A consumer service in interwar Britain: The hotel trade, 1924-1938

Business History Review

Volumn 74, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 657-682

  Pope, Rex ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LANCASHIRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034560248     PISSN: 00076805     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3116470     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. B. W. E. Alford, Britain in the World Economy since 1880 (London, 1996), 106-68; B. W. E. Alford, Depression and Recovery? British Economic Growth, 1918-1939 (London, 1972); Derek H. Aldcroft, The British Economy, vol. 1, The Years of Turmoil, 1920-51 (Brighton, U.K., 1986), 48-59; John A. Dowie, "Growth in the Inter-war Period: Some More Arithmetic," Economic History Review, 2nd series (1968): 93-112; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 47 (1994): 725-48; Ben Fine, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s: A Comment," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 52 (1999): 552-62; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and 'Systems of Provision': A Reply," Economic History Review 52 (1999): 563-7; Clive Lee, "The Service Industries," in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 2, 1860-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1994), 117-44; Robert Millward, "The U.K. Service Sector, Productivity Change and the Recession in Long-term Perspective," Service Industries Journal 8 (1988): 263-76.
2. B. W. E. Alford, Britain in the World Economy since 1880 (London, 1996), 106-68; B. W. E. Alford, Depression and Recovery? British Economic Growth, 1918-1939 (London, 1972); Derek H. Aldcroft, The British Economy, vol. 1, The Years of Turmoil, 1920-51 (Brighton, U.K., 1986), 48-59; John A. Dowie, "Growth in the Inter-war Period: Some More Arithmetic," Economic History Review, 2nd series (1968): 93-112; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 47 (1994): 725-48; Ben Fine, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s: A Comment," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 52 (1999): 552-62; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and 'Systems of Provision': A Reply," Economic History Review 52 (1999): 563-7; Clive Lee, "The Service Industries," in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 2, 1860-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1994), 117-44; Robert Millward, "The U.K. Service Sector, Productivity Change and the Recession in Long-term Perspective," Service Industries Journal 8 (1988): 263-76.
3. B. W. E. Alford, Britain in the World Economy since 1880 (London, 1996), 106-68; B. W. E. Alford, Depression and Recovery? British Economic Growth, 1918-1939 (London, 1972); Derek H. Aldcroft, The British Economy, vol. 1, The Years of Turmoil, 1920-51 (Brighton, U.K., 1986), 48-59; John A. Dowie, "Growth in the Inter-war Period: Some More Arithmetic," Economic History Review, 2nd series (1968): 93-112; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 47 (1994): 725-48; Ben Fine, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s: A Comment," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 52 (1999): 552-62; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and 'Systems of Provision': A Reply," Economic History Review 52 (1999): 563-7; Clive Lee, "The Service Industries," in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 2, 1860-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1994), 117-44; Robert Millward, "The U.K. Service Sector, Productivity Change and the Recession in Long-term Perspective," Service Industries Journal 8 (1988): 263-76.
4. B. W. E. Alford, Britain in the World Economy since 1880 (London, 1996), 106-68; B. W. E. Alford, Depression and Recovery? British Economic Growth, 1918-1939 (London, 1972); Derek H. Aldcroft, The British Economy, vol. 1, The Years of Turmoil, 1920-51 (Brighton, U.K., 1986), 48-59; John A. Dowie, "Growth in the Inter-war Period: Some More Arithmetic," Economic History Review, 2nd series (1968): 93-112; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 47 (1994): 725-48; Ben Fine, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s: A Comment," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 52 (1999): 552-62; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and 'Systems of Provision': A Reply," Economic History Review 52 (1999): 563-7; Clive Lee, "The Service Industries," in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 2, 1860-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1994), 117-44; Robert Millward, "The U.K. Service Sector, Productivity Change and the Recession in Long-term Perspective," Service Industries Journal 8 (1988): 263-76.
5. B. W. E. Alford, Britain in the World Economy since 1880 (London, 1996), 106-68; B. W. E. Alford, Depression and Recovery? British Economic Growth, 1918-1939 (London, 1972); Derek H. Aldcroft, The British Economy, vol. 1, The Years of Turmoil, 1920-51 (Brighton, U.K., 1986), 48-59; John A. Dowie, "Growth in the Inter-war Period: Some More Arithmetic," Economic History Review, 2nd series (1968): 93-112; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 47 (1994): 725-48; Ben Fine, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s: A Comment," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 52 (1999): 552-62; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and 'Systems of Provision': A Reply," Economic History Review 52 (1999): 563-7; Clive Lee, "The Service Industries," in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 2, 1860-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1994), 117-44; Robert Millward, "The U.K. Service Sector, Productivity Change and the Recession in Long-term Perspective," Service Industries Journal 8 (1988): 263-76.
6. B. W. E. Alford, Britain in the World Economy since 1880 (London, 1996), 106-68; B. W. E. Alford, Depression and Recovery? British Economic Growth, 1918-1939 (London, 1972); Derek H. Aldcroft, The British Economy, vol. 1, The Years of Turmoil, 1920-51 (Brighton, U.K., 1986), 48-59; John A. Dowie, "Growth in the Inter-war Period: Some More Arithmetic," Economic History Review, 2nd series (1968): 93-112; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 47 (1994): 725-48; Ben Fine, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s: A Comment," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 52 (1999): 552-62; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and 'Systems of Provision': A Reply," Economic History Review 52 (1999): 563-7; Clive Lee, "The Service Industries," in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 2, 1860-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1994), 117-44; Robert Millward, "The U.K. Service Sector, Productivity Change and the Recession in Long-term Perspective," Service Industries Journal 8 (1988): 263-76.
7. B. W. E. Alford, Britain in the World Economy since 1880 (London, 1996), 106-68; B. W. E. Alford, Depression and Recovery? British Economic Growth, 1918-1939 (London, 1972); Derek H. Aldcroft, The British Economy, vol. 1, The Years of Turmoil, 1920-51 (Brighton, U.K., 1986), 48-59; John A. Dowie, "Growth in the Inter-war Period: Some More Arithmetic," Economic History Review, 2nd series (1968): 93-112; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 47 (1994): 725-48; Ben Fine, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s: A Comment," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 52 (1999): 552-62; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and 'Systems of Provision': A Reply," Economic History Review 52 (1999): 563-7; Clive Lee, "The Service Industries," in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 2, 1860-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1994), 117-44; Robert Millward, "The U.K. Service Sector, Productivity Change and the Recession in Long-term Perspective," Service Industries Journal 8 (1988): 263-76.
8. B. W. E. Alford, Britain in the World Economy since 1880 (London, 1996), 106-68; B. W. E. Alford, Depression and Recovery? British Economic Growth, 1918-1939 (London, 1972); Derek H. Aldcroft, The British Economy, vol. 1, The Years of Turmoil, 1920-51 (Brighton, U.K., 1986), 48-59; John A. Dowie, "Growth in the Inter-war Period: Some More Arithmetic," Economic History Review, 2nd series (1968): 93-112; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 47 (1994): 725-48; Ben Fine, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s: A Comment," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 52 (1999): 552-62; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and 'Systems of Provision': A Reply," Economic History Review 52 (1999): 563-7; Clive Lee, "The Service Industries," in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 2, 1860-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1994), 117-44; Robert Millward, "The U.K. Service Sector, Productivity Change and the Recession in Long-term Perspective," Service Industries Journal 8 (1988): 263-76.
9. B. W. E. Alford, Britain in the World Economy since 1880 (London, 1996), 106-68; B. W. E. Alford, Depression and Recovery? British Economic Growth, 1918-1939 (London, 1972); Derek H. Aldcroft, The British Economy, vol. 1, The Years of Turmoil, 1920-51 (Brighton, U.K., 1986), 48-59; John A. Dowie, "Growth in the Inter-war Period: Some More Arithmetic," Economic History Review, 2nd series (1968): 93-112; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 47 (1994): 725-48; Ben Fine, "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain since the 1920s: A Comment," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 52 (1999): 552-62; Sue Bowden and Avner Offer, "Household Appliances and 'Systems of Provision': A Reply," Economic History Review 52 (1999): 563-7; Clive Lee, "The Service Industries," in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 2, 1860-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1994), 117-44; Robert Millward, "The U.K. Service Sector, Productivity Change and the Recession in Long-term Perspective," Service Industries Journal 8 (1988): 263-76.
10. Lee, "The Service Industries," 139-40; Stephen G. Jones, Workers at Play (London, 1986), 54; Richard Stone and D. A. Rowe, The Measurement of Consumers' Expenditure and Behaviour in the United Kingdom, 1920-1938 (Cambridge, U.K., 1966), 82.
11. Lee, "The Service Industries," 139-40; Stephen G. Jones, Workers at Play (London, 1986), 54; Richard Stone and D. A. Rowe, The Measurement of Consumers' Expenditure and Behaviour in the United Kingdom, 1920-1938 (Cambridge, U.K., 1966), 82.
12. Lee, "The Service Industries," 139-40; Stephen G. Jones, Workers at Play (London, 1986), 54; Richard Stone and D. A. Rowe, The Measurement of Consumers' Expenditure and Behaviour in the United Kingdom, 1920-1938 (Cambridge, U.K., 1966), 82.
13. Sheila Marriner, "Company Financial Statements as Source Materials for Business Historians," Business History Review 22 (1980): 203-35; James Foreman Peck, "Industry and Industrial Organisation in the Inter-war Years," in Floud and McCloskey, Economic History, 391.
14. Sheila Marriner, "Company Financial Statements as Source Materials for Business Historians," Business History Review 22 (1980): 203-35; James Foreman Peck, "Industry and Industrial Organisation in the Inter-war Years," in Floud and McCloskey, Economic History, 391.
15. Hotel Review 37 (April 1933).
16. Agatha L. Chapman and Rose Knight, Wages and Salaries in the United Kingdom, 1920-1938 (Cambridge, U.K., 1953), 210-1; Ministry of Labor Gazette 32 (Jan. 1924); 47 (Jan. 1939).
17. Agatha L. Chapman and Rose Knight, Wages and Salaries in the United Kingdom, 1920-1938 (Cambridge, U.K., 1953), 210-1; Ministry of Labor Gazette 32 (Jan. 1924); 47 (Jan. 1939).
18. Agatha L. Chapman and Rose Knight, Wages and Salaries in the United Kingdom, 1920-1938 (Cambridge, U.K., 1953), 210-1; Ministry of Labor Gazette 32 (Jan. 1924); 47 (Jan. 1939).
19. Jones, Workers at Play, 42.
20. Hotel Review 11 (Dec. 1919); Trust Houses Ltd. (Companies Register 76230), balance sheet, 1919-20; directors' report, 1903.
21. Trust Houses Ltd., balance sheet and directors' report, 1937-38.
22. RAC Guide and Handbook, 1932-33 (London, 1932).
23. Elaine Denby, Grand Hotels (London, 1998), 143-5, 236.
24. Savoy Hotel Ltd. (Companies Register 29022), balance sheet, 1920, 1938; Hotel Review 35 (May 1932).
25. P.R.O. RAIL 418/26: minutes of LMSR Hotel and Catering Committee, 28 May 1924; RAIL 418/29; minutes of LMSR Hotel and Catering Committee, 14 Dec. 1932.
26. P.R.O. AN 109/308, Gleneagles papers; P.R.O. RAIL 424/14: LMSR chairman's correspondence on hotel and dining-car services, controller's working account, 1938; RAC Guide and Handbook, 1932-33.
27. See John K. Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978).
28. Royal Commission on Licensing (England and Wales), Report, cmd. 3988 (1931), 58.
29. Hotel Review 21 (May 1925); 27 (Feb. 1927); 33 (March 1931).
30. Hotel Review 21 (May 1925); 27 (Feb. 1927); 33 (March 1931).
31. Hotel Review 21 (May 1925); 27 (Feb. 1927); 33 (March 1931).
32. Aldcroft, Years of Turmoil, 48-9; Dowie, "Growth"; Lee, "Service Industries"; Floud and McCloskey, Economic History, 126.
33. Aldcroft, Years of Turmoil, 48-9; Dowie, "Growth"; Lee, "Service Industries"; Floud and McCloskey, Economic History, 126.
34. Aldcroft, Years of Turmoil, 48-9; Dowie, "Growth"; Lee, "Service Industries"; Floud and McCloskey, Economic History, 126.
35. Aldcroft, Years of Turmoil, 48-9; Dowie, "Growth"; Lee, "Service Industries"; Floud and McCloskey, Economic History, 126.
36. Stone and Rowe, Consumers' Expenditure, 107.
37. Chapman and Knight, Wages and Salaries, 26-30; John Burnett, A History of the Cost of Living (Harmondsworth, 1969), 311.
38. Chapman and Knight, Wages and Salaries, 26-30; John Burnett, A History of the Cost of Living (Harmondsworth, 1969), 311.
39. Chapman and Knight, Wages and Salaries, 18-9, 104, 154, 201-2; Burnett, Cost of Living, 297, 300-1.
40. Chapman and Knight, Wages and Salaries, 18-9, 104, 154, 201-2; Burnett, Cost of Living, 297, 300-1.
41. Chapman and Knight, Wages and Salaries, 18-9.
42. Stone and Rowe, Consumers' Expenditure, 92.
43. Ministry of Labour Gazette 48 (Dec. 1940): 300-5.
44. Philip Massey, "The Expenditure of 1,360 British Middle-Class Households in 1938-39," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 150 (1942): 159-96.
45. Hotel Review 30 (November 1929).
46. P.R.O. RAIL 418/27: minutes of LMSR Hotel and Catering Committee, 14 Dec. 1927.
47. Ibid., 25 May 1927; Hotel Review 27 (Jan. 1928).
48. Hotel Review 37 (July 1933); 45 (May 1937); 46 (July 1937).
49. Hotel Review 37 (July 1933); 45 (May 1937); 46 (July 1937).
50. Hotel Review 37 (July 1933); 45 (May 1937); 46 (July 1937).
51. Trust Houses Ltd., balance sheets and directors' reports, 1917-18, 1920-21 to 1929-30; Hotel Review 12 (Feb. 1920); 13 (June 1921). The limited dividend on ordinary shares was unusual but seems to have been a reflection of the moral-improvement drive behind the original Trust House movement.
52. Trust Houses Ltd., balance sheets and directors' reports, 1917-18, 1920-21 to 1929-30; Hotel Review 12 (Feb. 1920); 13 (June 1921). The limited dividend on ordinary shares was unusual but seems to have been a reflection of the moral-improvement drive behind the original Trust House movement.
53. Trust Houses Ltd., balance sheets and directors' reports, 1930-31 to 1932-33.
54. ROI and ROCE are judged against "safe" alternative uses of investment or capital such as consols (long-term government bonds). A healthy return is one where the ROI or ROCE is higher than that on the safe investment by a margin judged sufficient to compensate for the risk involved in the business.
55. Trust Houses Ltd., balance sheets and directors' reports, 1923-24, 1933-34 to 1938-39.
56. Ibid., 1931-32; Hotel Review 36 (July 1932); 42 (Sept. 1935).
57. Ibid., 1931-32; Hotel Review 36 (July 1932); 42 (Sept. 1935).
58. J. B. Priestley, English Journey, first published 1934 (Harmondsworth, 1977 ed.), 372.
59. Hotel Review 17 (May 192-3); 21 (April 1925); 33 (April 1931); 41 (April 1935).
60. Hotel Review 17 (May 192-3); 21 (April 1925); 33 (April 1931); 41 (April 1935).
61. Hotel Review 17 (May 192-3); 21 (April 1925); 33 (April 1931); 41 (April 1935).
62. Hotel Review 17 (May 192-3); 21 (April 1925); 33 (April 1931); 41 (April 1935).
63. Savoy Hotel Ltd., directors' report, 1925; Hotel Review 21 (April 1925); 23 (April 1926).
64. Savoy Hotel Ltd., directors' report, 1925; Hotel Review 21 (April 1925); 23 (April 1926).
65. Savoy Hotel Ltd., directors' reports, 1931-38; Hotel Review 31 (April 1930); 35 (May 1932); 45 (May 1937); 47 (April 1938); 49 (May 1939).
66. Savoy Hotel Ltd., directors' reports, 1931-38; Hotel Review 31 (April 1930); 35 (May 1932); 45 (May 1937); 47 (April 1938); 49 (May 1939).
67. Savoy Hotel Ltd., directors' reports, 1931-38; Hotel Review 31 (April 1930); 35 (May 1932); 45 (May 1937); 47 (April 1938); 49 (May 1939).
68. Savoy Hotel Ltd., directors' reports, 1931-38; Hotel Review 31 (April 1930); 35 (May 1932); 45 (May 1937); 47 (April 1938); 49 (May 1939).
69. Savoy Hotel Ltd., directors' reports, 1931-38; Hotel Review 31 (April 1930); 35 (May 1932); 45 (May 1937); 47 (April 1938); 49 (May 1939).
70. Hotel Review 35 (May 1932); 37 (May 1933); 39 (May 1934). Gordon Hotels experienced a net loss in each of the four years from 1931 to 1934.
71. Hotel Review 35 (May 1932); 37 (May 1933); 39 (May 1934). Gordon Hotels experienced a net loss in each of the four years from 1931 to 1934.
72. Hotel Review 35 (May 1932); 37 (May 1933); 39 (May 1934). Gordon Hotels experienced a net loss in each of the four years from 1931 to 1934.
73. Savoy Hotel Ltd., balance sheets and directors' reports, 1924-39; Hotel Review 35 (May 1932); 37 (May 1933); 39 (June 1934); Times Company meeting report, Savoy Hotel Ltd. 1938, 14 April 1939.
74. Savoy Hotel Ltd., balance sheets and directors' reports, 1924-39; Hotel Review 35 (May 1932); 37 (May 1933); 39 (June 1934); Times Company meeting report, Savoy Hotel Ltd. 1938, 14 April 1939.
75. Savoy Hotel Ltd., balance sheets and directors' reports, 1924-39; Hotel Review 35 (May 1932); 37 (May 1933); 39 (June 1934); Times Company meeting report, Savoy Hotel Ltd. 1938, 14 April 1939.
76. Savoy Hotel Ltd., directors' reports, 1933-38; Hotel Review 48 (Oct. 1938); Times Company meeting report, Savoy Hotel Ltd. 1938, 14 April 1939; Stone and Rowe, Consumers' Expenditure, 107.
77. Savoy Hotel Ltd., directors' reports, 1933-38; Hotel Review 48 (Oct. 1938); Times Company meeting report, Savoy Hotel Ltd. 1938, 14 April 1939; Stone and Rowe, Consumers' Expenditure, 107.
78. Hotel Review 21 (Jan. 1925).
79. Savoy Hotel Ltd., directors' report, 1931.
80. P.R.O. RAIL 424/14: statement by Arthur Towle on purchasing for hotels, January 1932; Patrick Cutbush, "Planning the Bedrooms," Hotel Review 29 (Jan. 1929): 49-52.
81. Denys L. Munby and A. H. Watson, eds., Inland Transport Statistics, Great Britain, 1900-1970 (Oxford, 1978), 100.
82. P.R.O. RAIL 418/27, 418/28, 418/29: minutes of LMSR Hotel and Catering Committee, 25 Feb. 1923, 27 July 1927, 15 May 1928, 22 May 1929, 4 Aug. 1929, 29 Oct. 1930.
83. P.R.O. RAIL 418/26, 418/29, 418/30: minutes of LMSR Hotel and Catering Committee, 28 Nov. 1923, 17 Dec. 1930, 26 July 1933, 25 Jan. 1937.
84. P.R.O. RAIL 418/27, 418/28: minutes of LMSR Hotel and Catering Committee, 23 March 1927, 22 Feb. 1928, 20 March 1929; P.R.O. RAIL 424/14: LMSR chairman's correspondence on hotel and dining-car services, A. E. Towle to W. K. Wallace, 21 July 1932; controller's working accounts, 1936-38.
85. P.R.O. RAIL 424/14: Scottish hotels: receipts, expenses, profits, 1923-29 (3 May 1930); Scottish hotels, refreshment rooms, and station kiosks - working accounts for 1932 and 1933 (3 March 1934); controllers working accounts, 1936-38 (March 1939).
86. P.R.O. RAIL 418/27: minutes of LMSR Hotel and Catering Committee, 23 March 1927, 29 March 1933; RAIL 424/14: controllers working accounts, 1929-1938.
87. RAC Guide and Handbook, 1932-33, 1937-38; P.R.O. RAIL 424/14: controllers working accounts, 1935-38.
88. P.R.O. RAIL 418/28-30: minutes of LMSR Hotel and Catering Committee, 22 Feb. 1928, 19 Dec. 1928, 30.4.30, 29.9.31, 21.3.34, 19.12.34, 24.11.34.
89. P.R.O. RAIL 424/14: statement by Arthur Towle.
90. Stone and Rowe, Consumers' Expenditure, 92; D. J. Richardson, "J. Lyons and Co. Ltd.: Caterers and Food Manufacturers, 1894 to 1939," in Derek J. Oddy and Derek Miller, eds., The Making of Modern British Diet (London, 1976), 161-72.
91. Stone and Rowe, Consumers' Expenditure, 92; D. J. Richardson, "J. Lyons and Co. Ltd.: Caterers and Food Manufacturers, 1894 to 1939," in Derek J. Oddy and Derek Miller, eds., The Making of Modern British Diet (London, 1976), 161-72.
92. P.R.O. RAIL 424/14: E. Taylor to W. V. Wood, 21 June 1933; AN109/280: Felix Hotel, receipts and expenditure, 1923-42; AN 109/497: Sandringham Hotel, receipts, expenditure, profit/loss, 1923-38.
93. Hotel Review 12-50 (1920-1939), passim.
94. Chapman and Knight, Wages and Salaries, 210-1.
95. RAC Guide and Handbook, 1932-33, 1937-38.
96. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., "Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise," Journal of Economic Perspectives 6 (Summer 1992): 79-100.
97. Conrad Hilton, Be My Guest (New York, 1994 ed.), 153-93; Daniel R. Lee, "How They Started: The Growth of Four Hotel Giants," Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 26 (May 1985): 22-32; Hotel Review 41 (March 1935); 42 (August 1935); 44 (August 1936).
98. Conrad Hilton, Be My Guest (New York, 1994 ed.), 153-93; Daniel R. Lee, "How They Started: The Growth of Four Hotel Giants," Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 26 (May 1985): 22-32; Hotel Review 41 (March 1935); 42 (August 1935); 44 (August 1936).
99. Conrad Hilton, Be My Guest (New York, 1994 ed.), 153-93; Daniel R. Lee, "How They Started: The Growth of Four Hotel Giants," Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 26 (May 1985): 22-32; Hotel Review 41 (March 1935); 42 (August 1935); 44 (August 1936).
100. Conrad Hilton, Be My Guest (New York, 1994 ed.), 153-93; Daniel R. Lee, "How They Started: The Growth of Four Hotel Giants," Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 26 (May 1985): 22-32; Hotel Review 41 (March 1935); 42 (August 1935); 44 (August 1936).
101. Conrad Hilton, Be My Guest (New York, 1994 ed.), 153-93; Daniel R. Lee, "How They Started: The Growth of Four Hotel Giants," Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 26 (May 1985): 22-32; Hotel Review 41 (March 1935); 42 (August 1935); 44 (August 1936).