Changing times: The Holocene legacy

Environmental History

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 483-502

  Dickinson, William R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; GEOLOGY; HOLOCENE;

EID: 0034541746     PISSN: 10845453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3985583     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. For an overview of the Pleistocene world, see A. G. Dawson, Ice Age Earth (London: Routledge, 1992), 1-293. For the southern limit of North American ice sheets, see G. H. Denton and T. J. Hughes, The Last Great Ice Sheets (New York: Wiley, 1981), 1-484. For accurate (calibrated radiocarbon) timing of the last glacial maximum, see A. M. Tushingham and W. R. Peltier, "Implications of the Radiocarbon Timescale for Ice-Sheet Chronology and Sea-Level Change," Quaternary Research 39 (January 1993): 125-29.
2. For an overview of the Pleistocene world, see A. G. Dawson, Ice Age Earth (London: Routledge, 1992), 1-293. For the southern limit of North American ice sheets, see G. H. Denton and T. J. Hughes, The Last Great Ice Sheets (New York: Wiley, 1981), 1-484. For accurate (calibrated radiocarbon) timing of the last glacial maximum, see A. M. Tushingham and W. R. Peltier, "Implications of the Radiocarbon Timescale for Ice-Sheet Chronology and Sea-Level Change," Quaternary Research 39 (January 1993): 125-29.
3. For an overview of the Pleistocene world, see A. G. Dawson, Ice Age Earth (London: Routledge, 1992), 1-293. For the southern limit of North American ice sheets, see G. H. Denton and T. J. Hughes, The Last Great Ice Sheets (New York: Wiley, 1981), 1-484. For accurate (calibrated radiocarbon) timing of the last glacial maximum, see A. M. Tushingham and W. R. Peltier, "Implications of the Radiocarbon Timescale for Ice-Sheet Chronology and Sea-Level Change," Quaternary Research 39 (January 1993): 125-29.
4. 14C Abundance in the Atmosphere and Ocean During the Past 50 Kyr," Geophysical Research Letters 23 (1 August 1996): 2045-48; H. Kitagawa and J. van der Plicht, "Atmospheric Radiocarbon Calibration to 45,000 yr B.P.: Late Glacial Fluctuations and Cosmogenic Isotope Production," Science 279 (20 February 1998): 1187-90. The round number of 10,000 years ago was proposed for the beginning of Holocene time by D. M. Hopkins, "Time-Stratigraphic Nomenclature for the Holocene Epoch," Geolog 3 (January 1975): 10, and coincides well with the end of the Younger Dryas glacial readvance in conventional (uncalibrated) radiocarbon years. The best current estimate for the beginning of Holocene time is 11,530 calibrated (calendar) years BP (before AD 1950) by Steinar Gulliksen, H. H. Birks, Goran Possnert, and Jan Mangerud, "A Calendar Age Estimate of the Younger Dryas-Holocene Boundary at Krakenes, Western Norway," The Holocene 8 (May 1998): 249-59. The chronological implications of calibrating radiocarbon dates for the prehistory of the Americas is discussed by S. J. Fiedel, "Older Than We Thought: Implications of Corrected Dates for Paleoindians," American Antiquity 64 (January 1999): 95-115.
5. 14C Abundance in the Atmosphere and Ocean During the Past 50 Kyr," Geophysical Research Letters 23 (1 August 1996): 2045-48; H. Kitagawa and J. van der Plicht, "Atmospheric Radiocarbon Calibration to 45,000 yr B.P.: Late Glacial Fluctuations and Cosmogenic Isotope Production," Science 279 (20 February 1998): 1187-90. The round number of 10,000 years ago was proposed for the beginning of Holocene time by D. M. Hopkins, "Time-Stratigraphic Nomenclature for the Holocene Epoch," Geolog 3 (January 1975): 10, and coincides well with the end of the Younger Dryas glacial readvance in conventional (uncalibrated) radiocarbon years. The best current estimate for the beginning of Holocene time is 11,530 calibrated (calendar) years BP (before AD 1950) by Steinar Gulliksen, H. H. Birks, Goran Possnert, and Jan Mangerud, "A Calendar Age Estimate of the Younger Dryas-Holocene Boundary at Krakenes, Western Norway," The Holocene 8 (May 1998): 249-59. The chronological implications of calibrating radiocarbon dates for the prehistory of the Americas is discussed by S. J. Fiedel, "Older Than We Thought: Implications of Corrected Dates for Paleoindians," American Antiquity 64 (January 1999): 95-115.
6. 14C Abundance in the Atmosphere and Ocean During the Past 50 Kyr," Geophysical Research Letters 23 (1 August 1996): 2045-48; H. Kitagawa and J. van der Plicht, "Atmospheric Radiocarbon Calibration to 45,000 yr B.P.: Late Glacial Fluctuations and Cosmogenic Isotope Production," Science 279 (20 February 1998): 1187-90. The round number of 10,000 years ago was proposed for the beginning of Holocene time by D. M. Hopkins, "Time-Stratigraphic Nomenclature for the Holocene Epoch," Geolog 3 (January 1975): 10, and coincides well with the end of the Younger Dryas glacial readvance in conventional (uncalibrated) radiocarbon years. The best current estimate for the beginning of Holocene time is 11,530 calibrated (calendar) years BP (before AD 1950) by Steinar Gulliksen, H. H. Birks, Goran Possnert, and Jan Mangerud, "A Calendar Age Estimate of the Younger Dryas-Holocene Boundary at Krakenes, Western Norway," The Holocene 8 (May 1998): 249-59. The chronological implications of calibrating radiocarbon dates for the prehistory of the Americas is discussed by S. J. Fiedel, "Older Than We Thought: Implications of Corrected Dates for Paleoindians," American Antiquity 64 (January 1999): 95-115.
7. 14C Abundance in the Atmosphere and Ocean During the Past 50 Kyr," Geophysical Research Letters 23 (1 August 1996): 2045-48; H. Kitagawa and J. van der Plicht, "Atmospheric Radiocarbon Calibration to 45,000 yr B.P.: Late Glacial Fluctuations and Cosmogenic Isotope Production," Science 279 (20 February 1998): 1187-90. The round number of 10,000 years ago was proposed for the beginning of Holocene time by D. M. Hopkins, "Time-Stratigraphic Nomenclature for the Holocene Epoch," Geolog 3 (January 1975): 10, and coincides well with the end of the Younger Dryas glacial readvance in conventional (uncalibrated) radiocarbon years. The best current estimate for the beginning of Holocene time is 11,530 calibrated (calendar) years BP (before AD 1950) by Steinar Gulliksen, H. H. Birks, Goran Possnert, and Jan Mangerud, "A Calendar Age Estimate of the Younger Dryas-Holocene Boundary at Krakenes, Western Norway," The Holocene 8 (May 1998): 249-59. The chronological implications of calibrating radiocarbon dates for the prehistory of the Americas is discussed by S. J. Fiedel, "Older Than We Thought: Implications of Corrected Dates for Paleoindians," American Antiquity 64 (January 1999): 95-115.
8. 14C Abundance in the Atmosphere and Ocean During the Past 50 Kyr," Geophysical Research Letters 23 (1 August 1996): 2045-48; H. Kitagawa and J. van der Plicht, "Atmospheric Radiocarbon Calibration to 45,000 yr B.P.: Late Glacial Fluctuations and Cosmogenic Isotope Production," Science 279 (20 February 1998): 1187-90. The round number of 10,000 years ago was proposed for the beginning of Holocene time by D. M. Hopkins, "Time-Stratigraphic Nomenclature for the Holocene Epoch," Geolog 3 (January 1975): 10, and coincides well with the end of the Younger Dryas glacial readvance in conventional (uncalibrated) radiocarbon years. The best current estimate for the beginning of Holocene time is 11,530 calibrated (calendar) years BP (before AD 1950) by Steinar Gulliksen, H. H. Birks, Goran Possnert, and Jan Mangerud, "A Calendar Age Estimate of the Younger Dryas-Holocene Boundary at Krakenes, Western Norway," The Holocene 8 (May 1998): 249-59. The chronological implications of calibrating radiocarbon dates for the prehistory of the Americas is discussed by S. J. Fiedel, "Older Than We Thought: Implications of Corrected Dates for Paleoindians," American Antiquity 64 (January 1999): 95-115.
9. 14C Abundance in the Atmosphere and Ocean During the Past 50 Kyr," Geophysical Research Letters 23 (1 August 1996): 2045-48; H. Kitagawa and J. van der Plicht, "Atmospheric Radiocarbon Calibration to 45,000 yr B.P.: Late Glacial Fluctuations and Cosmogenic Isotope Production," Science 279 (20 February 1998): 1187-90. The round number of 10,000 years ago was proposed for the beginning of Holocene time by D. M. Hopkins, "Time-Stratigraphic Nomenclature for the Holocene Epoch," Geolog 3 (January 1975): 10, and coincides well with the end of the Younger Dryas glacial readvance in conventional (uncalibrated) radiocarbon years. The best current estimate for the beginning of Holocene time is 11,530 calibrated (calendar) years BP (before AD 1950) by Steinar Gulliksen, H. H. Birks, Goran Possnert, and Jan Mangerud, "A Calendar Age Estimate of the Younger Dryas-Holocene Boundary at Krakenes, Western Norway," The Holocene 8 (May 1998): 249-59. The chronological implications of calibrating radiocarbon dates for the prehistory of the Americas is discussed by S. J. Fiedel, "Older Than We Thought: Implications of Corrected Dates for Paleoindians," American Antiquity 64 (January 1999): 95-115.
10. 14C Abundance in the Atmosphere and Ocean During the Past 50 Kyr," Geophysical Research Letters 23 (1 August 1996): 2045-48; H. Kitagawa and J. van der Plicht, "Atmospheric Radiocarbon Calibration to 45,000 yr B.P.: Late Glacial Fluctuations and Cosmogenic Isotope Production," Science 279 (20 February 1998): 1187-90. The round number of 10,000 years ago was proposed for the beginning of Holocene time by D. M. Hopkins, "Time-Stratigraphic Nomenclature for the Holocene Epoch," Geolog 3 (January 1975): 10, and coincides well with the end of the Younger Dryas glacial readvance in conventional (uncalibrated) radiocarbon years. The best current estimate for the beginning of Holocene time is 11,530 calibrated (calendar) years BP (before AD 1950) by Steinar Gulliksen, H. H. Birks, Goran Possnert, and Jan Mangerud, "A Calendar Age Estimate of the Younger Dryas-Holocene Boundary at Krakenes, Western Norway," The Holocene 8 (May 1998): 249-59. The chronological implications of calibrating radiocarbon dates for the prehistory of the Americas is discussed by S. J. Fiedel, "Older Than We Thought: Implications of Corrected Dates for Paleoindians," American Antiquity 64 (January 1999): 95-115.
11. For Pleistocene paleoshorelines in British Columbia, see J. J. Clague, "Glacio-Isostatic Effects of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, British Columbia," in Shorelines and Isostasy, edited by D. E. Smith and A. G. Dawson (London: Academic Press, 1983), 321-43. For the mid-Holocene highstand in relative sea level on Pacific islands, see J. X. Mitrovica and W. R. Peltier, "On Postglacial Geoid Subsidence over the Equatorial Oceans," Journal of Geophysical Research 96 (10 November 1991): 20,052-71. For the general background theory of worldwide glacio-hydro-isostasy, see R. I. Walcott, "Past Sea Levels, Eustasy, and Deformation of the Earth," Quaternary Research 2 (July 1972): 1-14; John Chappell, "Late Quaternary Glacio- and Hydro-Isostasy, on a Layered Earth," Quaternary Research 4 (December 1974): 405-428.
12. For Pleistocene paleoshorelines in British Columbia, see J. J. Clague, "Glacio-Isostatic Effects of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, British Columbia," in Shorelines and Isostasy, edited by D. E. Smith and A. G. Dawson (London: Academic Press, 1983), 321-43. For the mid-Holocene highstand in relative sea level on Pacific islands, see J. X. Mitrovica and W. R. Peltier, "On Postglacial Geoid Subsidence over the Equatorial Oceans," Journal of Geophysical Research 96 (10 November 1991): 20,052-71. For the general background theory of worldwide glacio-hydro-isostasy, see R. I. Walcott, "Past Sea Levels, Eustasy, and Deformation of the Earth," Quaternary Research 2 (July 1972): 1-14; John Chappell, "Late Quaternary Glacio- and Hydro-Isostasy, on a Layered Earth," Quaternary Research 4 (December 1974): 405-428.
13. For Pleistocene paleoshorelines in British Columbia, see J. J. Clague, "Glacio-Isostatic Effects of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, British Columbia," in Shorelines and Isostasy, edited by D. E. Smith and A. G. Dawson (London: Academic Press, 1983), 321-43. For the mid-Holocene highstand in relative sea level on Pacific islands, see J. X. Mitrovica and W. R. Peltier, "On Postglacial Geoid Subsidence over the Equatorial Oceans," Journal of Geophysical Research 96 (10 November 1991): 20,052-71. For the general background theory of worldwide glacio-hydro-isostasy, see R. I. Walcott, "Past Sea Levels, Eustasy, and Deformation of the Earth," Quaternary Research 2 (July 1972): 1-14; John Chappell, "Late Quaternary Glacio- and Hydro-Isostasy, on a Layered Earth," Quaternary Research 4 (December 1974): 405-428.
14. For Pleistocene paleoshorelines in British Columbia, see J. J. Clague, "Glacio-Isostatic Effects of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, British Columbia," in Shorelines and Isostasy, edited by D. E. Smith and A. G. Dawson (London: Academic Press, 1983), 321-43. For the mid-Holocene highstand in relative sea level on Pacific islands, see J. X. Mitrovica and W. R. Peltier, "On Postglacial Geoid Subsidence over the Equatorial Oceans," Journal of Geophysical Research 96 (10 November 1991): 20,052-71. For the general background theory of worldwide glacio-hydro-isostasy, see R. I. Walcott, "Past Sea Levels, Eustasy, and Deformation of the Earth," Quaternary Research 2 (July 1972): 1-14; John Chappell, "Late Quaternary Glacio- and Hydro-Isostasy, on a Layered Earth," Quaternary Research 4 (December 1974): 405-428.
15. The impact of the Pleistocene-Holocene transition on the development of human culture has been discussed recently by Andrew Sherratt, "Climatic Cycles and Behaviourial Revolutions: The Emergence of Modern Humans and the Beginning of Farming," Antiquity 71 (June 1997): 271-87.
16. Positions of European ice fronts adapted from B. G. Anderson and H. W. Borns, Jr., The Ice Age World (Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1994), 1-208.
17. 230Th Data from Fossil Coral Reefs in the Bahamas," Geological Society of America Bulletin 103 (January 1991): 82-97; C. H. Stirling, T. M. Esat, M. T. McCulloch, and Kurt Lambeck, "High-Precision U-Series Dating of Corals from Western Australia and Implications for the Timing and Duration of the Last Interglacial," Earth and Planetary Science Letters 135 (October 1995): 115-30; Carsten Israelson and Barbara Wohlfarth, "Timing of the Last-Interglacial High Sea Level on the Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean, Quaternary Research 51 (May 1999): 306-316. Recent discussions of the duration of the last interglaciation include B. J. Szabo, K. R. Ludwig, D. R. Muhs, and K. R. Simmons, "Thorium-230 Ages of Corals and Duration of the Last Interglacial Sea-Level High Stand on Oahu, Hawaii," Science 266 (7 October 1994): 93-96; I. J. Winograd, J. M. Landwehr, K. R. Ludwig, T. B. Coplen, and A. C. Riggs, "Duration and Structure of the Past Four Interglaciations," Quaternary Research 48 (September 1997): 141-54; C. H. Stirling, T. M. Estat, Kurt Lambeck, and M. T. McCulloch, "Timing and Duration of the Last Interglacial: Evidence for a Restricted Interval of Widespread Reef Growth," Earth and Planetary Science Letters 160 (August 1998): 745-62.
18. 230Th Data from Fossil Coral Reefs in the Bahamas," Geological Society of America Bulletin 103 (January 1991): 82-97; C. H. Stirling, T. M. Esat, M. T. McCulloch, and Kurt Lambeck, "High-Precision U-Series Dating of Corals from Western Australia and Implications for the Timing and Duration of the Last Interglacial," Earth and Planetary Science Letters 135 (October 1995): 115-30; Carsten Israelson and Barbara Wohlfarth, "Timing of the Last-Interglacial High Sea Level on the Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean, Quaternary Research 51 (May 1999): 306-316. Recent discussions of the duration of the last interglaciation include B. J. Szabo, K. R. Ludwig, D. R. Muhs, and K. R. Simmons, "Thorium-230 Ages of Corals and Duration of the Last Interglacial Sea-Level High Stand on Oahu, Hawaii," Science 266 (7 October 1994): 93-96; I. J. Winograd, J. M. Landwehr, K. R. Ludwig, T. B. Coplen, and A. C. Riggs, "Duration and Structure of the Past Four Interglaciations," Quaternary Research 48 (September 1997): 141-54; C. H. Stirling, T. M. Estat, Kurt Lambeck, and M. T. McCulloch, "Timing and Duration of the Last Interglacial: Evidence for a Restricted Interval of Widespread Reef Growth," Earth and Planetary Science Letters 160 (August 1998): 745-62.
19. 230Th Data from Fossil Coral Reefs in the Bahamas," Geological Society of America Bulletin 103 (January 1991): 82-97; C. H. Stirling, T. M. Esat, M. T. McCulloch, and Kurt Lambeck, "High-Precision U-Series Dating of Corals from Western Australia and Implications for the Timing and Duration of the Last Interglacial," Earth and Planetary Science Letters 135 (October 1995): 115-30; Carsten Israelson and Barbara Wohlfarth, "Timing of the Last-Interglacial High Sea Level on the Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean, Quaternary Research 51 (May 1999): 306-316. Recent discussions of the duration of the last interglaciation include B. J. Szabo, K. R. Ludwig, D. R. Muhs, and K. R. Simmons, "Thorium-230 Ages of Corals and Duration of the Last Interglacial Sea-Level High Stand on Oahu, Hawaii," Science 266 (7 October 1994): 93-96; I. J. Winograd, J. M. Landwehr, K. R. Ludwig, T. B. Coplen, and A. C. Riggs, "Duration and Structure of the Past Four Interglaciations," Quaternary Research 48 (September 1997): 141-54; C. H. Stirling, T. M. Estat, Kurt Lambeck, and M. T. McCulloch, "Timing and Duration of the Last Interglacial: Evidence for a Restricted Interval of Widespread Reef Growth," Earth and Planetary Science Letters 160 (August 1998): 745-62.
20. 230Th Data from Fossil Coral Reefs in the Bahamas," Geological Society of America Bulletin 103 (January 1991): 82-97; C. H. Stirling, T. M. Esat, M. T. McCulloch, and Kurt Lambeck, "High-Precision U-Series Dating of Corals from Western Australia and Implications for the Timing and Duration of the Last Interglacial," Earth and Planetary Science Letters 135 (October 1995): 115-30; Carsten Israelson and Barbara Wohlfarth, "Timing of the Last-Interglacial High Sea Level on the Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean, Quaternary Research 51 (May 1999): 306-316. Recent discussions of the duration of the last interglaciation include B. J. Szabo, K. R. Ludwig, D. R. Muhs, and K. R. Simmons, "Thorium-230 Ages of Corals and Duration of the Last Interglacial Sea-Level High Stand on Oahu, Hawaii," Science 266 (7 October 1994): 93-96; I. J. Winograd, J. M. Landwehr, K. R. Ludwig, T. B. Coplen, and A. C. Riggs, "Duration and Structure of the Past Four Interglaciations," Quaternary Research 48 (September 1997): 141-54; C. H. Stirling, T. M. Estat, Kurt Lambeck, and M. T. McCulloch, "Timing and Duration of the Last Interglacial: Evidence for a Restricted Interval of Widespread Reef Growth," Earth and Planetary Science Letters 160 (August 1998): 745-62.
21. 230Th Data from Fossil Coral Reefs in the Bahamas," Geological Society of America Bulletin 103 (January 1991): 82-97; C. H. Stirling, T. M. Esat, M. T. McCulloch, and Kurt Lambeck, "High-Precision U-Series Dating of Corals from Western Australia and Implications for the Timing and Duration of the Last Interglacial," Earth and Planetary Science Letters 135 (October 1995): 115-30; Carsten Israelson and Barbara Wohlfarth, "Timing of the Last-Interglacial High Sea Level on the Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean, Quaternary Research 51 (May 1999): 306-316. Recent discussions of the duration of the last interglaciation include B. J. Szabo, K. R. Ludwig, D. R. Muhs, and K. R. Simmons, "Thorium-230 Ages of Corals and Duration of the Last Interglacial Sea-Level High Stand on Oahu, Hawaii," Science 266 (7 October 1994): 93-96; I. J. Winograd, J. M. Landwehr, K. R. Ludwig, T. B. Coplen, and A. C. Riggs, "Duration and Structure of the Past Four Interglaciations," Quaternary Research 48 (September 1997): 141-54; C. H. Stirling, T. M. Estat, Kurt Lambeck, and M. T. McCulloch, "Timing and Duration of the Last Interglacial: Evidence for a Restricted Interval of Widespread Reef Growth," Earth and Planetary Science Letters 160 (August 1998): 745-62.
22. 230Th Data from Fossil Coral Reefs in the Bahamas," Geological Society of America Bulletin 103 (January 1991): 82-97; C. H. Stirling, T. M. Esat, M. T. McCulloch, and Kurt Lambeck, "High-Precision U-Series Dating of Corals from Western Australia and Implications for the Timing and Duration of the Last Interglacial," Earth and Planetary Science Letters 135 (October 1995): 115-30; Carsten Israelson and Barbara Wohlfarth, "Timing of the Last-Interglacial High Sea Level on the Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean, Quaternary Research 51 (May 1999): 306-316. Recent discussions of the duration of the last interglaciation include B. J. Szabo, K. R. Ludwig, D. R. Muhs, and K. R. Simmons, "Thorium-230 Ages of Corals and Duration of the Last Interglacial Sea-Level High Stand on Oahu, Hawaii," Science 266 (7 October 1994): 93-96; I. J. Winograd, J. M. Landwehr, K. R. Ludwig, T. B. Coplen, and A. C. Riggs, "Duration and Structure of the Past Four Interglaciations," Quaternary Research 48 (September 1997): 141-54; C. H. Stirling, T. M. Estat, Kurt Lambeck, and M. T. McCulloch, "Timing and Duration of the Last Interglacial: Evidence for a Restricted Interval of Widespread Reef Growth," Earth and Planetary Science Letters 160 (August 1998): 745-62.
23. 230Th Data from Fossil Coral Reefs in the Bahamas," Geological Society of America Bulletin 103 (January 1991): 82-97; C. H. Stirling, T. M. Esat, M. T. McCulloch, and Kurt Lambeck, "High-Precision U-Series Dating of Corals from Western Australia and Implications for the Timing and Duration of the Last Interglacial," Earth and Planetary Science Letters 135 (October 1995): 115-30; Carsten Israelson and Barbara Wohlfarth, "Timing of the Last-Interglacial High Sea Level on the Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean, Quaternary Research 51 (May 1999): 306-316. Recent discussions of the duration of the last interglaciation include B. J. Szabo, K. R. Ludwig, D. R. Muhs, and K. R. Simmons, "Thorium-230 Ages of Corals and Duration of the Last Interglacial Sea-Level High Stand on Oahu, Hawaii," Science 266 (7 October 1994): 93-96; I. J. Winograd, J. M. Landwehr, K. R. Ludwig, T. B. Coplen, and A. C. Riggs, "Duration and Structure of the Past Four Interglaciations," Quaternary Research 48 (September 1997): 141-54; C. H. Stirling, T. M. Estat, Kurt Lambeck, and M. T. McCulloch, "Timing and Duration of the Last Interglacial: Evidence for a Restricted Interval of Widespread Reef Growth," Earth and Planetary Science Letters 160 (August 1998): 745-62.
24. Synoptic maps depicting the pollen record of synglacial and postglacial vegetation in eastern North America have been presented by P. F. McDowell, Thompson Webb III, and P. J. Bartlein, "Long-Term Environmental Change," in The Earth as Transformed by Human Action, ed. B. L. Turner II, W. C. Clark, R. W. Kates, J. F. Richards, J. T. Matthews, and W. B. Meyer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 143-152 (Fig. 9-6); Thompson Webb III, P. J. Bartlein, S. P. Harrison, and K. H. Anderson, "Vegetation, Lake Levels, and Climate in Eastern North America for the Past 18,000 Years," in Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr., J. E. Kutzbach, Thompson Webb III, W. F. Ruddiman, F. A. Street-Perrott, and P. J. Bartlein (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 449-50 (Fig. 17.10). I. C. Prentice, P. J. Bartlein, and Thompson Webb III, "Vegetation and Climate Chnage in Eastern North America Since the Last Glacial Maximum," Ecology 12 (June 1993): 2038-56 (Figs. 7-9).
25. Synoptic maps depicting the pollen record of synglacial and postglacial vegetation in eastern North America have been presented by P. F. McDowell, Thompson Webb III, and P. J. Bartlein, "Long-Term Environmental Change," in The Earth as Transformed by Human Action, ed. B. L. Turner II, W. C. Clark, R. W. Kates, J. F. Richards, J. T. Matthews, and W. B. Meyer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 143-152 (Fig. 9-6); Thompson Webb III, P. J. Bartlein, S. P. Harrison, and K. H. Anderson, "Vegetation, Lake Levels, and Climate in Eastern North America for the Past 18,000 Years," in Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr., J. E. Kutzbach, Thompson Webb III, W. F. Ruddiman, F. A. Street-Perrott, and P. J. Bartlein (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 449-50 (Fig. 17.10). I. C. Prentice, P. J. Bartlein, and Thompson Webb III, "Vegetation and Climate Chnage in Eastern North America Since the Last Glacial Maximum," Ecology 12 (June 1993): 2038-56 (Figs. 7-9).
26. Synoptic maps depicting the pollen record of synglacial and postglacial vegetation in eastern North America have been presented by P. F. McDowell, Thompson Webb III, and P. J. Bartlein, "Long-Term Environmental Change," in The Earth as Transformed by Human Action, ed. B. L. Turner II, W. C. Clark, R. W. Kates, J. F. Richards, J. T. Matthews, and W. B. Meyer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 143-152 (Fig. 9-6); Thompson Webb III, P. J. Bartlein, S. P. Harrison, and K. H. Anderson, "Vegetation, Lake Levels, and Climate in Eastern North America for the Past 18,000 Years," in Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr., J. E. Kutzbach, Thompson Webb III, W. F. Ruddiman, F. A. Street-Perrott, and P. J. Bartlein (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 449-50 (Fig. 17.10). I. C. Prentice, P. J. Bartlein, and Thompson Webb III, "Vegetation and Climate Chnage in Eastern North America Since the Last Glacial Maximum," Ecology 12 (June 1993): 2038-56 (Figs. 7-9).
27. The expansion of Oceanian cultures across the Pacific arena is recounted by Paul Rainbird, "Prehistory in the Northwest Tropical Pacific: The Caroline, Mariana, and Marshall Islands," Journal of World Prehistory 8 (September 1994): 293-349; Matthew Spriggs, The Island Melanesians (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), 1-326; P. V. Kirch, The Lapita Peoples (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1997), 1-353. The varied settings and diverse environments of islands within the ocean basins are outlined by P. D. Nunn, Oceanic Islands (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1994), 1-413
28. The expansion of Oceanian cultures across the Pacific arena is recounted by Paul Rainbird, "Prehistory in the Northwest Tropical Pacific: The Caroline, Mariana, and Marshall Islands," Journal of World Prehistory 8 (September 1994): 293-349; Matthew Spriggs, The Island Melanesians (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), 1-326; P. V. Kirch, The Lapita Peoples (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1997), 1-353. The varied settings and diverse environments of islands within the ocean basins are outlined by P. D. Nunn, Oceanic Islands (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1994), 1-413
29. The expansion of Oceanian cultures across the Pacific arena is recounted by Paul Rainbird, "Prehistory in the Northwest Tropical Pacific: The Caroline, Mariana, and Marshall Islands," Journal of World Prehistory 8 (September 1994): 293-349; Matthew Spriggs, The Island Melanesians (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), 1-326; P. V. Kirch, The Lapita Peoples (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1997), 1-353. The varied settings and diverse environments of islands within the ocean basins are outlined by P. D. Nunn, Oceanic Islands (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1994), 1-413
30. The expansion of Oceanian cultures across the Pacific arena is recounted by Paul Rainbird, "Prehistory in the Northwest Tropical Pacific: The Caroline, Mariana, and Marshall Islands," Journal of World Prehistory 8 (September 1994): 293-349; Matthew Spriggs, The Island Melanesians (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), 1-326; P. V. Kirch, The Lapita Peoples (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1997), 1-353. The varied settings and diverse environments of islands within the ocean basins are outlined by P. D. Nunn, Oceanic Islands (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1994), 1-413
31. An extensive literature describing precontact environmental changes on Pacific islands is typified by P. V. Kirch and D. E. Yen, Tikopia: The Prehistory and Ecology of a Polynesian Outlier (Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press, 1982): 1-396, esp. 346-49; P. V. Kirch, "Man's Role in Modifying Tropical and Subtropical Polynesian Ecosystems," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 26-31; Atholl Anderson, "Faunal Depletion and Subsistence Change in the Early Prehistory of Southern New Zealand," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 1-10; B. V. Rolett, "Faunal Extinctions and Depletions Linked with Prehistory and Environmental Change in the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), Journal of the Polynesian Society 101 (March 1992): 86-94; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "Environmental Change and Prehistoric Polynesian Settlement in Hawai'i, Asian Perspectives (fall 1993): 205-223; P. V. Kirch, "Late Holocene Human-Induced Modifications to a Central Polynesian Island Ecosystem," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93 (May 1996): 5296-5300; Dana Lepofsky, P. V. Kirch, and K. P. Lertzman, "Stratigraphic and Paleobotanical Evidence for Prehistoric Human-Induced Environmental Disturbance on Mo'orea, French Polynesia," Pacific Science 50 (July 1996): 253-73; J. S. Athens, J. V. Ward, and G. M. Murakami, "Development of an Agroforest on a Micronesian High Island: Prehistoric Kosraean Agriculture," Antiquity 70 (December 1996): 834-46; P. V. Kirch and T. L. Hunt, eds., Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 1-331.
32. An extensive literature describing precontact environmental changes on Pacific islands is typified by P. V. Kirch and D. E. Yen, Tikopia: The Prehistory and Ecology of a Polynesian Outlier (Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press, 1982): 1-396, esp. 346-49; P. V. Kirch, "Man's Role in Modifying Tropical and Subtropical Polynesian Ecosystems," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 26-31; Atholl Anderson, "Faunal Depletion and Subsistence Change in the Early Prehistory of Southern New Zealand," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 1-10; B. V. Rolett, "Faunal Extinctions and Depletions Linked with Prehistory and Environmental Change in the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), Journal of the Polynesian Society 101 (March 1992): 86-94; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "Environmental Change and Prehistoric Polynesian Settlement in Hawai'i, Asian Perspectives (fall 1993): 205-223; P. V. Kirch, "Late Holocene Human-Induced Modifications to a Central Polynesian Island Ecosystem," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93 (May 1996): 5296-5300; Dana Lepofsky, P. V. Kirch, and K. P. Lertzman, "Stratigraphic and Paleobotanical Evidence for Prehistoric Human-Induced Environmental Disturbance on Mo'orea, French Polynesia," Pacific Science 50 (July 1996): 253-73; J. S. Athens, J. V. Ward, and G. M. Murakami, "Development of an Agroforest on a Micronesian High Island: Prehistoric Kosraean Agriculture," Antiquity 70 (December 1996): 834-46; P. V. Kirch and T. L. Hunt, eds., Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 1-331.
33. An extensive literature describing precontact environmental changes on Pacific islands is typified by P. V. Kirch and D. E. Yen, Tikopia: The Prehistory and Ecology of a Polynesian Outlier (Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press, 1982): 1-396, esp. 346-49; P. V. Kirch, "Man's Role in Modifying Tropical and Subtropical Polynesian Ecosystems," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 26-31; Atholl Anderson, "Faunal Depletion and Subsistence Change in the Early Prehistory of Southern New Zealand," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 1-10; B. V. Rolett, "Faunal Extinctions and Depletions Linked with Prehistory and Environmental Change in the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), Journal of the Polynesian Society 101 (March 1992): 86-94; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "Environmental Change and Prehistoric Polynesian Settlement in Hawai'i, Asian Perspectives (fall 1993): 205-223; P. V. Kirch, "Late Holocene Human-Induced Modifications to a Central Polynesian Island Ecosystem," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93 (May 1996): 5296-5300; Dana Lepofsky, P. V. Kirch, and K. P. Lertzman, "Stratigraphic and Paleobotanical Evidence for Prehistoric Human-Induced Environmental Disturbance on Mo'orea, French Polynesia," Pacific Science 50 (July 1996): 253-73; J. S. Athens, J. V. Ward, and G. M. Murakami, "Development of an Agroforest on a Micronesian High Island: Prehistoric Kosraean Agriculture," Antiquity 70 (December 1996): 834-46; P. V. Kirch and T. L. Hunt, eds., Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 1-331.
34. An extensive literature describing precontact environmental changes on Pacific islands is typified by P. V. Kirch and D. E. Yen, Tikopia: The Prehistory and Ecology of a Polynesian Outlier (Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press, 1982): 1-396, esp. 346-49; P. V. Kirch, "Man's Role in Modifying Tropical and Subtropical Polynesian Ecosystems," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 26-31; Atholl Anderson, "Faunal Depletion and Subsistence Change in the Early Prehistory of Southern New Zealand," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 1-10; B. V. Rolett, "Faunal Extinctions and Depletions Linked with Prehistory and Environmental Change in the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), Journal of the Polynesian Society 101 (March 1992): 86-94; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "Environmental Change and Prehistoric Polynesian Settlement in Hawai'i, Asian Perspectives (fall 1993): 205-223; P. V. Kirch, "Late Holocene Human-Induced Modifications to a Central Polynesian Island Ecosystem," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93 (May 1996): 5296-5300; Dana Lepofsky, P. V. Kirch, and K. P. Lertzman, "Stratigraphic and Paleobotanical Evidence for Prehistoric Human-Induced Environmental Disturbance on Mo'orea, French Polynesia," Pacific Science 50 (July 1996): 253-73; J. S. Athens, J. V. Ward, and G. M. Murakami, "Development of an Agroforest on a Micronesian High Island: Prehistoric Kosraean Agriculture," Antiquity 70 (December 1996): 834-46; P. V. Kirch and T. L. Hunt, eds., Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 1-331.
35. An extensive literature describing precontact environmental changes on Pacific islands is typified by P. V. Kirch and D. E. Yen, Tikopia: The Prehistory and Ecology of a Polynesian Outlier (Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press, 1982): 1-396, esp. 346-49; P. V. Kirch, "Man's Role in Modifying Tropical and Subtropical Polynesian Ecosystems," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 26-31; Atholl Anderson, "Faunal Depletion and Subsistence Change in the Early Prehistory of Southern New Zealand," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 1-10; B. V. Rolett, "Faunal Extinctions and Depletions Linked with Prehistory and Environmental Change in the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), Journal of the Polynesian Society 101 (March 1992): 86-94; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "Environmental Change and Prehistoric Polynesian Settlement in Hawai'i, Asian Perspectives (fall 1993): 205-223; P. V. Kirch, "Late Holocene Human-Induced Modifications to a Central Polynesian Island Ecosystem," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93 (May 1996): 5296-5300; Dana Lepofsky, P. V. Kirch, and K. P. Lertzman, "Stratigraphic and Paleobotanical Evidence for Prehistoric Human-Induced Environmental Disturbance on Mo'orea, French Polynesia," Pacific Science 50 (July 1996): 253-73; J. S. Athens, J. V. Ward, and G. M. Murakami, "Development of an Agroforest on a Micronesian High Island: Prehistoric Kosraean Agriculture," Antiquity 70 (December 1996): 834-46; P. V. Kirch and T. L. Hunt, eds., Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 1-331.
36. An extensive literature describing precontact environmental changes on Pacific islands is typified by P. V. Kirch and D. E. Yen, Tikopia: The Prehistory and Ecology of a Polynesian Outlier (Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press, 1982): 1-396, esp. 346-49; P. V. Kirch, "Man's Role in Modifying Tropical and Subtropical Polynesian Ecosystems," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 26-31; Atholl Anderson, "Faunal Depletion and Subsistence Change in the Early Prehistory of Southern New Zealand," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 1-10; B. V. Rolett, "Faunal Extinctions and Depletions Linked with Prehistory and Environmental Change in the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), Journal of the Polynesian Society 101 (March 1992): 86-94; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "Environmental Change and Prehistoric Polynesian Settlement in Hawai'i, Asian Perspectives (fall 1993): 205-223; P. V. Kirch, "Late Holocene Human-Induced Modifications to a Central Polynesian Island Ecosystem," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93 (May 1996): 5296-5300; Dana Lepofsky, P. V. Kirch, and K. P. Lertzman, "Stratigraphic and Paleobotanical Evidence for Prehistoric Human-Induced Environmental Disturbance on Mo'orea, French Polynesia," Pacific Science 50 (July 1996): 253-73; J. S. Athens, J. V. Ward, and G. M. Murakami, "Development of an Agroforest on a Micronesian High Island: Prehistoric Kosraean Agriculture," Antiquity 70 (December 1996): 834-46; P. V. Kirch and T. L. Hunt, eds., Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 1-331.
37. An extensive literature describing precontact environmental changes on Pacific islands is typified by P. V. Kirch and D. E. Yen, Tikopia: The Prehistory and Ecology of a Polynesian Outlier (Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press, 1982): 1-396, esp. 346-49; P. V. Kirch, "Man's Role in Modifying Tropical and Subtropical Polynesian Ecosystems," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 26-31; Atholl Anderson, "Faunal Depletion and Subsistence Change in the Early Prehistory of Southern New Zealand," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 1-10; B. V. Rolett, "Faunal Extinctions and Depletions Linked with Prehistory and Environmental Change in the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), Journal of the Polynesian Society 101 (March 1992): 86-94; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "Environmental Change and Prehistoric Polynesian Settlement in Hawai'i, Asian Perspectives (fall 1993): 205-223; P. V. Kirch, "Late Holocene Human-Induced Modifications to a Central Polynesian Island Ecosystem," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93 (May 1996): 5296-5300; Dana Lepofsky, P. V. Kirch, and K. P. Lertzman, "Stratigraphic and Paleobotanical Evidence for Prehistoric Human-Induced Environmental Disturbance on Mo'orea, French Polynesia," Pacific Science 50 (July 1996): 253-73; J. S. Athens, J. V. Ward, and G. M. Murakami, "Development of an Agroforest on a Micronesian High Island: Prehistoric Kosraean Agriculture," Antiquity 70 (December 1996): 834-46; P. V. Kirch and T. L. Hunt, eds., Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 1-331.
38. An extensive literature describing precontact environmental changes on Pacific islands is typified by P. V. Kirch and D. E. Yen, Tikopia: The Prehistory and Ecology of a Polynesian Outlier (Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press, 1982): 1-396, esp. 346-49; P. V. Kirch, "Man's Role in Modifying Tropical and Subtropical Polynesian Ecosystems," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 26-31; Atholl Anderson, "Faunal Depletion and Subsistence Change in the Early Prehistory of Southern New Zealand," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 1-10; B. V. Rolett, "Faunal Extinctions and Depletions Linked with Prehistory and Environmental Change in the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), Journal of the Polynesian Society 101 (March 1992): 86-94; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "Environmental Change and Prehistoric Polynesian Settlement in Hawai'i, Asian Perspectives (fall 1993): 205-223; P. V. Kirch, "Late Holocene Human-Induced Modifications to a Central Polynesian Island Ecosystem," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93 (May 1996): 5296-5300; Dana Lepofsky, P. V. Kirch, and K. P. Lertzman, "Stratigraphic and Paleobotanical Evidence for Prehistoric Human-Induced Environmental Disturbance on Mo'orea, French Polynesia," Pacific Science 50 (July 1996): 253-73; J. S. Athens, J. V. Ward, and G. M. Murakami, "Development of an Agroforest on a Micronesian High Island: Prehistoric Kosraean Agriculture," Antiquity 70 (December 1996): 834-46; P. V. Kirch and T. L. Hunt, eds., Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 1-331.
39. An extensive literature describing precontact environmental changes on Pacific islands is typified by P. V. Kirch and D. E. Yen, Tikopia: The Prehistory and Ecology of a Polynesian Outlier (Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press, 1982): 1-396, esp. 346-49; P. V. Kirch, "Man's Role in Modifying Tropical and Subtropical Polynesian Ecosystems," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 26-31; Atholl Anderson, "Faunal Depletion and Subsistence Change in the Early Prehistory of Southern New Zealand," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 1-10; B. V. Rolett, "Faunal Extinctions and Depletions Linked with Prehistory and Environmental Change in the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), Journal of the Polynesian Society 101 (March 1992): 86-94; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "Environmental Change and Prehistoric Polynesian Settlement in Hawai'i, Asian Perspectives (fall 1993): 205-223; P. V. Kirch, "Late Holocene Human-Induced Modifications to a Central Polynesian Island Ecosystem," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93 (May 1996): 5296-5300; Dana Lepofsky, P. V. Kirch, and K. P. Lertzman, "Stratigraphic and Paleobotanical Evidence for Prehistoric Human-Induced Environmental Disturbance on Mo'orea, French Polynesia," Pacific Science 50 (July 1996): 253-73; J. S. Athens, J. V. Ward, and G. M. Murakami, "Development of an Agroforest on a Micronesian High Island: Prehistoric Kosraean Agriculture," Antiquity 70 (December 1996): 834-46; P. V. Kirch and T. L. Hunt, eds., Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 1-331.
40. The Holocene geohistory of Mesopotamia is outlined by Michael Sarntheim, "Sediments and History of the Postglacial Transgression in the Persian Gulf and Northwest Gulf of Oman," Marine Geology 12 (April 1972): 245-66; T. A. Al-Asfour, Changing Sea-Level along the North Coast of Kuwait Bay (London: Kegan Paul International, 1982), 1-182; G. A. Cooke, "Reconstruction of the Holocene Coastline of Mesopotamia," Geoarchaeology 2 (January 1987): 15-28.
41. The Holocene geohistory of Mesopotamia is outlined by Michael Sarntheim, "Sediments and History of the Postglacial Transgression in the Persian Gulf and Northwest Gulf of Oman," Marine Geology 12 (April 1972): 245-66; T. A. Al-Asfour, Changing Sea-Level along the North Coast of Kuwait Bay (London: Kegan Paul International, 1982), 1-182; G. A. Cooke, "Reconstruction of the Holocene Coastline of Mesopotamia," Geoarchaeology 2 (January 1987): 15-28.
42. The Holocene geohistory of Mesopotamia is outlined by Michael Sarntheim, "Sediments and History of the Postglacial Transgression in the Persian Gulf and Northwest Gulf of Oman," Marine Geology 12 (April 1972): 245-66; T. A. Al-Asfour, Changing Sea-Level along the North Coast of Kuwait Bay (London: Kegan Paul International, 1982), 1-182; G. A. Cooke, "Reconstruction of the Holocene Coastline of Mesopotamia," Geoarchaeology 2 (January 1987): 15-28.
43. The timing of Holocene delta initiation has been established by D. J. Stanley and A. G. Warne, "Worldwide Initiation of Holocene Marine Deltas by Deceleration of Sea-Level Rise," Science 265 (8 July 1994): 228-231. Subsequent growth of the Nile Delta is outlined by Vincent Coutillier and D. J. Stanley, "Late Quaternary Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of the Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt," Marine Geology77 (August 1987): 257-75.
44. The timing of Holocene delta initiation has been established by D. J. Stanley and A. G. Warne, "Worldwide Initiation of Holocene Marine Deltas by Deceleration of Sea-Level Rise," Science 265 (8 July 1994): 228-231. Subsequent growth of the Nile Delta is outlined by Vincent Coutillier and D. J. Stanley, "Late Quaternary Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of the Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt," Marine Geology77 (August 1987): 257-75.
45. Curve redrawn from combined data of John Chapell and Henry Polach, "Post-Glacial Sea-Level Rise from a Coral Record at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea," Nature 349 (10 January 1991): 147-49; Edouard Bard, Bruno Hamelin, Maurice Arnold, Lucien Montaggioni, Guy Cabioch, Gerard Faure, and Francis Rougerie, "Deglacial Sea-Level Record from Tahiti Corals and the Timing of Global Meltwater Discharge," Nature 382 (18 July 1996): 241-44.
46. Curve redrawn from combined data of John Chapell and Henry Polach, "Post-Glacial Sea-Level Rise from a Coral Record at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea," Nature 349 (10 January 1991): 147-49; Edouard Bard, Bruno Hamelin, Maurice Arnold, Lucien Montaggioni, Guy Cabioch, Gerard Faure, and Francis Rougerie, "Deglacial Sea-Level Record from Tahiti Corals and the Timing of Global Meltwater Discharge," Nature 382 (18 July 1996): 241-44.
47. See S. M. Gagliano, K. J. Meyer-Arendt, and K. M. Wicker, "Land Loss in the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain," Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions 17 (1981): 295-300; D. J. Stanley, "Nile Delta: Extreme Case of Sediment Entrapment on a Delta Plain and Consequent Coastal Land Loss," Marine Geology 129 (April 1996): 189-95.
48. See S. M. Gagliano, K. J. Meyer-Arendt, and K. M. Wicker, "Land Loss in the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain," Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions 17 (1981): 295-300; D. J. Stanley, "Nile Delta: Extreme Case of Sediment Entrapment on a Delta Plain and Consequent Coastal Land Loss," Marine Geology 129 (April 1996): 189-95.
49. See J. W. Valentine and David Jablonski, "Biotic Effects of Sea Level Change: The Pleistocene Test," Journal of Geophysical Research 96 (10 April 1991): 6873-78.
50. Glacial-interglacial cycles adapted after R. B. Morrison, "Introduction," in Quaternary Nonglacial Geology: Conterminous U.S., edited by R. B. Morrison (Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, Volume K-2, 1991), 1-12. Alternate dates for the advent of modern humans are discussed by Chris Stringer, "The Dates of Eden," Nature 331 (18 February 1988): 565-66.
51. Glacial-interglacial cycles adapted after R. B. Morrison, "Introduction," in Quaternary Nonglacial Geology: Conterminous U.S., edited by R. B. Morrison (Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, Volume K-2, 1991), 1-12. Alternate dates for the advent of modern humans are discussed by Chris Stringer, "The Dates of Eden," Nature 331 (18 February 1988): 565-66.
52. The individualistic past migration of littoral organisms is discussed by J. W. Valentine and David Jablonski, "Fossil Communities: Compositional Variation at Many Time Scales," in Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives, ed. R. C. Ricklefs and Dolph Schluter (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 341-49.
53. The dispersal of marine organisms from available species pools is discussed by M. A. Buzas and S. J. Culver, "Species Pool and Dynamics of Marine Paleocommunities," Science 264 (3 June 1994): 1439-41.
54. See Matsuo Tsukada, "Vegetation in Prehistoric Japan: The Last 20,000 Years," in Windows on the Japanese Past: Studies in Archaeology and Prehistory, ed. R. J. Pearson (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for Japanese Studies, 1986), 11-56.
55. Postglacial vegetation changes in the Great Basin and the Desert Southwest are summarized by D. K. Grayson, The Desert's Past: A Natural Prehistory of the Great Basin (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993), 1-356; J. L. Betancourt, T. R. Van Devender, and P. S. Martin, eds., Packrat Middens: The Last 40,000 Years of Biotic Change (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1990), 1-467.
56. Postglacial vegetation changes in the Great Basin and the Desert Southwest are summarized by D. K. Grayson, The Desert's Past: A Natural Prehistory of the Great Basin (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993), 1-356; J. L. Betancourt, T. R. Van Devender, and P. S. Martin, eds., Packrat Middens: The Last 40,000 Years of Biotic Change (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1990), 1-467.
57. Elevation contrasts in the habitats of modern and similar but somewhat different Pleistocene floral communities in the American Southwest are discussed by J. L. Betancourt, "Late Quaternary Biogeography of the Colorado Plateau," in Packrat Middens: The Last 40,000 Years of Biotic Change, ed. J. L. Betancourt, T. R. Van Devender, and P. S. Martin (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1990), 259-92; W. G. Spaulding, "Environmental Change, Ecosystem Responses, and Late Quaternary Development of the Mojave Desert," in Late Quaternary Environments and Deep History, ed. D. W. Steadman and J. I. Mead (Hot Springs, S.Dak.: The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs Scientific Papers, Volume 3, 1995), 139-64.
58. Elevation contrasts in the habitats of modern and similar but somewhat different Pleistocene floral communities in the American Southwest are discussed by J. L. Betancourt, "Late Quaternary Biogeography of the Colorado Plateau," in Packrat Middens: The Last 40,000 Years of Biotic Change, ed. J. L. Betancourt, T. R. Van Devender, and P. S. Martin (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1990), 259-92; W. G. Spaulding, "Environmental Change, Ecosystem Responses, and Late Quaternary Development of the Mojave Desert," in Late Quaternary Environments and Deep History, ed. D. W. Steadman and J. I. Mead (Hot Springs, S.Dak.: The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs Scientific Papers, Volume 3, 1995), 139-64.
59. Synglacial temperatures in the tropics have been discussed by T. P. Guilderson, R. G. Fairbanks, and J. L. Rubenstone, "Tropical Temperature Variations Since 20,000 Years Ago: Modulating Interhemispheric Climate Change," Science 263 (4 February 1994): 663-65; M. Stute et al., "Cooling of Tropical Brazil (5°C) During the 1st Glacial Maxi mum," Science 269 (21 July 1995): 379-83. The historical ecology of tropical rain forests was discussed on a global scale by J. R. Flenley, The Equatorial Rain Forest: A Geological History (London: Burterworths, 1979), 1-162, and the overall distribution of floral provinces in South America at peak glaciation by C. M. Clapperton, "Nature of Environmental Changes in South America at the Last Glacial Maximum," Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 101 (April 1993): 189-208. For the pollen record of synglacial Amazon forests, see K. B. Liu and P. A. Colinvaux, "Forest Changes in the Amazon Basin During the Last Glacial Maximum," Nature 318 (12 December 1985): 556-57; P. A. Colinvaux, P. E. De Oliveira, J. E. Moreno, M. C. Miller, and M. B. Bush, "A Long Pollen Record from Lowland Amazonia: Forest and Cooling in Glacial Times," Science 274 (4 October 1996): 85-88; S. G. Haberle and M. A. Maslin, "Late Quater° nary Vegetation and Climate Change in the Amazon Basin Based on a 50,000 Year Pollen Record from the Amazon Fan, ODP Site 932," Quaternary Research 51 (January 1999): 27-38; P. A. Colinvaux, P. E. de Oliveira, and M. B. Bush, "Amazonian and Neotropical Plant Communities on Glacial Time-Scales: The Failure of the Aridity and Refuge Hypotheses," Quaternary Science Reviews 19 (January 2000): 141-69.
60. Synglacial temperatures in the tropics have been discussed by T. P. Guilderson, R. G. Fairbanks, and J. L. Rubenstone, "Tropical Temperature Variations Since 20,000 Years Ago: Modulating Interhemispheric Climate Change," Science 263 (4 February 1994): 663-65; M. Stute et al., "Cooling of Tropical Brazil (5°C) During the 1st Glacial Maxi mum," Science 269 (21 July 1995): 379-83. The historical ecology of tropical rain forests was discussed on a global scale by J. R. Flenley, The Equatorial Rain Forest: A Geological History (London: Burterworths, 1979), 1-162, and the overall distribution of floral provinces in South America at peak glaciation by C. M. Clapperton, "Nature of Environmental Changes in South America at the Last Glacial Maximum," Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 101 (April 1993): 189-208. For the pollen record of synglacial Amazon forests, see K. B. Liu and P. A. Colinvaux, "Forest Changes in the Amazon Basin During the Last Glacial Maximum," Nature 318 (12 December 1985): 556-57; P. A. Colinvaux, P. E. De Oliveira, J. E. Moreno, M. C. Miller, and M. B. Bush, "A Long Pollen Record from Lowland Amazonia: Forest and Cooling in Glacial Times," Science 274 (4 October 1996): 85-88; S. G. Haberle and M. A. Maslin, "Late Quater° nary Vegetation and Climate Change in the Amazon Basin Based on a 50,000 Year Pollen Record from the Amazon Fan, ODP Site 932," Quaternary Research 51 (January 1999): 27-38; P. A. Colinvaux, P. E. de Oliveira, and M. B. Bush, "Amazonian and Neotropical Plant Communities on Glacial Time-Scales: The Failure of the Aridity and Refuge Hypotheses," Quaternary Science Reviews 19 (January 2000): 141-69.
61. Synglacial temperatures in the tropics have been discussed by T. P. Guilderson, R. G. Fairbanks, and J. L. Rubenstone, "Tropical Temperature Variations Since 20,000 Years Ago: Modulating Interhemispheric Climate Change," Science 263 (4 February 1994): 663-65; M. Stute et al., "Cooling of Tropical Brazil (5°C) During the 1st Glacial Maxi mum," Science 269 (21 July 1995): 379-83. The historical ecology of tropical rain forests was discussed on a global scale by J. R. Flenley, The Equatorial Rain Forest: A Geological History (London: Burterworths, 1979), 1-162, and the overall distribution of floral provinces in South America at peak glaciation by C. M. Clapperton, "Nature of Environmental Changes in South America at the Last Glacial Maximum," Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 101 (April 1993): 189-208. For the pollen record of synglacial Amazon forests, see K. B. Liu and P. A. Colinvaux, "Forest Changes in the Amazon Basin During the Last Glacial Maximum," Nature 318 (12 December 1985): 556-57; P. A. Colinvaux, P. E. De Oliveira, J. E. Moreno, M. C. Miller, and M. B. Bush, "A Long Pollen Record from Lowland Amazonia: Forest and Cooling in Glacial Times," Science 274 (4 October 1996): 85-88; S. G. Haberle and M. A. Maslin, "Late Quater° nary Vegetation and Climate Change in the Amazon Basin Based on a 50,000 Year Pollen Record from the Amazon Fan, ODP Site 932," Quaternary Research 51 (January 1999): 27-38; P. A. Colinvaux, P. E. de Oliveira, and M. B. Bush, "Amazonian and Neotropical Plant Communities on Glacial Time-Scales: The Failure of the Aridity and Refuge Hypotheses," Quaternary Science Reviews 19 (January 2000): 141-69.
62. Synglacial temperatures in the tropics have been discussed by T. P. Guilderson, R. G. Fairbanks, and J. L. Rubenstone, "Tropical Temperature Variations Since 20,000 Years Ago: Modulating Interhemispheric Climate Change," Science 263 (4 February 1994): 663-65; M. Stute et al., "Cooling of Tropical Brazil (5°C) During the 1st Glacial Maxi mum," Science 269 (21 July 1995): 379-83. The historical ecology of tropical rain forests was discussed on a global scale by J. R. Flenley, The Equatorial Rain Forest: A Geological History (London: Burterworths, 1979), 1-162, and the overall distribution of floral provinces in South America at peak glaciation by C. M. Clapperton, "Nature of Environmental Changes in South America at the Last Glacial Maximum," Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 101 (April 1993): 189-208. For the pollen record of synglacial Amazon forests, see K. B. Liu and P. A. Colinvaux, "Forest Changes in the Amazon Basin During the Last Glacial Maximum," Nature 318 (12 December 1985): 556-57; P. A. Colinvaux, P. E. De Oliveira, J. E. Moreno, M. C. Miller, and M. B. Bush, "A Long Pollen Record from Lowland Amazonia: Forest and Cooling in Glacial Times," Science 274 (4 October 1996): 85-88; S. G. Haberle and M. A. Maslin, "Late Quater° nary Vegetation and Climate Change in the Amazon Basin Based on a 50,000 Year Pollen Record from the Amazon Fan, ODP Site 932," Quaternary Research 51 (January 1999): 27-38; P. A. Colinvaux, P. E. de Oliveira, and M. B. Bush, "Amazonian and Neotropical Plant Communities on Glacial Time-Scales: The Failure of the Aridity and Refuge Hypotheses," Quaternary Science Reviews 19 (January 2000): 141-69.
63. Synglacial temperatures in the tropics have been discussed by T. P. Guilderson, R. G. Fairbanks, and J. L. Rubenstone, "Tropical Temperature Variations Since 20,000 Years Ago: Modulating Interhemispheric Climate Change," Science 263 (4 February 1994): 663-65; M. Stute et al., "Cooling of Tropical Brazil (5°C) During the 1st Glacial Maxi mum," Science 269 (21 July 1995): 379-83. The historical ecology of tropical rain forests was discussed on a global scale by J. R. Flenley, The Equatorial Rain Forest: A Geological History (London: Burterworths, 1979), 1-162, and the overall distribution of floral provinces in South America at peak glaciation by C. M. Clapperton, "Nature of Environmental Changes in South America at the Last Glacial Maximum," Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 101 (April 1993): 189-208. For the pollen record of synglacial Amazon forests, see K. B. Liu and P. A. Colinvaux, "Forest Changes in the Amazon Basin During the Last Glacial Maximum," Nature 318 (12 December 1985): 556-57; P. A. Colinvaux, P. E. De Oliveira, J. E. Moreno, M. C. Miller, and M. B. Bush, "A Long Pollen Record from Lowland Amazonia: Forest and Cooling in Glacial Times," Science 274 (4 October 1996): 85-88; S. G. Haberle and M. A. Maslin, "Late Quater° nary Vegetation and Climate Change in the Amazon Basin Based on a 50,000 Year Pollen Record from the Amazon Fan, ODP Site 932," Quaternary Research 51 (January 1999): 27-38; P. A. Colinvaux, P. E. de Oliveira, and M. B. Bush, "Amazonian and Neotropical Plant Communities on Glacial Time-Scales: The Failure of the Aridity and Refuge Hypotheses," Quaternary Science Reviews 19 (January 2000): 141-69.
64. Synglacial temperatures in the tropics have been discussed by T. P. Guilderson, R. G. Fairbanks, and J. L. Rubenstone, "Tropical Temperature Variations Since 20,000 Years Ago: Modulating Interhemispheric Climate Change," Science 263 (4 February 1994): 663-65; M. Stute et al., "Cooling of Tropical Brazil (5°C) During the 1st Glacial Maxi mum," Science 269 (21 July 1995): 379-83. The historical ecology of tropical rain forests was discussed on a global scale by J. R. Flenley, The Equatorial Rain Forest: A Geological History (London: Burterworths, 1979), 1-162, and the overall distribution of floral provinces in South America at peak glaciation by C. M. Clapperton, "Nature of Environmental Changes in South America at the Last Glacial Maximum," Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 101 (April 1993): 189-208. For the pollen record of synglacial Amazon forests, see K. B. Liu and P. A. Colinvaux, "Forest Changes in the Amazon Basin During the Last Glacial Maximum," Nature 318 (12 December 1985): 556-57; P. A. Colinvaux, P. E. De Oliveira, J. E. Moreno, M. C. Miller, and M. B. Bush, "A Long Pollen Record from Lowland Amazonia: Forest and Cooling in Glacial Times," Science 274 (4 October 1996): 85-88; S. G. Haberle and M. A. Maslin, "Late Quater° nary Vegetation and Climate Change in the Amazon Basin Based on a 50,000 Year Pollen Record from the Amazon Fan, ODP Site 932," Quaternary Research 51 (January 1999): 27-38; P. A. Colinvaux, P. E. de Oliveira, and M. B. Bush, "Amazonian and Neotropical Plant Communities on Glacial Time-Scales: The Failure of the Aridity and Refuge Hypotheses," Quaternary Science Reviews 19 (January 2000): 141-69.
65. Synglacial temperatures in the tropics have been discussed by T. P. Guilderson, R. G. Fairbanks, and J. L. Rubenstone, "Tropical Temperature Variations Since 20,000 Years Ago: Modulating Interhemispheric Climate Change," Science 263 (4 February 1994): 663-65; M. Stute et al., "Cooling of Tropical Brazil (5°C) During the 1st Glacial Maxi mum," Science 269 (21 July 1995): 379-83. The historical ecology of tropical rain forests was discussed on a global scale by J. R. Flenley, The Equatorial Rain Forest: A Geological History (London: Burterworths, 1979), 1-162, and the overall distribution of floral provinces in South America at peak glaciation by C. M. Clapperton, "Nature of Environmental Changes in South America at the Last Glacial Maximum," Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 101 (April 1993): 189-208. For the pollen record of synglacial Amazon forests, see K. B. Liu and P. A. Colinvaux, "Forest Changes in the Amazon Basin During the Last Glacial Maximum," Nature 318 (12 December 1985): 556-57; P. A. Colinvaux, P. E. De Oliveira, J. E. Moreno, M. C. Miller, and M. B. Bush, "A Long Pollen Record from Lowland Amazonia: Forest and Cooling in Glacial Times," Science 274 (4 October 1996): 85-88; S. G. Haberle and M. A. Maslin, "Late Quater° nary Vegetation and Climate Change in the Amazon Basin Based on a 50,000 Year Pollen Record from the Amazon Fan, ODP Site 932," Quaternary Research 51 (January 1999): 27-38; P. A. Colinvaux, P. E. de Oliveira, and M. B. Bush, "Amazonian and Neotropical Plant Communities on Glacial Time-Scales: The Failure of the Aridity and Refuge Hypotheses," Quaternary Science Reviews 19 (January 2000): 141-69.
66. Synglacial temperatures in the tropics have been discussed by T. P. Guilderson, R. G. Fairbanks, and J. L. Rubenstone, "Tropical Temperature Variations Since 20,000 Years Ago: Modulating Interhemispheric Climate Change," Science 263 (4 February 1994): 663-65; M. Stute et al., "Cooling of Tropical Brazil (5°C) During the 1st Glacial Maxi mum," Science 269 (21 July 1995): 379-83. The historical ecology of tropical rain forests was discussed on a global scale by J. R. Flenley, The Equatorial Rain Forest: A Geological History (London: Burterworths, 1979), 1-162, and the overall distribution of floral provinces in South America at peak glaciation by C. M. Clapperton, "Nature of Environmental Changes in South America at the Last Glacial Maximum," Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 101 (April 1993): 189-208. For the pollen record of synglacial Amazon forests, see K. B. Liu and P. A. Colinvaux, "Forest Changes in the Amazon Basin During the Last Glacial Maximum," Nature 318 (12 December 1985): 556-57; P. A. Colinvaux, P. E. De Oliveira, J. E. Moreno, M. C. Miller, and M. B. Bush, "A Long Pollen Record from Lowland Amazonia: Forest and Cooling in Glacial Times," Science 274 (4 October 1996): 85-88; S. G. Haberle and M. A. Maslin, "Late Quater° nary Vegetation and Climate Change in the Amazon Basin Based on a 50,000 Year Pollen Record from the Amazon Fan, ODP Site 932," Quaternary Research 51 (January 1999): 27-38; P. A. Colinvaux, P. E. de Oliveira, and M. B. Bush, "Amazonian and Neotropical Plant Communities on Glacial Time-Scales: The Failure of the Aridity and Refuge Hypotheses," Quaternary Science Reviews 19 (January 2000): 141-69.
67. Dating of Clovis sites in terms of calibrated radiocarbon ages is appraised by R. E. Taylor, C. V. Haynes, Jr., and Minze Stuiver, "Clovis and Folsom Age Estimates: Stratigraphic Context and Radiocarbon Calibration," Antiquity 70 (September 1996): 515-25. Early human agricultural development on delta surfaces is reviewed by D. J. Stanley and A. G. Warne, "Holocene Sea-Level Change and Early Human Utilization of Deltas," GSA Today 7 (December 1997): 1-6.
68. Dating of Clovis sites in terms of calibrated radiocarbon ages is appraised by R. E. Taylor, C. V. Haynes, Jr., and Minze Stuiver, "Clovis and Folsom Age Estimates: Stratigraphic Context and Radiocarbon Calibration," Antiquity 70 (September 1996): 515-25. Early human agricultural development on delta surfaces is reviewed by D. J. Stanley and A. G. Warne, "Holocene Sea-Level Change and Early Human Utilization of Deltas," GSA Today 7 (December 1997): 1-6.
69. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
70. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
71. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
72. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
73. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
74. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
75. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
76. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
77. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
78. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
79. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
80. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the
81. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
82. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
83. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
84. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
85. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
86. For extended discussions of aboriginal wildfires, see S. J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 1-654; Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York: Holt, 1991), 1-520. Specific studies of pre-contact fire practices by Native Americans (USA area) in° clude Galen Clark, "Yosemite - Past and Present," Sunset Magazine (April 1907): 79-81; G. M. Day, "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest," Ecology 34 (April 1953): 329-46); Homer Aschmann, "The Evolution of a Wild Landscape and its Persistence in Southern California," Association of American Geographers Annals (Supplement 1959): 34-56; D. R. Harris, "Recent Plant Invasions in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest of the United States," Association of American Geographers Annals 56 (September 1966): 408-422; H.T. Lewis, "Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory," Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 1 (1973): 1-101; Jan Timbrook, J. R. Johnson, and D. D. Earle, "Vegetation Burning by the Chumash," Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4 (winter 1982): 163-86; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983, 1-241, especially 49-51; Robert Boyd, "Strategies of Indian Burning in the Williamette Valley," Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5 (fall 1986): 65-86. The term "firestick farming" was introduced by Rhys Jones, "Fire-Stick Farming," Australian Natural History 16 (September 1969): 224-28; although his concept that anthropogenic fire has played a key role in fostering the structure of Australian plant communities has been disputed by D. R. Horton, "The Burning Question: Aborigines, Fire, and Australian Ecosystems," Mankind 13 (April 1982): 237-51, and R. L. Clark, "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on the Vegetation of Australia," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 32-37, detailed accounts of current Aborigine fire practices tend to support Rhys Jones: Richard Kimber, "Black Lightning: Aborigines and Fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 38-45; D. B. Rose, ed., Country in Flames [Proceedings of the 1994 Symposium on Biodiversity and Fire in North Australia] (Canberra: North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 3, 1995), 1-127. For the influence of anthropogenic fires on the distribution of forest species, see J. G. Saldarriaga and D. C. West, "Holocene Fires in the Northern Amazon Basin," Quaternary Research 26 (November 1986): 358-66; P. A. Delcourt, H. R. Delcourt, C. R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K. J. Germillion, "Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky," American Antiquity 63 (April 1998): 369-85; J. S. Athens and J. V. Ward, "The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: Climate, Vegetation, and Humans," Antiquity 73 (June 1999): 287-302.
87. Pioneeering studies that demonstrated the dominant role of anthropogenic fire in protecting tropical savannahs from tree invasion include Gerard Budowski, "Tropical Savannahs, a Sequence of Forest Felling and Repeated Burnings," Turrialba 6 (June 1956): 23-33; M. J. Eden, "Palaeoclimatic Influences and the Development of Savanna in Southern Venezuela," Journal of Biogeography 1 (June 1974): 95-109; R. N. Seavoy, "The Origin of Tropical Grasslands in Kalimantan, Indonesia," Journal of Tropical Geography 40 (June 1975): 48-52; R. A. Pullan, "Burning Impact on African Savannahs," Geographical Magazine 47 (April 1975): 432-38; G. A. J. Scott, "The Role of Fire in the Creation and Maintenance of Savanna in the Montana of Peru," Journal of Biogeography 4 (June 1977): 141-67. Recent studies showing its importance for replacing forest with savannah on newly occupied Pacific islands include Janelle Stephenson and J. R. Dodson, "Paleoenvironmental Evidence for Human Settlement of New Caledonia," Archaeology in Oceania 30 (April 1995): 36-41; J. R. Dodson and Michiko Intoh, "Prehistory and Palaeoecology of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia," Quaternary International 59 (October 1999): 17-26.
88. Pioneeering studies that demonstrated the dominant role of anthropogenic fire in protecting tropical savannahs from tree invasion include Gerard Budowski, "Tropical Savannahs, a Sequence of Forest Felling and Repeated Burnings," Turrialba 6 (June 1956): 23-33; M. J. Eden, "Palaeoclimatic Influences and the Development of Savanna in Southern Venezuela," Journal of Biogeography 1 (June 1974): 95-109; R. N. Seavoy, "The Origin of Tropical Grasslands in Kalimantan, Indonesia," Journal of Tropical Geography 40 (June 1975): 48-52; R. A. Pullan, "Burning Impact on African Savannahs," Geographical Magazine 47 (April 1975): 432-38; G. A. J. Scott, "The Role of Fire in the Creation and Maintenance of Savanna in the Montana of Peru," Journal of Biogeography 4 (June 1977): 141-67. Recent studies showing its importance for replacing forest with savannah on newly occupied Pacific islands include Janelle Stephenson and J. R. Dodson, "Paleoenvironmental Evidence for Human Settlement of New Caledonia," Archaeology in Oceania 30 (April 1995): 36-41; J. R. Dodson and Michiko Intoh, "Prehistory and Palaeoecology of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia," Quaternary International 59 (October 1999): 17-26.
89. Pioneeering studies that demonstrated the dominant role of anthropogenic fire in protecting tropical savannahs from tree invasion include Gerard Budowski, "Tropical Savannahs, a Sequence of Forest Felling and Repeated Burnings," Turrialba 6 (June 1956): 23-33; M. J. Eden, "Palaeoclimatic Influences and the Development of Savanna in Southern Venezuela," Journal of Biogeography 1 (June 1974): 95-109; R. N. Seavoy, "The Origin of Tropical Grasslands in Kalimantan, Indonesia," Journal of Tropical Geography 40 (June 1975): 48-52; R. A. Pullan, "Burning Impact on African Savannahs," Geographical Magazine 47 (April 1975): 432-38; G. A. J. Scott, "The Role of Fire in the Creation and Maintenance of Savanna in the Montana of Peru," Journal of Biogeography 4 (June 1977): 141-67. Recent studies showing its importance for replacing forest with savannah on newly occupied Pacific islands include Janelle Stephenson and J. R. Dodson, "Paleoenvironmental Evidence for Human Settlement of New Caledonia," Archaeology in Oceania 30 (April 1995): 36-41; J. R. Dodson and Michiko Intoh, "Prehistory and Palaeoecology of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia," Quaternary International 59 (October 1999): 17-26.
90. Pioneeering studies that demonstrated the dominant role of anthropogenic fire in protecting tropical savannahs from tree invasion include Gerard Budowski, "Tropical Savannahs, a Sequence of Forest Felling and Repeated Burnings," Turrialba 6 (June 1956): 23-33; M. J. Eden, "Palaeoclimatic Influences and the Development of Savanna in Southern Venezuela," Journal of Biogeography 1 (June 1974): 95-109; R. N. Seavoy, "The Origin of Tropical Grasslands in Kalimantan, Indonesia," Journal of Tropical Geography 40 (June 1975): 48-52; R. A. Pullan, "Burning Impact on African Savannahs," Geographical Magazine 47 (April 1975): 432-38; G. A. J. Scott, "The Role of Fire in the Creation and Maintenance of Savanna in the Montana of Peru," Journal of Biogeography 4 (June 1977): 141-67. Recent studies showing its importance for replacing forest with savannah on newly occupied Pacific islands include Janelle Stephenson and J. R. Dodson, "Paleoenvironmental Evidence for Human Settlement of New Caledonia," Archaeology in Oceania 30 (April 1995): 36-41; J. R. Dodson and Michiko Intoh, "Prehistory and Palaeoecology of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia," Quaternary International 59 (October 1999): 17-26.
91. Pioneeering studies that demonstrated the dominant role of anthropogenic fire in protecting tropical savannahs from tree invasion include Gerard Budowski, "Tropical Savannahs, a Sequence of Forest Felling and Repeated Burnings," Turrialba 6 (June 1956): 23-33; M. J. Eden, "Palaeoclimatic Influences and the Development of Savanna in Southern Venezuela," Journal of Biogeography 1 (June 1974): 95-109; R. N. Seavoy, "The Origin of Tropical Grasslands in Kalimantan, Indonesia," Journal of Tropical Geography 40 (June 1975): 48-52; R. A. Pullan, "Burning Impact on African Savannahs," Geographical Magazine 47 (April 1975): 432-38; G. A. J. Scott, "The Role of Fire in the Creation and Maintenance of Savanna in the Montana of Peru," Journal of Biogeography 4 (June 1977): 141-67. Recent studies showing its importance for replacing forest with savannah on newly occupied Pacific islands include Janelle Stephenson and J. R. Dodson, "Paleoenvironmental Evidence for Human Settlement of New Caledonia," Archaeology in Oceania 30 (April 1995): 36-41; J. R. Dodson and Michiko Intoh, "Prehistory and Palaeoecology of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia," Quaternary International 59 (October 1999): 17-26.
92. Pioneeering studies that demonstrated the dominant role of anthropogenic fire in protecting tropical savannahs from tree invasion include Gerard Budowski, "Tropical Savannahs, a Sequence of Forest Felling and Repeated Burnings," Turrialba 6 (June 1956): 23-33; M. J. Eden, "Palaeoclimatic Influences and the Development of Savanna in Southern Venezuela," Journal of Biogeography 1 (June 1974): 95-109; R. N. Seavoy, "The Origin of Tropical Grasslands in Kalimantan, Indonesia," Journal of Tropical Geography 40 (June 1975): 48-52; R. A. Pullan, "Burning Impact on African Savannahs," Geographical Magazine 47 (April 1975): 432-38; G. A. J. Scott, "The Role of Fire in the Creation and Maintenance of Savanna in the Montana of Peru," Journal of Biogeography 4 (June 1977): 141-67. Recent studies showing its importance for replacing forest with savannah on newly occupied Pacific islands include Janelle Stephenson and J. R. Dodson, "Paleoenvironmental Evidence for Human Settlement of New Caledonia," Archaeology in Oceania 30 (April 1995): 36-41; J. R. Dodson and Michiko Intoh, "Prehistory and Palaeoecology of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia," Quaternary International 59 (October 1999): 17-26.
93. Pioneeering studies that demonstrated the dominant role of anthropogenic fire in protecting tropical savannahs from tree invasion include Gerard Budowski, "Tropical Savannahs, a Sequence of Forest Felling and Repeated Burnings," Turrialba 6 (June 1956): 23-33; M. J. Eden, "Palaeoclimatic Influences and the Development of Savanna in Southern Venezuela," Journal of Biogeography 1 (June 1974): 95-109; R. N. Seavoy, "The Origin of Tropical Grasslands in Kalimantan, Indonesia," Journal of Tropical Geography 40 (June 1975): 48-52; R. A. Pullan, "Burning Impact on African Savannahs," Geographical Magazine 47 (April 1975): 432-38; G. A. J. Scott, "The Role of Fire in the Creation and Maintenance of Savanna in the Montana of Peru," Journal of Biogeography 4 (June 1977): 141-67. Recent studies showing its importance for replacing forest with savannah on newly occupied Pacific islands include Janelle Stephenson and J. R. Dodson, "Paleoenvironmental Evidence for Human Settlement of New Caledonia," Archaeology in Oceania 30 (April 1995): 36-41; J. R. Dodson and Michiko Intoh, "Prehistory and Palaeoecology of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia," Quaternary International 59 (October 1999): 17-26.
94. Fire as the prime tool of aboriginal land management was argued by O. C. Stewart, "Burning and Natural Vegetation in the United States," Geographical Review 41 (April 1951): 317-20; "Fire as the First Great Force Employed by Man," in Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth, ed. W. L. Thomas, Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956), 115-33. An example of semiarid grassland persistent without anthropogenic influence is described by M. E. Meadows, "Late Quaternary Vegetation History of the Nyika Plateau, Malawi," Journal of Biogeography 11 (May 1984): 209-222.
95. Fire as the prime tool of aboriginal land management was argued by O. C. Stewart, "Burning and Natural Vegetation in the United States," Geographical Review 41 (April 1951): 317-20; "Fire as the First Great Force Employed by Man," in Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth, ed. W. L. Thomas, Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956), 115-33. An example of semiarid grassland persistent without anthropogenic influence is described by M. E. Meadows, "Late Quaternary Vegetation History of the Nyika Plateau, Malawi," Journal of Biogeography 11 (May 1984): 209-222.
96. Fire as the prime tool of aboriginal land management was argued by O. C. Stewart, "Burning and Natural Vegetation in the United States," Geographical Review 41 (April 1951): 317-20; "Fire as the First Great Force Employed by Man," in Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth, ed. W. L. Thomas, Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956), 115-33. An example of semiarid grassland persistent without anthropogenic influence is described by M. E. Meadows, "Late Quaternary Vegetation History of the Nyika Plateau, Malawi," Journal of Biogeography 11 (May 1984): 209-222.
97. Extent and age of delta lobes generalized after D. E. Frazier, "Recent Deltaic Deposits of the Mississippi River: Their Development and Chronology," Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions 17 (1967): 287-311; W. J. Autin, S. F. Burns, B. J. Miller, R. T. Saucier, and J. I. Snead, "Quaternary Geology of the Lower Mississippi Valley," in Quaternary Nonglacial Geology: Conterminous U.S., ed. R. B. Morrison (Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, Volume K-2, 1991), 547-82; J. M. Coleman, H. H. Roberts, and G. W. Stone, "Mississippi River Delta: An Overview," Journal of Coastal Research 14 (summer 1998): 698-716.
98. Extent and age of delta lobes generalized after D. E. Frazier, "Recent Deltaic Deposits of the Mississippi River: Their Development and Chronology," Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions 17 (1967): 287-311; W. J. Autin, S. F. Burns, B. J. Miller, R. T. Saucier, and J. I. Snead, "Quaternary Geology of the Lower Mississippi Valley," in Quaternary Nonglacial Geology: Conterminous U.S., ed. R. B. Morrison (Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, Volume K-2, 1991), 547-82; J. M. Coleman, H. H. Roberts, and G. W. Stone, "Mississippi River Delta: An Overview," Journal of Coastal Research 14 (summer 1998): 698-716.
99. Extent and age of delta lobes generalized after D. E. Frazier, "Recent Deltaic Deposits of the Mississippi River: Their Development and Chronology," Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions 17 (1967): 287-311; W. J. Autin, S. F. Burns, B. J. Miller, R. T. Saucier, and J. I. Snead, "Quaternary Geology of the Lower Mississippi Valley," in Quaternary Nonglacial Geology: Conterminous U.S., ed. R. B. Morrison (Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, Volume K-2, 1991), 547-82; J. M. Coleman, H. H. Roberts, and G. W. Stone, "Mississippi River Delta: An Overview," Journal of Coastal Research 14 (summer 1998): 698-716.
100. The process and results of animal domestication are addressed by Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel (New York: Norton, 1997), 1-480, especially 157-75. Megafaunal extinctions were treated for the Americas by P. S. Martin, "The Discovery of America," Science 179 (9 March 1973): 969-74; for Australia by Tim Flannery, The Future Eaters (Melbourne: Reed, 1994), 1-423, especially 180-86; and in sequential global overview by P. S. Martin, "40,000 Years of Extinctions on the Planet of Doom," Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (Global and Planetary Change Section) 82 (May 1990): 187-201; P. S. Martin and D. W. Steadman, "Prehistoric Extinctions on Islands and Continents," in Extinctions in Near Time, ed. R. D. E. McPhee (New York: Plenum, 1999), 17-55. For the inferred effect megaherbivore extinctions on Australian flora, see Tim Flannery, "Pleistocene Faunal Loss: Implications of the Aftershock for Australia's Past and Future," Archaeology in Oceania 25 (July 1990): 45-67.
101. The process and results of animal domestication are addressed by Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel (New York: Norton, 1997), 1-480, especially 157-75. Megafaunal extinctions were treated for the Americas by P. S. Martin, "The Discovery of America," Science 179 (9 March 1973): 969-74; for Australia by Tim Flannery, The Future Eaters (Melbourne: Reed, 1994), 1-423, especially 180-86; and in sequential global overview by P. S. Martin, "40,000 Years of Extinctions on the Planet of Doom," Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (Global and Planetary Change Section) 82 (May 1990): 187-201; P. S. Martin and D. W. Steadman, "Prehistoric Extinctions on Islands and Continents," in Extinctions in Near Time, ed. R. D. E. McPhee (New York: Plenum, 1999), 17-55. For the inferred effect megaherbivore extinctions on Australian flora, see Tim Flannery, "Pleistocene Faunal Loss: Implications of the Aftershock for Australia's Past and Future," Archaeology in Oceania 25 (July 1990): 45-67.
102. The process and results of animal domestication are addressed by Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel (New York: Norton, 1997), 1-480, especially 157-75. Megafaunal extinctions were treated for the Americas by P. S. Martin, "The Discovery of America," Science 179 (9 March 1973): 969-74; for Australia by Tim Flannery, The Future Eaters (Melbourne: Reed, 1994), 1-423, especially 180-86; and in sequential global overview by P. S. Martin, "40,000 Years of Extinctions on the Planet of Doom," Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (Global and Planetary Change Section) 82 (May 1990): 187-201; P. S. Martin and D. W. Steadman, "Prehistoric Extinctions on Islands and Continents," in Extinctions in Near Time, ed. R. D. E. McPhee (New York: Plenum, 1999), 17-55. For the inferred effect megaherbivore extinctions on Australian flora, see Tim Flannery, "Pleistocene Faunal Loss: Implications of the Aftershock for Australia's Past and Future," Archaeology in Oceania 25 (July 1990): 45-67.
103. The process and results of animal domestication are addressed by Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel (New York: Norton, 1997), 1-480, especially 157-75. Megafaunal extinctions were treated for the Americas by P. S. Martin, "The Discovery of America," Science 179 (9 March 1973): 969-74; for Australia by Tim Flannery, The Future Eaters (Melbourne: Reed, 1994), 1-423, especially 180-86; and in sequential global overview by P. S. Martin, "40,000 Years of Extinctions on the Planet of Doom," Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (Global and Planetary Change Section) 82 (May 1990): 187-201; P. S. Martin and D. W. Steadman, "Prehistoric Extinctions on Islands and Continents," in Extinctions in Near Time, ed. R. D. E. McPhee (New York: Plenum, 1999), 17-55. For the inferred effect megaherbivore extinctions on Australian flora, see Tim Flannery, "Pleistocene Faunal Loss: Implications of the Aftershock for Australia's Past and Future," Archaeology in Oceania 25 (July 1990): 45-67.
104. The process and results of animal domestication are addressed by Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel (New York: Norton, 1997), 1-480, especially 157-75. Megafaunal extinctions were treated for the Americas by P. S. Martin, "The Discovery of America," Science 179 (9 March 1973): 969-74; for Australia by Tim Flannery, The Future Eaters (Melbourne: Reed, 1994), 1-423, especially 180-86; and in sequential global overview by P. S. Martin, "40,000 Years of Extinctions on the Planet of Doom," Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (Global and Planetary Change Section) 82 (May 1990): 187-201; P. S. Martin and D. W. Steadman, "Prehistoric Extinctions on Islands and Continents," in Extinctions in Near Time, ed. R. D. E. McPhee (New York: Plenum, 1999), 17-55. For the inferred effect megaherbivore extinctions on Australian flora, see Tim Flannery, "Pleistocene Faunal Loss: Implications of the Aftershock for Australia's Past and Future," Archaeology in Oceania 25 (July 1990): 45-67.
105. The process and results of animal domestication are addressed by Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel (New York: Norton, 1997), 1-480, especially 157-75. Megafaunal extinctions were treated for the Americas by P. S. Martin, "The Discovery of America," Science 179 (9 March 1973): 969-74; for Australia by Tim Flannery, The Future Eaters (Melbourne: Reed, 1994), 1-423, especially 180-86; and in sequential global overview by P. S. Martin, "40,000 Years of Extinctions on the Planet of Doom," Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (Global and Planetary Change Section) 82 (May 1990): 187-201; P. S. Martin and D. W. Steadman, "Prehistoric Extinctions on Islands and Continents," in Extinctions in Near Time, ed. R. D. E. McPhee (New York: Plenum, 1999), 17-55. For the inferred effect megaherbivore extinctions on Australian flora, see Tim Flannery, "Pleistocene Faunal Loss: Implications of the Aftershock for Australia's Past and Future," Archaeology in Oceania 25 (July 1990): 45-67.
106. For depletion of avifauna within Oceania, see S. L. Olson and H. F. James, "The Role of Polynesians in the Extinction of the Avifauna of the Hawaiian Islands," in Quaternary Extinctions, ed. P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1995), 768-80; D. W. Steadman, "Prehistoric Extinctions of Pacific Island Birds: Biodiversity Meets Zooarchaeology," Science 267 (24 February 1995): 1123-31; D. W. Steadman, "Extinctions of Polynesian Birds: Reciprocal Impacts of Birds and People," in Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands, ed. P. V. Kirch and T. L. Hunt (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 51-79.
107. For depletion of avifauna within Oceania, see S. L. Olson and H. F. James, "The Role of Polynesians in the Extinction of the Avifauna of the Hawaiian Islands," in Quaternary Extinctions, ed. P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1995), 768-80; D. W. Steadman, "Prehistoric Extinctions of Pacific Island Birds: Biodiversity Meets Zooarchaeology," Science 267 (24 February 1995): 1123-31; D. W. Steadman, "Extinctions of Polynesian Birds: Reciprocal Impacts of Birds and People," in Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands, ed. P. V. Kirch and T. L. Hunt (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 51-79.
108. For depletion of avifauna within Oceania, see S. L. Olson and H. F. James, "The Role of Polynesians in the Extinction of the Avifauna of the Hawaiian Islands," in Quaternary Extinctions, ed. P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1995), 768-80; D. W. Steadman, "Prehistoric Extinctions of Pacific Island Birds: Biodiversity Meets Zooarchaeology," Science 267 (24 February 1995): 1123-31; D. W. Steadman, "Extinctions of Polynesian Birds: Reciprocal Impacts of Birds and People," in Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands, ed. P. V. Kirch and T. L. Hunt (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 51-79.
109. For the myth of wilderness, see W. M. Denevan, "The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the Americas in 1492," Association of American Geographers Annals 82 (September 1992): 369-85; Arturo Gomez-Pompa and Andrea Kaus, "Taming the Wilderness Myth," BioScience 42 (April 1992): 271-79.
110. For the myth of wilderness, see W. M. Denevan, "The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the Americas in 1492," Association of American Geographers Annals 82 (September 1992): 369-85; Arturo Gomez-Pompa and Andrea Kaus, "Taming the Wilderness Myth," BioScience 42 (April 1992): 271-79.
111. The areal extent of New Zealand forests at different times is indicated by M. S. McGlone, "Polynesian Deforestation of New Zealand," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 11-25; Atholl Anderson and Matt McGlone, "Living on the Edge - Prehistoric Land and People in New Zealand," in The Naive Lands, ed. John Dodson (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992): 199-241; M. S. McGlone, M. J. Salinger, and N. T. Moar, "Paleovegetation Studies of New Zealand's Climate Since the Last Glacial Maximum," in Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr., J. E. Kutzbach, Thompson Webb III, W. F. Ruddiman, F. A. Street-Perrott, and P. J. Bartlein (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 294-317. The timing of Polynesian arrival in New Zealand is documented by Atholl Anderson, "The Chronology of Colonization in New Zealand," Antiquity 65 (December 1991): 767-95; M. S. McGlone and J. M. Wilmshurst, "Dating Initial Maori Environmental Impact in New Zealand," Quaternary International 59 (October 1999): 5-16.
112. The areal extent of New Zealand forests at different times is indicated by M. S. McGlone, "Polynesian Deforestation of New Zealand," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 11-25; Atholl Anderson and Matt McGlone, "Living on the Edge - Prehistoric Land and People in New Zealand," in The Naive Lands, ed. John Dodson (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992): 199-241; M. S. McGlone, M. J. Salinger, and N. T. Moar, "Paleovegetation Studies of New Zealand's Climate Since the Last Glacial Maximum," in Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr., J. E. Kutzbach, Thompson Webb III, W. F. Ruddiman, F. A. Street-Perrott, and P. J. Bartlein (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 294-317. The timing of Polynesian arrival in New Zealand is documented by Atholl Anderson, "The Chronology of Colonization in New Zealand," Antiquity 65 (December 1991): 767-95; M. S. McGlone and J. M. Wilmshurst, "Dating Initial Maori Environmental Impact in New Zealand," Quaternary International 59 (October 1999): 5-16.
113. The areal extent of New Zealand forests at different times is indicated by M. S. McGlone, "Polynesian Deforestation of New Zealand," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 11-25; Atholl Anderson and Matt McGlone, "Living on the Edge - Prehistoric Land and People in New Zealand," in The Naive Lands, ed. John Dodson (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992): 199-241; M. S. McGlone, M. J. Salinger, and N. T. Moar, "Paleovegetation Studies of New Zealand's Climate Since the Last Glacial Maximum," in Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr., J. E. Kutzbach, Thompson Webb III, W. F. Ruddiman, F. A. Street-Perrott, and P. J. Bartlein (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 294-317. The timing of Polynesian arrival in New Zealand is documented by Atholl Anderson, "The Chronology of Colonization in New Zealand," Antiquity 65 (December 1991): 767-95; M. S. McGlone and J. M. Wilmshurst, "Dating Initial Maori Environmental Impact in New Zealand," Quaternary International 59 (October 1999): 5-16.
114. The areal extent of New Zealand forests at different times is indicated by M. S. McGlone, "Polynesian Deforestation of New Zealand," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 11-25; Atholl Anderson and Matt McGlone, "Living on the Edge - Prehistoric Land and People in New Zealand," in The Naive Lands, ed. John Dodson (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992): 199-241; M. S. McGlone, M. J. Salinger, and N. T. Moar, "Paleovegetation Studies of New Zealand's Climate Since the Last Glacial Maximum," in Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr., J. E. Kutzbach, Thompson Webb III, W. F. Ruddiman, F. A. Street-Perrott, and P. J. Bartlein (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 294-317. The timing of Polynesian arrival in New Zealand is documented by Atholl Anderson, "The Chronology of Colonization in New Zealand," Antiquity 65 (December 1991): 767-95; M. S. McGlone and J. M. Wilmshurst, "Dating Initial Maori Environmental Impact in New Zealand," Quaternary International 59 (October 1999): 5-16.
115. The areal extent of New Zealand forests at different times is indicated by M. S. McGlone, "Polynesian Deforestation of New Zealand," Archaeology in Oceania 18 (April 1983): 11-25; Atholl Anderson and Matt McGlone, "Living on the Edge - Prehistoric Land and People in New Zealand," in The Naive Lands, ed. John Dodson (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992): 199-241; M. S. McGlone, M. J. Salinger, and N. T. Moar, "Paleovegetation Studies of New Zealand's Climate Since the Last Glacial Maximum," in Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr., J. E. Kutzbach, Thompson Webb III, W. F. Ruddiman, F. A. Street-Perrott, and P. J. Bartlein (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 294-317. The timing of Polynesian arrival in New Zealand is documented by Atholl Anderson, "The Chronology of Colonization in New Zealand," Antiquity 65 (December 1991): 767-95; M. S. McGlone and J. M. Wilmshurst, "Dating Initial Maori Environmental Impact in New Zealand," Quaternary International 59 (October 1999): 5-16.