Mechanisms of injury and death proximal to restraint use

Archives of Psychiatric Nursing

Volumn 14, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 285-295

  Mohr, Wanda K ^a   Mohr, Brian D ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ASPHYXIA; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHILD; EXERCISE; HUMAN; INJURY; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HOSPITAL; MORTALITY; NURSING; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; SUDDEN DEATH;

ADULT; ASPHYXIA; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHILD; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; RESTRAINT, PHYSICAL; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 0034540896     PISSN: 08839417     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/apnu.2000.19091     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Ader, R., Cohen, N., & Felten, D. (1995). Psychoneuroinimunology interactions between the nervous system and the immune system. Lancet, 345, 99-103.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Aragon, A., & Holmes, P.A. (1990). Engagement of patients and staff on a psychiatric hospital ward. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 11(2), 171-188.
4. Bell, M.D., Rao, V.J., Wetli, C.V., & Rodriguez, R.N. (1992). Positional asphyxia in adults: A series of 30 cases from the Dade and Broward County Florida Medical Examiner offices from 1982-1990. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 13(2), 101-107.
5. Benca, R.M., & Quintas, L. (1997). Sleep and host defenses: A review. Sleep, 20(11), 1027-1037.
6. Boglioli, L.R., Taff, M.L., & Harleman, G. (1998). Child homicide cased by commotio cordis. Pediatric Cardiology, 19, 436-438.
7. Braunwald, E. (1997). Heart disease: A textbook of cardiovascular medicine. (Vol. 1). Philadelphia: Saunders.
8. Brown, J.A., Elliott, M.J., & Sray, W.A. (1994). Exercise induced upper extremity rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria in shipboard military personnel. Military Medicine, 159(7), 473-475.
9. Cicchetti, D. (1989). How research on child maltreatment has informed the study of child development: Perspectives from developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & B. Carlson (Eds.), Child Maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect, (pp. 377-431). New York: Cambridge University.
10. Cicchetti, D. (1995). A developmental psychopathology perspective on child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(5), 541-565.
11. Cohen, S., Doyle, W.J., & Skoner, D.P. (1999). Psychological stress, cytokine production, and severity of upper respiratory illness. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61(2), 175-180.
12. Coumel, P., Rosengarten, M.D., Leclercq, J.F., & Attuel, P. (1982). Role of sympathetic nervous sytem in nonischemic ventricular arrhythmias. British Heart Journal, 47, 137-147.
13. Derstappen, T., Mathias, K., & Losse, B. (1995). Complications of an idiopathic rhabdomyolysis. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 120(8), 245-251.
14. Dodge, K.A., Price, J.M., Bachorowski, J., & Newman, J.P. (1990). Hostile attributional biases in severely aggressive adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 385-392,
15. Donat, D.C. (1998). Impact of a mandatory behavioral consultation on seclusion/restraint utilization in a psychiatric hospital. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 29(1), 13-19.
16. Engel, G. (1978). Psychologic stress, vasodepressor vasovagal syncope and sudden death. Annals of Internal Medicine, 89, 403-412.
17. Esther, R.J. (1997). Use of physical restraints in a nineteenth-century state hospital. History of Psychiatry, 8(29 part 1), 83-93.
18. Fergusson, D., Horwood, L., & Lynskey, M. (1994). Prevalence and comorbidity of DSM III-R diagnosis in a birth cohort of 15 year olds. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(6), 989-993.
19. Fernandez-Real, J.M., Ricard-Engel, W., & Camafort-Babkowski, M. (1994). Hyponatremia and benzodiazepines result in rhabdomyolysis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 28(10), 1200-1201.
20. Frucht, M. (1994). Challenge, 10 deep knee bends: Reward, rhabdomyolysis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 330(22), 1620-1621.
21. Gallop, R., McCay, E., Guha, M., & Khan, P. (1999). The experience of hospitalization and restraint of women who have a history of childhood sexual abuse. Health Care for Women International, 2(4), 401-416.
22. Garbarino, J., Kostelny, K., & Dubrow, N. (1991). What children can tell us about living in danger. Psychiatry, 46, 376-383.
23. Glaser, R., Rabin, B., Chesney, M., Cohen, S., & Natelson, B. (1999). Stress induced immunomodulation: Implications for infectious diseases? Journal of the American Medical Association, 281(24), 2268-2270.
24. Goodyer, I.M., Kolvin, L., & Gatzanis, S. (1987). The impact of recent life events in psychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 179-185.
25. Goren, S., Singh, N.N., & Best, A.M. (1993). The aggression-coercion cycle: Use of seclusion and restraint in a child psychiatric hospital. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2(1), 61-73
26. Grossman, P., Watkins, L.L., Wilhelm, F.H., Manolakis, D., & Lown, B. (1996). Cardiac vagal control and dynamic responses to psychological stress among patients with coronary artery disease. The American Journal of Cardiology, 78(12), 1424-1427.
27. Howard, J.D., & Reay, D.T. (1997). Positional asphyxia. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 32(1), 116-118.
28. Hyman, S.E., Arana, G.W., & Rosenbaum, I.F. (1995). Handbook of psychiatric drug therapy (3rd ed.). Boston: Little Brown.
29. Hyman, S.E., & Nestler, E.J. (1993). The molecular foundations of psychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
30. Jermain, D.M., & Crismon, M.L. (1992). Psychotropic drug related rhabdomyolysis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 26(7-8), 948-954.
31. Johnson, D.A., Pinto, J.M., Kirby, D.A., & Lown, B. (1992). Catecholarnines in cerebrospinal fluid are increased by behavioral arousal and myocardial ischemia. American Journal of Physiology, 263, 83-87.
32. Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Health Care Organizations. (November 18, 1998). Preventing restraint deaths. Sentinel Event Alert, Issue 8. Oakbrook, Terrace, IL: Author.
33. Kazdin, A.E. (1993). Treatment of conduct disorder: Progress and directions in psychotherapy research. Development & Psychopathology, 5, 277-310.
34. Kirby, D.A., Pinto, J.M., Hottinger, S., Johnson, D.A., & Lown, B. (1991). Behavioral arousal enhances inducibility and rate of ventricular tachycardia. American Journal of Physiology, 261, 1734-1739.
35. Knochel, J.P. (1993). Mechanisms of rhabdomyolysis. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 5(6), 725-73 1.
36. Kuriyama, T., Oishi, K., Kakazu, H., & Machida, K. (1998). Changes of physiological functions in rats induced by immobilization stress. Japanese Journal of Hygiene, 52(4), 647-653.
37. Lown, B., DeSilva, R.A., & Lenson, R. (1977). Role of psychologic stress and autonomic nervous system changes in provocation of ventricular premature complexes. American Journal of Cardiology, 41, 979-985.
38. Lyman, G.H., Williams, C.C., Dinwoodie, W.R., & Schocken, D.D. (1984). Sudden death in cancer patients receiving lithium. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2, 1270-1273.
39. Manchip, S.M., & Hurel, S.J. (1995). Rhabdomyolysis due to mania. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 167(1), 118-119.
40. Marinesco, S., Bonnet, C., & Cespuglio, R. (1999). Influence of stress duration on the sleep rebound induced by immobilization in the rat: A possible role for corticosterone. Neuroscience, 92(3), 921-933.
41. McCabe, S. (2000). Bringing psychiatric nursing into the twenty-first century. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 14(3), 109-116.
42. Mercieca, J., & Brown, E.A. (1984). Acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis with use of a straitjacket in lysergide intoxication. British Medical Journal of Clinical Research, 288(6435), 1949-1950.
43. Milliken, D. (1998). Death by restraint. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 158(12), 1611-1612.
44. Moffitt, T.E. (1993). The neuropsychology of conduct disorder. Development & Psychopathology, 5, 135-153.
45. Moffitt, T.E., & Henry, B. (1991). Neuropsychological studies of juvenile delinquency and violence: A review. In J. Milner (Ed.), The neuropsychology of aggression (pp. 67-91). Norwell, MA: Kluwer.
46. Mohr, W.K., Mahon, M.M., & Noone, M.J. (1998). A restraint on restraints: The need to reconsider restrictive interventions. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 12(2), 95-106.
47. Moss, R.J., & La Puma, J. (1991). The ethics of mechanical restraints. Hasting Center Report, Jan/Feb, 22-25.
48. NASMHPD (1999, October 14-16). Position statement on seclusion and restraint. Presented at the NASMHPD National Summit, Washington, DC.
49. Newman, J.P. (1987). Reaction to punishment in extroverts and psychopaths: Implications for the impulsive behavior of disinhibited individuals. Journal of Research in Personality 21, 464-480.
50. Norris, M., & Kennedy, C. (1992). The view from within: How patients perceive the seclusion process. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 23(3), 555-563.
51. O'Halloran, R.L., & Lewman, L.V (1994). Restraint asphyxiation in excited delirium. American Journal of Medicine and Pathology, 15, 266-272.
52. Ontnow-Lewis, D.O. (1992). From abuse to violence: Psychophysiological consequences of maltreatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(3), 383-391.
53. Perry, B.D. (1997). Incubated in terror: Neurodevelopmental factors in the "cycle of violence." In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Children in a violent society (pp. 124-149). New York: Guilford.
54. Perry, B.D., & Pollard, R. (1998). Homeostasis, stress, trauma, and adaptation: A neurodevelopmental view of childhood trauma. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 7(1), 33-51.
55. Perry, B.D., Pollard, R.A., Blakley, T.L., Baker, W.L., & Vigilante, D. (1995). Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation, and "use-dependent" development of the brain: How "states" become "traits." Infant Mental Health Journal, 16(4), 271-289.
56. Plantadosi, C.A. (1996). Physical, chemical, and aspiration injuries of the lung. In J.C. Bennett & F. Plum (Eds.), Cecil textbook of medicine (20th ed., Vol. I, pp. 403-410). Philadelphia: Saunders.
57. Poels, P.J., & Gabrels, F.J. (1993). Rhabdomyolysis: A review of the literature. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 95(3), 175-192.
58. Pollanen, M.S., Chiasson, D.A., Cairns, J.T., & Young, J.G. (1998). Unexpected death related to restraint for excited delerium: A retrospective study of deaths in police custody and in the community. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 158(12), 1611-1612.
59. Pynoos, R.S. (1993). Traumatic stress and developmental psychopathology in children and adolescents. In J.P. Wilson & B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 65-98). New York: Plenum.
60. Reay, D.T. (1998). Death in custody. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, 18(1), 1-22.
61. Reay, D.T., & Eisele, J.W. (1982). Death from law enforcement neck holds. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 3(3), 253-258
62. Reay, D.T., Fligner, C.L., Stilwell, A.D., & Arnold, J. (1992). Positional asphyxia during law enforcement transport. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 13(2), 90-97.
63. Reay, D.T., & Holloway, G.A. (1982). Changes in carotid blood flow produced by neck compression. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 3(33), 199-202.
64. Reay, D.T., Howard, J.D., Fligner, C.L., & Ward, R.J. (1988). Effects of positional restraint on oxygen saturation and heart rate following exercise. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 9(1), 16-18.
65. Richters, J.E., & Cicchetti, D. (1993). Mark Twain meets DSM IU-R: Conduct disorder, development, and the concept of harmful dysfunction. Development & Psychopathology, 5, 5-31.
66. Rosenhan, D.L. (1973). On being sane in insane places. Science, 179, 250-257.
67. Schwartz, E.D., & Perry, B.D. (1994). The post-traumatic response in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17(2), 311-326.
68. Schwartz, P.J., Periti, M., & Malliani, A. (1975). The long Q-T syndrome. American Heart Journal, 89, 378-390.
69. Singh, N.N., Singh, S.D., Davis, C.M., Latham, L.L., & Ayers, J.G. (1999). Reconsidering the use of seclusion and restraints in inpatient child and adult psychiatry. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 8(3), 243-253.
70. Steiner, H. (1997). Practice parameters for the assessment of children and adolescents with conduct disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(Suppl.), 10.
71. Strumpf, N.B., & Evans, L.K. (1991). The ethical problems of prolonged physical restraint. Journal of Gerentological Nursing, 17(2), 27-30.
72. U.S. General Accounting Office. (September 1999). Mental Health: Improper restraint or seclusion use places people at risk. (GAO publication BEH-99-176). Washington, DC: Author.
73. van der Kolk, B.A., & Greenberg, M.S. (1987). The psychobiology of the trauma response: Hyperarousal constriction, and addiction to traumatic re-exposure. In B.A. van der Kolk (Ed.), Psychological trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
74. Watemberg, N.M., Roth, K.S., Alehan, F.K., & Epstein, C. (1999). Central anticholinergic syndrome on therapeutic doses of cyproheptadine. Pediatrics, 103(1), 158-160.
75. Weiss, E.M. (October 11-15, 1998). Deadly restraint: A nationwide pattern of death. Hartford Courant.
76. Wolff, P.H., Waber, D., Bauermeister, M., Cohen, C., & Ferber, R. (1982). The neuropsychological status of adolescent delinquent boys. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23, 267-279.