir. 1985).
  • 35
    • 0043186531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feb. 28, Magazine
    • N.Y. TIMES, Feb. 28, 1999, (Magazine), at 51-55.
    • (1999) N.Y. Times , pp. 51-55
  • 36
    • 27044443773 scopus 로고
    • Apr. 9
    • N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 9, 1991, at A8. Gary Becker, the 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics, would side with Elizabeth on grounds of economic efficiency. See GARY S. BECKER, A TREATISE ON THE FAMILY 58-65, at 62, 64 (1981): "In light of the previous analysis, it should not be surprising that efficient women are more likely to prefer part of the attention of efficient men when the marginal contribution of women to output is greater."
    • (1991) N.Y. Times
  • 37
    • 25744467636 scopus 로고
    • N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 9, 1991, at A8. Gary Becker, the 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics, would side with Elizabeth on grounds of economic efficiency. See GARY S. BECKER, A TREATISE ON THE FAMILY 58-65, at 62, 64 (1981): "In light of the previous analysis, it should not be surprising that efficient women are more likely to prefer part of the attention of efficient men when the marginal contribution of women to output is greater."
    • (1981) A Treatise on the Family , vol.58-65 , pp. 62
    • Becker, G.S.1
  • 38
    • 0007143157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feb. 20
    • N.Y. TIMES, Feb. 20, 2000.
    • (2000) N.Y. Times
  • 39
    • 0042685451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra note 28
    • Ball, supra note 28, at 1942-43.
    • Ball1
  • 40
    • 0039886264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What If? The Legal Consequences of Marriage and the Legal Needs of Lesbian and Gay Male Couples
    • David L. Chambers, What If? The Legal Consequences of Marriage and the Legal Needs of Lesbian and Gay Male Couples, 95 MICH. L. REV. 447, 460-61 (1996).
    • (1996) Mich. L. Rev. , vol.95 , pp. 447
    • Chambers, D.L.1
  • 41
    • 0043186533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 475
    • Id. at 475.
  • 42
    • 0041683624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 485-86
    • Id. at 485-86.
  • 43
    • 0043186534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In essence, "covenant marriage" imposes a new layer of formal obligations on, and makes divorce somewhat more difficult for, persons who opt into the "new" status which really is more like old-time marriage, though still with plenty of opportunity for divorce.
  • 46
    • 0041683566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family Ties: Solving the Constitutional Dilemma of the Faultless Father
    • See David Meyer, Family Ties: Solving the Constitutional Dilemma of the Faultless Father, 41 ARIZ. L. REV. 753 (1999); but cf. The Unmarried Father's Custodial Rights, in KRAUSE, supra note 6, ch. 11, 163-94.
    • (1999) Ariz. L. Rev. , vol.41 , pp. 753
    • Meyer, D.1
  • 47
    • 0042184271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra note 6, ch. 11
    • See David Meyer, Family Ties: Solving the Constitutional Dilemma of the Faultless Father, 41 ARIZ. L. REV. 753 (1999); but cf. The Unmarried Father's Custodial Rights, in KRAUSE, supra note 6, ch. 11, 163-94.
    • The Unmarried Father's Custodial Rights , pp. 163-194
    • Krause1
  • 48
    • 0043186535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra note 6, at
    • The Uniform Premarital Agreements Act, enacted in about 25 U.S. states, allows a premarital agreement to contract away nearly all post-divorce support responsibility, except when the dependent spouse would become a public burden. See KRAUSE, supra note 6, at 101-06.
    • Krause1
  • 49
    • 0043186477 scopus 로고
    • The Legal Position of Unmarried Couples
    • See Harry D. Krause, The Legal Position of Unmarried Couples, 34 AM. J. COMP. L. 533 (Supp. 1986).
    • (1986) Am. J. Comp. L. , vol.34 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 533
    • Krause, H.D.1
  • 51
    • 0041683623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The acceptance of a legally enforceable mutual support obligation should be a first candidate for equal application to any two people willing to enter such a pact, and would merit a "quid pro quo" from the taxpayer, the "quo" being that an enforceable partner-to-partner, spouse-to-spouse support obligation relieves the taxpayer of the potential risk of welfare expenditures, whether the partners are heterosexual or homosexual. Note, however, that the risk of dependency is vastly greater if the partnership has raised children. Similarly, while intestate succession poses no problems, it is less obvious that a forced share in the partner's estate should be extended to the surviving partner of a relationship that fell short of the kind of familial partnership that is implicit in child raising. Even that, however, is not necessarily gender-based. See infra note 48.
  • 52
    • 0042184333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • As mentioned above, the issue of the suitability of same-sex couples in terms of child rearing functions remains highly controversial and is likely to remain so for a time. In that discussion, appropriate distinctions have not always been made on the basis of the origin of the children - where at least three broad categories appear: The natural child of a divorced father or mother, a child conceived by "artificial conception" or "surrogate" motherhood by agreement of same-sex partners, and a child who is adopted by same-sex partners. Again, I shall leave that debate with citations to prominent - and thoughtful - exponents of both sides of the controversy. See supra note 8. On the adoption issue, however, I'd like to repeat the observation voiced in my "Gutachten," see supra note 9, at 240-42, that "all-or-nothing advocacy on the part of many writers on both sides leaves little room for the pragmatic view this author holds (and believes can be effectively held without taking sides in the underlying dispute) that - in a United States that is so overflowing with neglected or abandoned children in desperate need of some home and care - the issue of the "fitness" of a couple of same-sex parents transforms itself to the question of "compared to what" -certainly with respect to those children. One step at a time?"


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