Cytoskeletal perspectives on root growth and morphogenesis

Annual Review of Plant Biology

Volumn 51, Issue , 2000, Pages 289-322

  Barlow, Peter W ^a   Baluška, František ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Actin; Microfilaments; Microtubules; Tubulin

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034488219     PISSN: 15435008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.51.1.289     Document Type: Article

References (246)

1. Akashi T, Shibaoka H. 1991. Involvement of transmembrane proteins in the association of cortical microtubules with the plasma membrane in tobacco BY-2 cells. J. Cell Sci. 98:169-74
2. An Y-Q, Huang S, McDowell JM, McKinney EC, Meagher RB. 1996. Conserved expression of the Arabidopsis ACT1 and ACT3 actin subclass in organ primordia and mature pollen. Plant Cell 8:15-30
3. Apostolakos P, Galatis B, Panteris E. 1991. Microtubules in cell morphogenesis and intercellular formation in Zea mays leaf mesophyll and Pilea cadierei epithem. J. Plant Physiol. 137:591-601
4. Asada T, Collings D. 1997. Molecular motors in higher plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2:29-37
5. Asada T, Kuriyama R, Shibaoka H. 1997. TKRP125, a kinesis-related protein involved in the centro some-independent organization of the cytokinetic apparatus in tobacco BY-2 cells. J. Cell Sci. 110:179-89
6. Asada T, Shibaoka H. 1994. Isolation of polypeptides with microtubule-translocating activity from phragmoplasts of tobacco BY-2 cells. J. Cell Sci. 107:2249-57
7. Assaad FF, Mayer U, Wanner G, Jürgens G. 1996. The KEULE gene is involved in cytokinesis in Arabidopsis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 253:267-77
8. Baird WV, Meagher RB. 1987. A complex gene superfamily encodes actin in petunia. EMBO J. 6:3223-31
9. Baluska F, Barlow PW, Hauskrecht M, Kubica Š, Parker JS, Volkmann D. 1995. Microtubule arrays in maize root cells. Interplay between the cytoskeleton, nuclear organization and post-mitotic cellular growth patterns. New Phytol. 130:177-92
10. Baluška F, Barlow PW, Lichtscheidl IK, Volkmann D. 1998. The plant cell body: a cytoskeletal tool for cellular development and morphogenesis. Protoplasma 202:1-10
11. Baluška F, Brailsford RW, Hauskrecht M, Jackson MB, Barlow PW. 1993. Cellular dimorphism in the maize root cortex: involvement of microtubules, ethylene and gibberellin in the differentiation of cellular behaviour in postmitotic gowth zones. Bot. Acta 106:394-403
12. Baluška F, Hasenstein KH. 1997. Root cytoskeleton: its role in perception of and response to gravity. Planta 303:869-878
13. Baluška F, Hauskrecht M, Barlow PW, Sievers A. 1996. Gravitropism of the primary root of maize: a complex pattern of differential cellular growth in the cortex independent of the microtubular cytoskeleton. Planta 198:310-18
14. Baluška F, Kreibaum A, Vitha S, Parker JS, Barlow PW, Sievers A. 1997. Central root cap cells are depleted of endoplasmic microtubules and actin microfilament bundles: implications for their role as gravity-sensing statocytes. Protoplasma 196:212-23
15. Baluška F, Parker JS, Barlow PW. 1992. Specific patterns of cortical and endoplasmic microtubules associated with cell growth and tissue differentiation in roots of maize (Zea mays L.). J. Cell Sci. 103:191-200
16. Baluška F, Parker JS, Barlow PW. 1993. A role for gibberellic acid in orienting microtubules and cell growth polarity in the maize root cortex. Planta 191:149-57
17. Baluška F, Samaj J, Kendrick-Jones J, Barlow PW, Staiger CJ, Volkmann. 1997. Tissue-and domain-specific distributions and re-distributions of actin microfilaments, myosins, and profilin isoforms in cells of root apices. Cell Biol. Int. 21:852-54
18. Baluška F, Vitha S, Barlow PW, Volkmann D. 1997. Rearrangements of F-actin in growing cells of intact maize root tissue: A major developmental switch occurs in the postmitotic transition region. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 72:113-21
19. Baluška F, Volkmann D, Barlow PW. 1996. Specialized zones of development in roots: view from the cellular level. Plant Physiol. 112:3-4
20. Baluška F, Volkmann D, Barlow PW. 1996. Complete disintegration of the microtubular cytoskeleton precedes auxin-mediated reconstruction in post-mitotic maize root cells. Plant Cell Physiol 37:1013-21
21. Baluska F, Volkmann D, Barlow PW 1997. Nuclear components with microtubule-organizing properties in multicellular eukaryotes: functional and evolutionary considerations. Int. Rev. Cytol. 175:91-135
22. Baluška F, Volkmann D, Barlow PW. 1998. Tissue-and development-specific distributions of cytoskeletal elements in growing cells of the maize root apex. Plant Biosyst. 132:251-65
23. Baluška F, Volkmann D, Barlow PW. 1999. Hormone-cytoskeleton interactions in plant cells. In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones, ed. PJJ Hooykaas, MA Hall, KR Libbenga, pp. 363-90. Amsterdam: Elsevier
24. Baluška F, Volkmann D, Barlow PW. 2000. Actin-based cell cortex domains and their association with polarized 'plant-cell bodies' in higher plants. Plant. Biol. In press
25. Barlow PW. 1971. Properties of cells in the root apex. Rev. Fac. Agron. La Plata 47:275-301
26. Barlow PW. 1995. The cytoskeleton and its role in determining the cellular architecture of roots. G. Bot. Ital. 129:863-72
27. Barlow PW. 1997. Stem cells and founder zones in plants, particularly their roots. In Stem Cells, ed. CS Potten, pp. 29-57. London: Academic
28. Barlow PW, Hofer R-M. 1982. Mitotic activity and cell elongation in geostimulated roots of Zea mays. Physiol. Plant. 54:137-41
29. Barlow PW, Parker JS. 1996. Microtubular cytoskeleton and root morphogenesis. Plant Soil 187:23-36
30. Baskin TI, Betzner AS, Hoggart R, Cork A, Williamson RE. 1992. Root morphology mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 10:427-37
31. Baskin TI, Cande WZ. 1990. The structure and function of the mitotic spindle in flowering plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol Plant Mol. Biol. 41:277-315
32. Bassell G, Singer RH. 1997. mRNA and cytoskeletal filaments. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9:109-15
33. Binarova P, Rennie P, Fowke L. 1994. Probing microtubule organizing centres with MPM-2 in dividing cells of higher plants using immunofluorescence and immunogold techniques. Protoplasma 180: 106-17
34. Biancaflor EB, Hasenstein KH. 1993. Organization of cortical microtubules in graviresponding maize roots. Planta 191: 231-37
35. Biancaflor EB, Hasenstein KH. 1995. Time course and auxin sensitivity of cortical microtubule reorientation in maize roots. Protoplasma 185:72-82
36. Biancaflor EB, Hasenstein KH. 1997. The organization of the actin cytosksleton in vertical and graviresponding primary roots of maize. Plant Physiol. 113:1447-55
37. Bonfante P, Bergero R, Uribe X, Romera C, Rigau J, Puigdomènech P. 1996. Transcriptional activation of maize α-tubulin gene in mycorrhizal maize and transgenic tobacco plants. Plant J. 9:737-43
38. Bulinski JC, Gundersen GG. 1991. Stabilization and post-translational modification of microtubules during cellular morphogenesis. BioEssays 13:285-93
39. Busson S, Dujardin D, Moreau A, Dompierre J,De May JR. 1998. Dynein and dynactin are localized to astral microtubules and at cortical sites in mitotic epithelial cells. Curr. Biol. 8:541-44
40. Bustos MM, Guiltinan MF, Cyr RJ, Ahdoot D, Fosket DE. 1989. Light regulation of β-tubulin gene expression during internode development in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). Plant Physiol. 91:1157-61
41. Byer M. 1957-58. Cytohistological abnormalities associated with the gene "Pigmy" (Py-1) in the primary root tip of corn (Zea mays L.). Proc. Minn. Acad. Sci. 25/26:1-10
42. Carnero Diaz E, Martin F, Tagu D. 1996. Eucalypt α-tubulin: cDNA cloning and increased level of transcript in ectomycorrhizal root system. Plant Mol. Biol. 31:905-10
43. Chaffey NJ, Barlow PW, Barnett JR. 1997. Cortical microtubules rearrange during differentiation of vascular cambial derivatives, microfilaments do not. Trees 11:333-41
44. Chaffey NJ, Barlow PW, Barnett JR. 1998. A seasonal cycle of cell wall structure is accompanied by a cyclical rearrangement of cortical microtubules in fusiform cambial cells within taproots of Aesculus hippocastanum (Hippocastanaceae). New Phytol. 139:623-35
45. Chaffey NJ, Barnett JR, Barlow PW. 1999. A cytoskeletal basis for wood formation in angiosperm trees: the involvement of cortical microtubules. Planta 208:19-30
46. Chan J, Rutten T, Lloyd C. 1996. Isolation of microtubule-associated proteins from carrot cytoskeletons: A120 kDa MAP decorates all four microtubule arrays and the nucleus. Plant J. 10:251-59
47. Chen J, Kanai Y, Cowan NJ, Hirokawa N. 1992. Projection domains of MAP2 and tau determine spacing between microtubules in dendrites and axons. Nature 360:674-77
48. Chu B, Kerr GP, Carter JV. 1993. Stabilizing microtubules with taxol increases microfilament stability during freezing of rye root tips. Plant Cell Environ. 16:883-89
49. Chu B, Wilson TJ, McCune-Zierath C, Snustad DP, Carter JV. 1998. Two β-tubulin genes, TUB1 and TUB8, of Ambidopsis exhibit largely nonoverlapping patterns of expression. Plant Mol. Biol. 37:785-90
50. Clayton L, Lloyd CW. 1985. Actin organization during the cell cycle in meristematic plant cells. Exp. Cell Res. 156:231-38
51. Deleted in proof
52. Cleary AL, Gunning BES, Wasteneys GO, Hepler PK. 1992. Microtubules and F-actin dynamics at the division site in living Tradescantia stamen hair cells. J. Cell Sci. 103:977-88
53. Cleary AL, Smith LC. 1998. The Tangled1 gene is required for spatial control of cytoskeletal arrays associated with cell division during maize leaf development. Plant Cell 10:1875-88
54. Clore AM, Dannehafer JM, Larkins BM. 1996. Ef-1α is associated with a cytoskeletal network surrounding protein bodies in maize endosperm cells. Plant Cell 8:2003-14
55. cdc2 homolog of maize in root tip and stomatal complex cells: association with predicted division sites. Plant Cell 5:1101-11
56. Collings DA, Asada T, Allen NS, Shibaoka H. 1998. Plasma membraneassociated actin in Bright Yellow 2 tobacco cells. Evidence for interaction with microtubules. Plant Physiol. 118:917-28
57. Cyr RJ. 1994. Microtubules in plant morphogenesis. Role of the cortical array. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 10:153-80
58. Cyr RJ, Lin B-L, Jernstedt JA. 1988. Root contraction in hyacinth. II. Changes in tubulin levels, microtubule number and orientation associated with differential cell expansion. Planta 174:446-52
59. Cyr RJ, Palevitz BA. 1989. Microtubulebinding proteins from carrot I. Initial characterization and microtubule binding. Planta 177:245-60
60. Czihak G, Kojima M, Linhart J, Vogel H. 1991. Multipolar mitosis in procaine-treated polyspermic sea urchin eggs and in eggs fertilized with UV-irradiated spermatozoa with a computer model to simulate the positioning of centrosomes. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 55:255-61
61. Darbelley N, Perbal G. 1984. Gravité et différentiation des cellules corticales dans la racine de lentille. Biol. Cell 50:93-98
62. De Castro R, Zheng X, Bergervoet JHW, De Vos CHR, Bino RJ. 1995. β-tubulin accumulation and DNA replication in imbibing tomato seeds. Plant Physiol. 109:499-504
63. Del Vecchio AJ, Harper JDI, Vaughn KC, Baron AT, Salisbury JL, Overall RL. 1997. Centrin homologues in higher plants are prominently associated with the developing cell plate. Protoplasma 196:224-34
64. Derksen J, Jeucken G, Traas JA, Van Lammeren AAM. 1986. The microtubular cytoskeleton in differentiating root tips of Raphanus sativus L. Acta Bot. Neerl. 35:223-31
65. Ding B, Turgeon R, Parthasarathy MV. 1991. Microfilament organization and distribution in freeze substituted tobacco plant tissues. Protoplasma 165:96-105
66. Ding B, Turgeon R, Parthasarathy MV. 1991. Microfilaments in the preprophase band of freeze substituted tobacco root cells. Protoplasma 165:209-11
67. Dolfini S, Consonni G, Mereghetti M, Tonelli C. 1993. Antiparallel expression of the sense and antisense transcripts of maize α-tubulin genes. Mol. Gen. Genet. 241:161-69
68. Duckett CM, Lloyd, CW. 1994. Gibberellic acid-induced microtubule reorientation in dwarf peas is accompanied by rapid modification of an α-tubulin isotype. Plant J. 5:363-72
69. Durso NA, Cyr RJ. 1994. Beyond translation: elongation factor-1α and the cytoskeleton. Protoplasma 180:99-105
70. Eleftheriou EP, Palevitz BA. 1992. The effect of cytochalsin D on preprophase band organization in root tip cells of Allium. J. Cell Sci. 103:989-98
71. Endlé M-C, Stoppin V, Lambert A-M, Schmit A-C. 1998. The growing cell plate of higher plants is a site of both actin assembly and vinculin-like antigen recruitment. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 71:10-18
72. Ericson ME, Carter JV. 1996. Immunolabeled microtubules and microfilaments are visible in multiple cell layers of rye root tip sections. Protoplasma 191:215-19
73. Eun S-O, Wick SM. 1998. Tubulin isoform usage in maize microtubules. Protoplasma 204:235-44
74. Farrar JJ, Evert RF. 1997. Ultrastructure of cell division in the fusiform cells of the vascular cambium of Robinia pseudoacacia. Trees 11:203-15
75. Fisher RH, Barton MK, Cohen JD, Cooke TJ. 1996. Hormonal studies of fass, an Arabidopsis mutant that is altered in organ elongation. Plant Physiol. 110:1109-21
76. Folsom DB, Brown RM Jr. 1987. Changes in cellulose microfibril orientation during differential growth in oat coleoptiles. In Physiology of Cell Expansion during Plant Growth, ed. DJ Cosgrove, DP Knievel, pp. 58-73. Rockville: Am. Soc. Plant Physiol.
77. Galatis B, Apostolakos P, Katsaros C. 1984. Experimental studies on the function of the cortical cytoplasmic zone of the preprophase microtubule band. Protoplasma 122:11-26
78. Giddings TH Jr, Staehelin LA. 1988. Spatial relationship between microtubules and plasma-membrane rosettes during the deposition of primary wall microfibrils in Closterium sp. Planta 173:22-30
79. Glimer S, Clay P, MacRae TH, Fowke LC. 1999. Acetylated tubulin is found in all microtubule arrays of two species of pine. Protoplasma 207:174-85
80. Glimer S, Clay P, MacRae TH, Fowke LC. 1999. Tyrosinated, but not detyrosinated, α-tubulin is present in root tip cells. Protoplasma 210:92-98
81. Goddard RH, Wick SM, Silflow CD, Snustad DP. 1994. Microtubule components of the plant cytoskeleton. Plant Physiol. 104:1-6
82. Goodbody KC, Venverloo CJ, Lloyd CW. 1991. Laser microsurgery demonstrates that cytoplasmic strands anchoring the nucleus across the vacuole of premitotic plant cells are under tension. Implications for division plane alignment. Development 113:931-39
83. Goode JA, Alfano F, Stead AD, Duckentt JG. 1993. The formation of aplastidic abscission (tmema) cells and protonemal disruption in the moss Bryum tenuisetum Limpr. is associated with transverse arrays of microtubules and microfilaments. Protoplasma 174:158-72
84. Grabski S, Xie XG, Holland JF, Schindler M. 1994. Lipids trigger changes in the elasticity of the cytoskeleton in plant cells: a cell optical displacement assay for live cell measurements. J. Cell Biol. 126:713-26
85. Green PB. 1962. Mechanism for plant cellular morphogenesis. Science 138:1404-5
86. Gu X, Verma DPS. 1997. Dynamics of phragmoplastin in living cells during cell plate formation and microscopy of elongation from the plane of cell division. Plant Cell 9:157-69
87. Gunning BES. 1982. The root of the water fern Azolla: cellular basis of development and multiple roles for cortical microtubules. In Developmental Order: Its Origin and Regulation, ed. S Subtelny, pp. 379-421. New York: Liss
88. th, ed. H Shibaoka, pp. 145-55. Osaka: Osaka Univ. Press
89. Hahne G, Hoffmann F. 1985. Cortical microtubular lattices: absent from mature mesophyll and necessary for division? Planta 166:309-13
90. Hardham AR, Gunning BES. 1978. Structure of cortical microtubule arrays in plant cells. J. Cell Biol. 77:14-34
91. Hardham AR, Gunning BES. 1979. Interpolation of microtubules into cortical arrays during cell elongation and differentiation in roots of Azolla pinnata. J. Cell Sci. 31:411-42
92. Hasezawa S, Hogetsu T, Syono K. 1988. Rearrangement of cortical microtubules in elongating cells derived from tobacco protoplasts - a time-course observation by immunofluorescence microscopy. J. Plant Physiol. 133:46-51
93. Hasezawa S, Kumagai F, Nagata T. 1997. Sites of microtubule reorganization in tobacco BY-2 cells during cell-cycle progression. Protoplasma 198:202-9
94. Hasezawa S, Nagata T. 1993. Microtubule organizing centers in plant cells: localization of a 49 kDa protein that is immunologically cross-reactive to a 51 kDa protein from sea urchin centrosomes in synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells. Protoplasma 176:64-74
95. Hauser M-T, Morikami A, Benfy PN. 1995. Conditional root expansion mutants of Arabidopsis. Development 121:1237-52
96. Hellmann A, Wernicke W. 1998. Changes in tubulin protein expression accompanying reorganization of microtubular arrays during cell shaping in barley leaves. Planta 204:220-25
97. Hensel W. 1984. Microtubules in statocytes from roots of cress (Lepidium sativum L.). Protoplasma 119:121-34
98. Hensel W. 1984. A role for microtubules in the polarity of statocytes from roots of Lepidium sativum L. Planta 162:404-14
99. Hensel W. 1985. Cytochalasin B affects the structural polarity of statocytes from cress roots (Lepidium sativum L.). Protoplasma 129:178-87
100. Hensel W. 1986. Cytodifferentiation of polar plant cells. Use of anti-microtubular agents during differentiation of statocytes from cress roots (Lepidium sativum L.). Planta 169:293-303
101. Hensel W. 1989. Tissue slices from living root caps as a model system in which to study Cytodifferentiation of polar cells. Planta 177:296-303
102. Hepler PK, Palevitz BA, Lancelle SA, McCauley MM, Lichtscheidl IK. 1990. Cortical endoplasm in plants. J.Cell Sci. 96:355-73
103. Herth W. 1985. Plasma-membrane rosettes involved in localized wall thickening during xylem vessel formation of Lepidium sativum L. Planta 164:12-21
104. Himmelspach R, Wymer CL, Lloyd CW, Nick P. 1999. Gravity-induced reorientation of cortical microtubules observed in vivo. Plant J. 18:449-53
105. Hirokawa N. 1994. Microtubule organization and dynamics dependent on microtubule-associated proteins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6:74-81
106. Hoffmann JC, Vaughn KC. 1994. Mitotic disrupter herbicides act by a single mechanism but vary in efficacy. Protoplasma 179:16-25
107. Hogetsu T. 1990. Mechanism for formation of the secondary wall thickening in tracheary elements: microtubules and microfibrils of tracheary elements of Pisum sativum L. and Commelina communis L. and the effects of amiprophosmethyl. Planta 185:190-200
108. Hogetsu T, Oshima Y. 1986. Immunofluorescence microscopy of microtubule arrangement in root cells of Pisum sativum L. var Alaska. Plant Cell Physiol. 27:939-45
109. Hoss S, Wernicke W. 1995. Microtubules and the establishment of apparent cell wall invaginations in mesophyll cells of Pinus silvestris L. J. Plant Physiol. 147:474-76
110. Hoyle HD, Raff EC. 1990. Two Drosophila beta tubulin isoforms are not functionally equivalent. J. Cell Biol. 111:1009-26
111. Huang B-Q, Ye X-L, Yeung EC, Zee SY. 1998. Embryology of Cymbidium sinense: the microtubule organization of early embryos. Ann. Bot. 81:741-50
112. Huang RF, Lloyd CW. 1999. Gibberellic acid stabilizes microtubules in maize suspension cells to cold and stimulates acetylation of α-tubulin. FEBS Letts. 443:317-20
113. Hugdahl JD, Bokros CL, Morejohn LC. 1995. End-to-end annealing of plant microtubules by the p86 subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-(iso)4F. Plant Cell 7:2129-38
114. Hush JM, Overall RL. 1991. Electrical and mechanical fields orient cortical microtubules in higher plant tissues. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 15:551-60
115. Hussey PJ, Gull K. 1985. Multiple isotypes of alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin in the plant Phaseolus vulgaris. FEBS Letts. 181:113-18
116. Hussey PJ, Lloyd CW, Gull K. 1988. Differential and developmental expression of β-tubulins in a higher plant. J. Biol. Chem. 263:5474-79
117. Hussey PJ, Snustad DP, Silflow CD. 1991. Tubulin gene expression in higher plants. See Ref. 140a, pp. 15-27
118. Hyams JS, Lloyd CW, eds. 1994. Microtubules. New York: Liss
119. Isenberg G, Niggli V. 1998. Interaction of cytoskeletal proteins with membrane lipids. Int. Rev. Cytol. 178:73-125
120. Janssen M, Hunte C, Schulz M, Schnabl H. 1996. Tissue specification and intracellular distribution of actin isoforms in Vicia faba L. Protoplasma 191:158-63
121. Jernstedt JA. 1984. Root contraction in Hyacinth. I. Effects of IAA on differential cell expansion. Am. J. Bot. 71:1080-89
122. Jiang C-L, Sonobe S. 1993. Identification and preliminary characterization of a 65 kDa higher-plant microtubule-associated protein. J. Cell Sci. 105:891-901
123. Jones MGK, Payne HL. 1977. Cytokinesis in Impatiens balsamina and the effect of caffeine. Cytobios 20:79-91
124. Jones MGK, Payne HL. 1977. Early stages of nematode-induced giant-cell formation in roots of Impatiens balsamina. J. Nematol. 10:70-84
125. Jongewaard I, Colon A, Fosket DE, 1994. Distribution of transcripts of the tub B1 β-tubulin gene in developing soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) seedling organs. Protoplasma 183:77-85
126. Joyce CM, Villemur R, Snustad DP, Silflow CD. 1992. Tubulin gene expression in maize (Zea mays L.). Change in isotype expression along the developmental axis of seedling root. J. Mol. Biol. 227:97-107
127. Jung G, Wernicke W. 1990. Cell shaping and microtubules in developing mesophyll of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Protoplasma 153:141-48
128. Jürgens G, Mayer U. 1994. Arabidopsis. In Embryos. A Colour Atlas of Development, ed. J Bard, pp. 7-21. London: Wolfe
129. Kerr GP, Carter JV. 1990. Relationship between freezing tolerance of root-tip cells and cold stability of microtubules in rye (Secale cereale L. cv Puma). Plant Physiol 93:77-82
130. Kerr GP, Carter JV. 1990. Tubulin isotypes in rye roots are altered during cold acclimation. Plant Physiol. 93:83-88
131. Kopczak SD, Haas NA, Hussey PJ, Silflow CD, Snustad DP. 1992. The small genome of Arabidopsis contains at least six expressed α-tubulin genes. Plant Cell 4:539-47
132. Koropp K, Volkmann D. 1994. Monoclonal antibody CRA against a fraction of actin from cress roots recognizes its antigen in different plant species. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 64:116-26
133. Kropf DL, Williamson RE, Wasteneys GO. 1997. Microtubule orientation and dynamics in elongating characean internodal cells following cytosolic acidification, induction of pH bands, or premature growth arrest. Protoplasma 197:188-98
134. Kubiak JZ, Tarkowska JA. 1987. Evidence for two sets of cytoplasmic microtubules in interphase and prophase cells of onion root. An immunofluorescence study. Cytologia 52:781-86
135. 1 phase in tobacco BY-2 cells. Bot. Acta 108:467-73
136. Lasselain M-J, Deysson G. 1979. Maturation et cheminement des vésicules de cytodiérèse: étude cytochimique sur les phragmoplastes incomplets. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. D 288:879-81
137. Lauber M, Waizenegger I, Steinmann T, Schwarz H, Mayer U, et al. 1997. The Arabidopsis KNOLLE protein is a cytokinesis-specific syntaxin. J. Cell Biol. 139:1485-93
138. Ledbetter MC, Porter KR. 1963. A "microtubule" in plant cell fine structure. J. Cell Biol. 19:239-50
139. Lewis SA, Gu W, Cowan NJ. 1987. Free intermingling of mammalian β-tubulin isotypes among functionally distinct microtubules. Cell 49:539-48
140. Liang BM, Dennings AM, Sharp RE, Baskin TI. 1996. Consistent handedness of microtubule helical arrays in maize and Arabidopsis primary roots. Protoplasma 190:8-15
141. Lin B-L, Jernstedt JA. 1987. Microtubule organization in root cortical cells of Hyacinthus orientalis. Protoplasma 141:13-23
142. Liu B, Marc J, Joshi HC, Palevitz BA. 1993. A γ-tubulin-related protein associated with the microtubule arrays of higher plants in a cell cycle-dependent manner. J. Cell Sci. 104:1217-28
143. Liu B, Palevitz BA. 1992. Organization of cortical microfilaments in dividing root cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 23:252-64
144. Liu C-M, Johnson S, Wang TL. 1995. cyd, a mutant of pea that alters embryo morphology is defective in cytokinesis. Dev. Genet. 16:321-31
145. Lloyd CW. 1987. The plant cytoskeleton: the impact of fluorescence microscopy. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 38:119-39
146. Lloyd CW, ed. 1991. The Cytoskeletal Basis of Plant Growth and Form. London: Academic
147. Lloyd CW, Traas JA. 1988. The role of F-actin in determining the division plane in carrot suspension cells. Drug studies. Development 102:211-21
148. Lorenzi G, Perbal G. 1990. Root growth and statocyte polarity in lentil seedling roots grown in microgravity or on a slowly rotating clinostat. Physiol. Plant. 78:532-37
149. Lorenzi G, Perbal G. 1990. Actin filaments responsible for the location of the nucleus in the lentil statocyte are sensitive to gravity. Biol. Cell 68:259-63
150. Ludueña RF. 1993. Are tubulin isotypes functionally significant? Mol. Biol. Cell 4:445-51
151. Ludueña RF. 1998. Multiple forms of tubulin: different gene products and covalent modifications. Int. Rev. Cytol. 178:207-75
152. Ludwig SR, Oppenheimer DG, Silflow CD, Snustad DP. 1987. Characterization of the α-tubulin gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:5833-37
153. Lukowitz W, Mayer U, Jürgens G. 1996. Cytokinesis in the Arabidopsis embryo involves the syntaxin-related KNOLLE gene product. Cell 84:61-71
154. McClinton RS, Sung ZR. 1997. Organization of cortical microtubules at the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis. Planta 201:252-60
155. McCurdy, DW, Sammut M, Gunning BES. 1988. Immunofluorescent visualization of arrays of transverse cortical actin microfilaments in wheat root-tip cells. Protoplasma 147:204-6
156. McDaniel DP, Roberson RW. 1998. γ -tubulin is a component of the Spitzenkörper and centrosomes in hyphal-tip cells of Allomyces macrogynus. Protoplasma 203:118-23
157. McElroy D, Rothenberg M, Wu R. 1990. Structural characterization of a rice actin gene. Plant Mol. Biol. 14:163-77
158. McLean BG, Eubanks S, Meagher RB. 1990. Tissue-specific expression of divergent actins in soybean root. Plant Cell 2:335-44
159. McNally FJ. 1996. Modulation of microtubule dynamics during the cell cycle. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8:23-29
160. Maniotis AJ, Chen CS, Ingber DE. 1997. Demonstration of mechanical connections between integrins, cytoskeletal filaments, and nucleoplasm that stabilize nuclear structure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:849-54
161. Marc J. 1997. Microtubule-organizing centres in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2:223-30
162. Marc J, Sharkey DE, Durso NA, Zhang M, Cyr RJ. 1996. Isolation of a 90-kD microtubule-associated protein from tobacco membranes. Plant Cell 8:2127-38
163. Mayer U, Herzog U, Berger F, Inzé D, Jürgens G. 1999. Mutations in the PILZ group genes disrupt the microtubule cytoskeleton and uncouple cell cycle progression from cell division in Arabidopsis embryo and endosperm. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 78:100-8
164. Meagher RB. 1991. Divergence and differential expression of actin gene families in higher plants. Int. Rev. Cytol. 125:139-163
165. Meagher RB, McKinney EC, Kandasamy MK. 1999. Isovariant dynamics expand and buffer the responses of complex systems: the diverse plant actin gene family. Plant Cell 11:995-1005
166. Mendu N, Silflow CD. 1993. Elevated levels of tubulin transcripts accompany the GA3-induced elongation of oat internode segments. Plant Cell Physiol. 34:973-83
167. Menzel D, Elsner-Menzel C. 1990. The microtubule cytoskeleton in developing cysts of the green alga Acetabularia: involvement in cell wall differentiation. Protoplasma 157:52-63
168. Mews M, Sek FJ, Moore R, Volkmann D, Gunning BES, John PCL. 1997. Mitotic cyclin distribution during maize cell division: implications for the sequence diversity and function of cyclins in plants. Protoplasma 200:128-45
169. Mineyuki Y. 1999. The preprophase band of microtubules: its function as a cytokinetic apparatus in higher plants. Int. Rev. Cytol. 187:1-49
170. Mineyuki Y, Aioi H, Yamashita M, Nagahama Y. 1996. A comparative study of stainability of preprophase bands by the PSTAIR antibody. J. Plant Res. 109:185-92
171. Mineyuki Y Gunning BES. 1990. A role for preprophase bands of microtubules in maturation of new cell walls, and a general proposal on the function of preprophase band sites in cell division in higher plants. J. Cell Sci. 97:527-37
172. Mineyuki Y, Iida H, Anraku Y. 1994. Loss of microtubules in the interphase cells of onion (Allium cepa L.) root tips from the cell cortex and their appearance in the cytoplasm after treatement with cycloheximide. Plant Physiol. 104:281-84
173. Mineyuki Y, Palevitz BA. 1990. Relationship between preprophase band organization, F-actin and the division site in Allium. Fluorescence and morphometric studies on cytochalasin-treated cells. J. Cell Sci. 97:283-95
174. Montoliu Ll, Puigdomènech P, Rigau J. 1990. The Tuba3 gene from Zea mays: structure and expression in dividing plant tissues. Gene 94:201-7
175. Montoliu Ll, Rigau J, Puigdomènech P. 1989. A tandem of α-tubulin genes preferentially expressed in radicular tissue from Zea mays. Plant Mol. Biol. 14:1-15
176. Moore JD, Endow SA. 1996. Kinesin proteins: a phylum of motors for microtubule-based motility. BioEssays 18:207-19
177. Morejohn LC. 1991.The molecular pharmacology of plant tubulin and microtubules. See Ref. 140a, pp. 29-43
178. Mueller SC, Brown RM Jr. 1980. Evidence for an intramembrane component associated with a cellulose microfibrilsynthesizing complex in higher plants. J. Cell Biol. 84:315-26
179. Murata T, Kadota A, Hogetsu T, Wada M. 1987. Circular arrangement of cortical microtubules around the subapical part of a tip-growing fern protonema. Protoplasma 141:135-38
180. Newcomb EH. 1969. Plant microtubules. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 20:253-88
181. Nick P. 1998. Signalling to the microtubular cytoskeleton in plants. Int. Rev. Cytol. 184:33-80
182. Nickle TC, Meinke DW. 1998. A cytokinesis-defective mutant of Arabidopsis (cyt1) characterized by embryonic lethality, incomplete cell walls, and excessive callose accumulation. Plant J. 15:321-32
183. Niini S, Raudaskoski M. 1998. Growth patterns in non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal short shoots of Pinus sylvestris. Symbiosis 25:101-14
184. Niini SS, Tarkka MT, Raudaskoski M. 1996. Tubulin and actin protein patterns in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) roots and developing ectomycorrhiza with Suillus bovinus. Physiol. Plant. 96:186-92
185. Nogami A, Suzaki T, Shigenaka Y, Nagahama Y, Mineyuki Y. 1996. Effects of cycloheximide on preprophase bands and prophase spindles in onion (Allium cepa L.) root tip cells. Protoplasma 192:109-21
186. Oveka M, iamporová M, Hauser M-T. 1996. Root specific mutation of Arabidopsis thaliana affecting cytokinesis: production and fate of multinucleate cells. J. Comput.-Assist. Microsc. 8:277-78
187. Packard MJ, Stack SM. 1976. The preprophase band: possible involvement in the formation of the cell wall. J. Cell Sci. 22:403-11
188. Palevitz BA. 1987. Actin in the preprophase band of Allium cepa. J. Cell Biol. 104:1515-19
189. Panteris E, Apostolakos P, Galatis B. 1992. The organization of F-actin in root tip cells of Adiantum capillus veneris throughout the cell cycle. A double label fluorescence microscopy study. Protoplasma 170:128-37
190. Parthasarathy MV, Pesacreta TC. 1980. Microfilaments in plant vascular cells. Can. J. Bot. 58:807-15
191. Perbal G. 1978. The mechanism of geoperception in lentil roots. J. Exp. Bot. 29:631-38.
192. Pérez HE, Sánchez N, Vidali L, Hernández JM, Lara M, Sánchez F. 1994. Actin isoforms in non-infected roots and symbiotic root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Planta 193:51-56
193. Pesacreta TC, Carley WW, Webb WW, Parthasarathy MV. 1982. F-actin in conifer roots. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:2898-901
194. Pihakaski-Maunsbach K, Puhakainen T. 1995. Effect of cold exposure on cortical microtubules of rye (Secale cereale) as observed by immunocytochemistry. Physiol. Plant. 93:563-71
195. Pope DG, Thorpe JR, Al-Azzawi MJ, Hall JL. 1979. The effect of
196. Radford JE, White RG. 1998. Localization of a myosin-like protein to plasmodesmata. Plant J. 14:743-50
197. Reichelt S, Knight AE, Hodge TP, Baluška F, Šamaj J, et al. 1999. Characterization of the unconventional myosin VIII in plant cells and its localisation at the post-cytokinetic wall. Plant J. 19:555-69
198. Rigau J, Capellades M, Montoliu Ll, Torres MA, Romera C, et al. 1993. An analysis of a maize α-tubulin gene promoter by transient expression and in transgenic tobacco plants. Plant J. 4:1043-50
199. Röper W, Röper S. 1977. Centripetal wall formation in roots of Vicia faba after caffeine treatment. Protoplasma 93:89-100
200. Rost TL, Baum S. 1988. On the correlation of primary root length, meristem size and protoxylem tracheary element position in pea seedlings. Am. J, Bot. 75:414-24
201. Schellenbaum P, Vantard M, Lambert A-M. 1992. Higher plant microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs): a survey. Biol. Cell 76:359-64
202. Schilde-Rentschler L. 1977. Role of the cell wall in the ability of tobacco protoplasts to form callus. Planta 135:177-81
203. Schmit A-C, Lambert A-M. 1990. Microinjected fluorescent phalloidin in vivo reveals the F-actin dynamics and assembly in higher plant mitotic cells. Plant Cell 2:129-38
204. Seagull RW. 1992. A quantitative electron microscopic study of changes in microtubule arrays and wall microfibril orientation during in vitro cotton fiber development. J. Cell Sci. 101:561-77
205. Sedbrook JC, Chen R, Masson PH. 1999. ARG1 (Altered Response to Gravity) encodes a DnaJ-like protein that potentially interacts with the cytoskeleton. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:1140-45
206. Shibaoka H. 1994. Plant hormone-induced changes in the orientation of cortical microtubules: alterations in the cross-linking between microtubules and the plasma membrane. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 45:527-44
207. Sievers A, Kruse S, Kuo-Huang L.-L., Wendt M. 1989. Statoliths and microfilaments in plants. Planta 179:275-78
208. Simmonds DH. 1992. Plant cell wall removal. Cause for microtubular instability and division abnormalities in protoplast cultures. Physiol Plant. 85:387-90
209. Simmons C, Söll D, Migliaccio F. 1995. Circumnutation and gravitropism cause root waving in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Exp. Bot. 46:143-50
210. Smertenko A, Blume Y, Viklický V, Opatrný Z, Dráber P. 1997. Post-translational modifications and multiple tubulin isoforms in Nicotiana tabacum L. cells. Planta 201:349-58
211. Smertenko AP, Lawrence SL, Hussey PJ. 1998. Immunological homologues of the Arabidopsis thaliana β1 tubulin are polyglutamylated in Nicotiana tabacum. Protoplasma 203:138-43
212. Smith-Huerta NL, Jernstedt JA. 1989. Root contraction in hyacinth III. Orientation of cortical microtubules visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy. Protoplasma 151:1-10
213. Snustad DP, Haas NA, Kopczak SD, Silflow CD. 1992. The small genome of Arabidopsis contains at least nine expressed β-tubulin genes. Plant Cell 4:549-56
214. Stoppin V, Lambert A-M, Vantard M. 1996. Plant microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) affect microtubule nucleation and growth at plant nuclei and mammalian centrosomes. Eur. J. Cell Sci. 69:11-23
215. Tabony J. 1996. Self-organization in a simple biological system through chemically dissipative processes. Nanobiology 4:117-37
216. Thimann KV, Reese K, Nachmias VT. 1992. Actin and the elongation of plant cells. Protoplasma 171:153-61
217. Toko K, Iiyama S, Tanaka C, Hayashi K, Yamafuji K, Yamafuji K. 1987. Relation of growth process to spatial patterns of electric potential and enzyme activity in bean roots. Biophys. Chem. 27:39-58
218. Traas J, Bellini C, Nacry P, Kronenberger J, Bouchez D, Caboche M. 1995. Normal differentiation patterns in plants lacking microtubular preprophase bands. Nature 375:676-77
219. Traas JA, Braat P, Derksen JW. 1984. Changes in microtubule arrays during the differentiation of cortical root cells of Raphanus sativus. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 34:229-38
220. Traas JA, Renaudin JP, Teyssendier de la Serve B. 1990. Changes in micro tubular organization mark the transition to organized growth during organogenesis in Petunia hybrid. Plant Sci. 68:249-56
221. Uribe X, Torres MA, Capellades M, Puigdomènech P, Rigau J. 1998. Maize α-tubulin genes are expressed according to specific patterns of cell differentiation. Plant Mol. Biol. 37:1069-78
222. Utrilla L, De la Torre C. 1991. Loss of microtubular orientation and impaired development of prophase bands upon inhibition of RNA synthesis in root meristems. Plant Cell Rep. 9:492-95
223. Utrilla L, Giménez-Abián MI, De la Torre C. 1993. Timing the phases of microtubule cycles involved in cytoplasmic and nuclear division in cells of undisturbed onion root meristems. Biol. Cell 78:235-41
224. Vantard M, Schellenbaum P, Fellous A, Lambert A-M. 1991. Characterization of maize microtubule-associated proteins, one of which is immunologically related to tau. Biochemistry 38:9334-46
225. Vaughn KC, Harper JDI. 1998. Microtubule-organizing centers and nucleating sites in land plants. Int. Rev. Cytol. 181:75-149
226. Vaughn KC, Vaughan MA. 1990. Structural and biochemical characterization of dinitroaniline-resistant Eleusine. In Managing Resistance to Agrochemicals. From Fundamental Research to Practical Strategies, ed. MB Gree, HM LeBaron, WK Moberg, Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 421:364-75. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc.
227. Vaughn KC, Vaughan MA. 1991. Dinitroaniline resistance in Eleusine indica may be due to hyperstabilized microtubules. In Herbicide Resistance in Weeds and Crops, ed. JC Caseley, GW Cussans, RK Atkin,pp. 177-86. Oxford: Butterworth/Heinemann
228. Villemur R, Joyce CM, Haas NA, Goddard RH, Kopczak SD, et al. 1992. α-Tubulin gene family of maize (Zea mays L.). Evidence for two ancient α-tubulin genes in plants. J. Mol. Biol. 227:81-96
229. Volkmann D, Baluška F. 1999. The actin cytoskeleton in plants: from transport networks to signaling networks. Microsc. Res. Tech. 47:135-54
230. Wada M, Nozue K, Kadota A. 1998. Cytoskeletal pattern change during branch formation in a centrifuged Adiantum protonema. J. Plant Res. 111:53-58
231. Waldin TR, Ellis JR, Hussey PJ. 1992. Tubulin-isotype analysis of two grass species resistant to dinitroaniline herbicides. Planta 188:258-64
232. Webb MC, Gunning BES. 1991. The microtubular cytoskeleton during development of the zygote, proembryo and free nuclear endosperm in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Planta 184:187-95
233. Wehland J, Schroeder M, Weber K. 1984. Organization of microtubules in stabilized meristematic plant cells revealed by a rat monclonal antibody reacting only with the tyrosinated form of α-tubulin. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 8:147-50
234. White RG, Badelt K, Overall RL, Vesk M. 1994. Actin associated with plasmodesmata. Protoplasma 180:169-84
235. White RG, Sack FD. 1990. Actin microfilaments in presumptive statocytes of root caps and coleoptiles. Am. J. Bot. 77:17-26
236. Whitehead LF, Day DA, Hardham AR. 1998. Cytoskeletal arrays in the cells of soybean root nodules: the role of actin microfilaments in the organization of symbiosomes. Protoplasma 203:194-205
237. Wick SM. 1985. Immunofluorescence microscopy of tubulin and microtubule arrays in plant cells. III. Transitions between mitotic/cytokinetic and interphase microtubule arrays. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 9:357-71
238. Wick SM, Seagull RM, Osborn M, Weber K, Gunning BES. 1981. Immunofluorescence microscopy of organized microtubule arrays in structurally-stabilized meristematic plant cells. J. Cell Biol. 89:685-90
239. Wilson L, Jordan MA. 1994. Pharmacological probes of microtubule function. See Ref. 113a, pp. 59-83
240. Wordeman L, Mitchison TJ. 1994. Dynamics of microtubule assembly in vivo. See Ref. 113a, pp. 287-301
241. Yamamoto E, Zeng L, Baird WV. 1998. α-Tubulin missense mutations correlate with antimicrotubule drug resistance in Eleusine indica. Plant Cell 10:297-308
242. Yang M, Nadeau JA, Zhao L, Sack FD. 1999. Characterization of a cytokinesis defective (cyd1) mutant of Arabidopsis. J. Exp. Bot. 50:1431-46
243. Ye XL, Zee SY, Yeung EC. 1997. Suspensor development in the nun orchid, Phaius tankervilliae. Int. J. Plant Sci. 158:704-12
244. You W, Abe S, Davies E. 1992. Cosedimentation of pea root polysomes with the cytoskeleton. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 16:663-73
245. Zandomeni K, Schopfer P. 1994. Mechanosensory microtubule reorientation in the epidermis of maize coleoptiles subjected to bending stress. Protoplasma 182:96-101
246. Zheng Y, Jung MK, Oakley BR. 1991. y-tubulin is present in Drosophila melanogaster and Homo sapiens and is associated with the centrosome. Cell 65:817-23