Testing "Gibrat's Law" for Young Firms - Empirical Results for West Germany

Small Business Economics

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-12

  Almus, Matthias ^a   Nerlinger, Eric A ^a  

^a CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN ECONOMIC RESEARCH ZEW   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034550642     PISSN: 0921898X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1026512005921     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Acs, Z. J. and D. B. Audretsch, 1990, 'Small Firms and Entrepeneurship: A Comparison between West and East Countries', Discussion Paper FS IV 90-13, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung.
2. Agarwal, R., 1998 'Small Firm Survival and Technological Activity', Small Business Economics 11, 215-224.
3. Agarwal, R. and D. B. Audretsch, 1998, 'Does Start-up Size Matter?: The Impact of the Life Cycle and Technology on Firm Survival', University of Central Florida and Indiana University, mimeo.
4. Almus, M. and E. A. Nerlinger, 1999, 'Growth of New Technology-Based Firms: Which Factors Matter?', Small Business Economics 13, 141-154.
5. Almus, M., E. A. Nerlinger and F. Steil, 1999, 'Growth Determinants of Start-Ups in Eastern Germany: A Comparison between Innovative and Non-Innovative Firms', in R. Oakey, W. During and S.-M. Mukhtar (eds) New Technology-Based Firms in the 1990s, Vol VI, Oxford: Pergamon, pp. 283-296.
6. Almus, M., D. Engel and S. Prantl, 2000, 'Die "Mannheimer Gründungspanels" des Zentrums für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung GmbH (ZEW)', Documentation, 00-02, Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung, Mannheim.
7. Audretsch, D. B., 1990, 'Business Survival and the Decision to Exit', Journal of Business Economics 1, 125-138.
8. Audretsch, D. B., 1995, Innovation and Industry Evolution, Cambridge: MIT Press.
9. Audretsch, D. B., E. Santarelli and M. Vivarelli, 1999, 'Startup Size and Industrial Dynamics: Some Evidence from Italian Manufacturing', International Journal of Industrial Organization 17, 965-983.
10. Birch, D. L., 1979, The Job Generation Process, MIT Program on Neighbourhood and Regional Change, Cambridge.
11. Boeri, T. and U. Cramer, 1991, 'Betriebliche Wachstumsprozesse. Eine statistische Analyse mit der Beschäftigungsstatistik 1977-1987', Mitteilungen aus der Arbeitsmarkt-und Berufsforschung 1(91), 70-83.
12. Brouwer, E. and A. H. Liebknecht, 1996, 'Determinants of Innovation: A Microeconometric Analysis of Three Alternative Innovation Output Indicators', in A. H. Kleinknecht (ed.), Determinants of Innovation, the Message from New Indicators, London: Macmillan, pp. 99-124.
13. Brüderl, J., C. Bühler and R. Ziegler, 1993, 'Beschäftigungswirkung neugegründeter Betriebe', Mitteilungen aus der Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung 4(93), 521-528.
14. Caves, R. E., 1998, 'Industrial Organization and New Findings on the Turnover and Mobility of Firms', Journal of Economic Literature 36, 1947-1482.
15. Chesher, A., 1979, 'Testing the Law of Proportionate Effect', Journal of Industrial Economics 27, 403-411.
16. Cramer, U., 1987, 'Klein- und Mittelbetriebe: Hoffnungsträger der Beschäftigungspolitik', Mitteilungen aus der Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung 1(87), 15-29.
17. Davis, S. J., J. Haltiwanger and S. Schuh, 1996, 'Small Business and Job Creation: Dissecting the Myth and Reassessing the Facts', Small Business Economics 8, 297-315.
18. Dunne, P. and A. Hughes, 1994, 'Age, Size, Growth and Survival: U.K. Companies in the 1980s', The Journal of Industrial Economics 42, 115-140.
19. Evans, D. S., 1987, 'Tests of Alternative Theories of Firm Growth', Journal of Political Economy 95, 657-674.
20. Fritsch, M., 1990, Arbeitsplatzentwicklung in Industriebetrieben, Berlin: De Gruyter.
21. Gehrke, B. and H. Grupp, 1994, 'Innovationspotential und Hochtechnologie, Technologische Position Deutschlands im internationalen Wettberwerb', Schriftenreihe des Fraunhofer-Instituts für Systemtechnik und Innovationsforschung (ISI), Hannover.
22. Geroski, P. A., 1995, 'What Do We Know about Entry?', International Journal of Industrial Organization 13, 421-440.
23. Gibrat, R., 1931, Les Inégalités Économiques; Applications: aux Inégalités des Richesses, à la Concentration des Entreprises, aux Population des Villes, aux Statistiques des Familles, etc., d'une Loi Nouvelle, la Loi de l'Effect Proportionnel, Paris: Librairie du Recueil Sirey.
24. Härdle, W., 1991, Smoothing Techniques with Implementation in S, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
25. Hall, B., 'The Relationship Between Firm Size and Firm Growth in the U.S. Manufacturing Sector', Journal of Industrial Economics 35, 583-606.
26. Harhoff, D. and K. Stahl, 1995, 'Unternehmens- und Beschäftigungsdynamik in Westdeutschland: Zum Einfluss von Haftungsregeln und Eigent, Merstruktur', in K. H. Oppenländer (ed.), Industrieœkonomik und Finanzmärkte, ifo-Studien 41, pp. 17-50.
27. Harhoff, D. and F. Steil, 1997, 'Die ZEW-Gründungspanels: Konzeptionelle Überlegungen und Analysepotential', in Harhoff, D. (ed.), Unternehmensgründungen - Empirische Analysen für die alten und neuen Bundesländer, ZEW-Wirtschaftsanalysen 7, Baden-Baden: Nomos-Verlag, pp. 11-28.
28. Harhoff, D., K. Stahl and M. Woywode, 1998, 'Legal Form, Growth and Exit of West-German Firms: Empirical Results for Manufacturing, Construction, Trade and Service Industries', Journal of Industrial Economics 46, 453-488.
29. Hart, P. E. and S. J. Prais, 1956, 'The Analysis of Business Concentration: A Statistical Approach', Journal of Royal Statistical Society 119 (Series A), 150-191.
30. Judge, G. G., R. C. Hill, W. E. Griffiths, H. Lütkepohl and T.-C. Lee, 1988, Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Econometrics, New York: Wiley.
31. Klepper, S., 1996, 'Entry, Exit, Growth, and Innovation over the Product Life Cycle', American Economic Review 86, 532-583.
32. Klomp, L., 1996, Empirical Studies in the Hospitality Sector, Ridderkerk: Ridderprint.
33. Kumar, M. S., 1985, 'Growth, Aquisition Activity and Firm Size: Evidence from the United Kingdom', The Journal of Industrial Economics 33, 327-338.
34. Licht, G. and E. Nerlinger, 1998, 'New Technology-Based Firms in Germany: A Survey of the Recent Evidence', Research Policy 26, 1005-1022.
35. Mansfield, E., 1962, 'Entry, Gibrat's Law, Innovation, and the Growth of Firms', American Economic Review 52, 1023-1051.
36. Nerlinger, E., 1998, Standorte und Entwicklung junger innovativer Unternehmen: Empirische Ergebnisse für West-Deutschland, ZEW-Schriftenreihe 27, Baden-Baden: Nomos-Verlag.
37. Oakey, R. P., 1993, 'High Technology Small Firms: A More Realistic Evaluation of Their Growth Potential', in C. Karlsson, B. Johannisson and D. J. Storey (eds), Small Business Dynamics: International, National and Regional Perspectives, London: Routledge, pp. 224-241.
38. Reid, G. C., 1995, 'Early Life-Cycle Behaviour of Micro-Firms in Scotland', Small Business Economics 7, 89-95.
39. Simon, H. A. and C. P. Bonini, 1958, 'The Size Distribution of Business Firms', American Economic Review 58, 607-617.
40. Schmalensee, R., 1989, 'Inter-Industry Studies of Structure and Performance', in R. Schmalensee and R. Willig (eds), Handbook of Industrial Organization 2, Amsterdam: North-Holland.
41. Schmidt, E. M., 1995, Betriebsgröfle, Beschäftigungsentwicklung und Entlohnung - Eine ökonometrische Analyse für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Frankfurt: Campus.
42. Silverman, B. W., 1986, Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis, London: Chapman & Hall.
43. Stahl. K., 1991, 'Das Mannheimer Unternehmenspanel: Konzept und Entwicklung', Mitteilungen aus der Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung 28, 735-738.
44. Storey, D. B. and B. Tether, 1998, 'New Technology-Based Firms in the European Union: An Introduction', Research Policy 26, 933-1026.
45. Sutton, J., 1997, 'Gibrat's Legacy', Journal of Economic Literature 35, 40-59.
46. Wagner, J., 1992, 'Firm Size, Firm Growth, and Persistance of Chance: Testing GIBRAT's Law with Establishment Data from Lower Saxony, 1978-1989', Small Business Economics 4, 125-131.
47. Weiss, C. R., 1998, 'Size, Growth, and Survival in the Upper Austrian Farm Sector', Small Business Economics 10, 305-312.
48. White, H., 1980, 'A Heteroskedasticity-consistent Covariance Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity', Econometrica 48, 817-838.
49. Yatchew, A., 1998, 'Nonparametric Regression Techniques in Economics', Journal of Economic Literature 36, 669-721.
50. You, J.-I., 1995, 'Small Firms in Economic Theory', Cambridge Journal of Economics 19, 441-462.