Episodic modeling of the chemical structure of the troposphere as revealed during the spring MLOPEX 2 intensive

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 105, Issue D22, 2000, Pages 26809-26839

  Hess, P G ^a,b   Flocke, S ^a,b   Lamarque, J F ^a,b   Barth, M C ^a,b   Madronich, S ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC PLUME; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; MODELING; TROPOSPHERE;

EID: 0034487578     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900253     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. 3 with water-ice surfaces at temperatures of the free troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1479-1482, 1997.
2. Anthes, R. A., Y.-H. Kuo, E.-Y. Hsie, S. Low-Nam, and T. W. Bettge, Estimation of skill and uncertainty in regional numerical models, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 115, 763-806, 1989.
3. Arakawa, A., and W. H. Schubert, Interaction of cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, part I, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 671-701, 1974.
4. Atherton, C. S., S. Sillman, and J. Walton, Three-dimensional global modeling studies of the transport and photochemistry over the North Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29,289-29,304, 1996.
5. Atkinson, R., Kinetics and mechanisms of the gas-phase reactions of the hydroxyl radical with organic compounds under atmospheric conditions, Chem. Rev., 85, 69-201, 1985.
6. 3 with a series of carbonyls at 296 K, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 13, 1133-1142, 1981.
7. Atkinson, R., D. L. Baulch, R. A. Cox, R. F. Hampson Jr., J. A. Kerry, M. J. Rossi, and J. Troe Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Supplement V, Atmos. Environ., 30, 3903-3904, 1996.
8. Atlas, E. L., and B. A. Ridley, The Mauna Loa Observatory photochemistry experiment: Introduction, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14,531-14,541, 1996.
9. Atlas, E., S. M. Schauffler, J. T. Merrill, C. J. Hahn, B. Ridley, J. Walega, J. Greenberg, L. Heidt, and P. Zimmerman, Alkyl nitrate and selected halocarbon measurements at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,331-10,348, 1992.
10. Barth, M. C., and P. G. Hess, Effect of aqueous chemistry in a regional chemistry transport model, in Proceedings of the Conference on Cloud Physics, 17-21 August, Everett, Washington, pp. 197-200, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1998.
11. Blake, N. J., D. R. Blake, T.-Y. Chen, J. E. Collins Jr., G. W. Sachse, B. E Anderson, and F. S. Rowland, Distribution and seasonality of selected hydrocarbons and halocarbons over the western Pacific basin during PEM-West A and PEM-West B, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28,315-28,331, 1997.
12. Brasseur, G. P., D. A. Hauglustaine, and S. Walters, Chemical compounds in the remote Pacific troposphere: Comparison between MLOPEX measurements and chemical transport model calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14,795-14,813, 1996.
13. Brasseur, G. P., D. A. Hauglustaine, S. Walters, P. J. Rasch, J.-F. Müller, C. Granier, and X. X. Tie, MOZART: A global chemical transport model for ozone and related chemical tracers, 1, Model description, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,265-28,289, 1998.
14. Calvert, J. G., and J. N. Pitts Jr., Photochemistry, John Wiley, New York, 1966.
15. 2O reaction and its possible role in nighttime tropospheric chemistry, J. Phys. Chem., 89, 139-146, 1985.
16. Cantrell, C. A., J. A. Davidson, A. H. McDaniel, R. E. Shelter, and J. G. Calvert, Temperature-dependent formaldehyde cross sections in the near-ultraviolet spectral region, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 3902-3908, 1990.
17. Chang, J. S., R. A. Brost, I. S. A. Isaksen, S. Madronich, P. Middleton, W. R. Stockwell, and C. J. Walcek, A three-dimensional Eulerian acid deposition model: Physical concepts and formulation, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14,681-14,700, 1987.
18. Chatfield, R. B., J. A. Vastano, L. Li, G. W. Sachse, and V. S. Connors, The great African plume from biomass burning: Generalizations from a three-dimensional study of TRACE A carbon monoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,059-28,077, 1998.
19. x levels in the remote Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28,447-28,468, 1997.
20. DeMore, W. B., S. P. Sander, D. M. Golden, R. F. Hampson, M. J. Kurylo, C. J. Howard, A. R. Ravishankara, C. E. Kolb, and M. J. Molina, Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling, Eval. 10, JPL Publ. 92-20, Jet Propul. Lab., Pasadena, Calif., 1992.
21. DeMore, W. B., S. P. Sander, D. M. Golden, R. F. Hampson, M. J. Kurylo, C. J. Howard, A. R. Ravishankara, C. E. Kolb, and M. J. Molina, - Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling, Eval. 11, JPL Publ. 94-26, Jet Propul. Lab., Pasadena, Calif., 1994.
22. DeMore, W. B., S. P. Sander, D. M. Golden, R. F. Hampson, M. J. Kurylo, C. J. Howard, A. R. Ravishankara, C. E. Kolb, and M. J. Molina, Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling, Eval. 12, JPL Publ. 97-4, Jet Propul. Lab., Pasadena, Calif., 1997.
23. Ebel, A., H. Geiss, H. Hass, Ch. Holzapfel, H. J. Jakobs, M. Memmesheimer, and M. Laube, The European acid deposition model (EURAD). in Transport and Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere, edited by P. Borrell, P. M. Borrell, and W. Seiler, pp. 231-233, Academic Publ., The Hague, The Netherlands, 1991.
24. Friedl, R. (Ed.), Atmospheric Effects of Subsonic Aircraft: Interim Assessment Report of the Advanced Subsonic Technology Program, NASA Ref. Publ., 1400, 143 pp., 1997.
25. Gardner, E. P., R. D. Wijayaratne, and J. G. Calvert, Primary quantum yields of photodecomposition of acetone in air under tropospheric conditions, J. Phys. Chem., 88, 5069-5076, 1984.
26. 2 mixtures, J. Phys. Chem., 91, 1922-1930, 1987.
27. Giguere, P. J., and A. W. Olmos, Sur le spectre ultraviolete de l'acide peracetique et l'hydrolyse des peracetates, Can. J. Chem., 34, 689-691, 1956.
28. Giorgi, F., and W. L. Chameides, The rainout parameterization in a photochemical model, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7872-7880, 1985.
29. 3 system, J. Phys. Chem., 82, 254-268, 1978.
30. Grell, G. A., Prognostic evaluation of assumptions used by cumulus parameterizations, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 764-787, 1993.
31. Grell, G. A., J. Dudhia, and D. R. Stauffer, A description of the fifth generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), NCAR/TN-398+IA, 116 pp., Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1993.
32. Hauglustaine, D. A., S. Madronich, B. A. Ridley, J. G. Walega, C. A. Cantrell, and R. E. Shetter, Observed and model-calculated photostationary state at Mauna Loa Observatory during MLOPEX 2, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14,681-14,696, 1996.
33. Hauglustaine, D. A., G. P. Brasseur, S. Walters, P. J. Rasch, J.-F. Müller, L. K. Emmons, and M. A. Carroll, MOZART: A global chemical transport model for ozone and related chemical tracers, 2, Model results and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,291-28,335, 1998.
34. Hess, P. G., N. Srimani, and S. J. Flocke, Trajectories and related variations in the chemical composition of air for the Mauna Loa Observatory during 1991 and 1992, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14,543-14,568, 1996.
35. Hoell, J. M., D. D. Davis, S. C. Liu, R. E. Newell, H. Akimoto, R. J. McNeal, and R. J. Bendura, The Pacific Exploratory Mission-West Phase B: February-March 1994, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28,223-28,239, 1997.
36. Holtslag, A. A. M., and B. A. Boville, Local versus nonlocal boundary-layer diffusion in a global climate model, J. Clim., 6, 1825-1842, 1993.
37. Holtslag, A. A. M., and C.-H. Moeng, Eddy diffusivity and countergradient transport in the convective atmospheric boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1690-1698, 1991.
38. Jaffe, D., et al., Transport of Asian air pollution to North America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 711-714, 1999.
39. Kiehl, J. T., J. J. Hack, G. B. Bonan, B. A. Boville, B. P. Briegleb, D. L. Williamson, and P. J. Rasch, Description of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3), NCAR/ TN-420+STR, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1996.
40. Kiehl, J. T., J. J. Hack, and J. W. Hurrell, The energy budget of the NCAR Community Climate Model: CCM3, J. Clim., 11, 1151-1178, 1998.
41. Kwok, E. S. C., and R. Atkinson, Estimation of hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants for gas-phase organic compounds using a structure-reactivity relationship: An update, Atmos. Environ., 29, 1685-1695, 1995.
42. Lide, D. R., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 79th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1998.
43. Madronich, S., and J. G. Calvert, The NCAR master mechanism of the gas phase chemistry-Version 2.0, Rep. NCAR-/TN-333+STR, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1989.
44. Madronich, S., and S. Flocke, The role of solar radiation in atmospheric chemistry, in Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, edited by P. Boule, pp. 1-26, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1998.
45. 222Radon to the remote troposphere using MATCH and assimilated winds from ECMWF and NCEP/NCAR, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28,139-28,151, 1997.
46. McKeen, S. A., E.-Y. Hsie, M. Trainer, R. Tallamraju, and S. C. Liu, A regional model study of the ozone budget in the eastern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 10,809-10,846, 1991.
47. Meyrahn, H. J., G. K. Moortgat, and P. Warneck, The photolysis of acetaldehyde under atmospheric conditions, in Fifth Annual Colloquium of the Sonderforschungsbereich 73 of the Universities Frankfurt and Mainz and the Max-Planck-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany, July 1981.
48. 3, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2227-2231, 1994.
49. Molina, L. T., and M. J. Molina, Absolute absorption cross sections of ozone in the 185- to 350-nm wavelength range, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 14,501-14,508, 1986.
50. Müller, J.-F., Geographical distribution and seasonal variation of surface emissions and deposition velocities of atmospheric trace gases, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3787-3804, 1992.
51. Müller, J.-F., and G. Brasseur, IMAGES: A three-dimensional chemical transport model of the global troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16,445-16,490, 1995.
52. x: A three-dimensional study, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1705-1715, 1999.
53. Murphy, D. M., D. W. Fahey, M. H. Proffitt, S. C. Liu, K. R. Chan, C. S. Eubank, S. R. Kawa, and K. K. Kelly, Reactive nitrogen and its correlation with ozone in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8751-8773, 1993.
54. Newell, R. E., Z.-X. Wu, Y. Zhu, W. Hu, E. V. Browell, G. L. Gregory, G. W. Sachse, J. E. Collins Jr., K. K. Kelly, and S. C. Liu, Vertical fine-scale atmospheric structure measured from NASA DC-8 during PEM-West A, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1943-1960, 1996.
55. Orville, R. E., and R. W. Henderson, Global distribution of midnight lightning: September 1977 to August 1978, Mon. Weather Rev., 114, 2640-2653, 1986.
56. Paulson, S. E., and J. H. Seinfeld, Development and evaluation of a photooxidation mechanism for isoprene, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20,703-20,715, 1992.
57. Paulson, S. E., R. C. Flagan, and J. H. Seinfeld, Atmospheric photooxidation of isoprene, part II, The ozone-isoprene reaction, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 24, 103-125, 1992.
58. Plum, C. N., E. Sanhueza, R. Atkinson, W. P. L. Carter, and J. N. Pitts Jr., OH radical rate constants and photolysis rates of ?-dicarbonyls, Environ. Sci. Technol., 17, 479-484, 1983.
59. Ridley, B. A., and E. Robinson, The Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiement, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,285-10,290, 1992.
60. y, condensation nuclei, selected hydrocarbons, halocarbons, alkyl nitrates between 0.5- and 9-km altitude, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 18,935-18,961, 1997.
61. 3 production over the seasons during Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment 2, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8323-8339, 1998.
62. Rossow, W. B., and R. A. Schiffer, ISCCP cloud data products, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 72, 2-20, 1991.
63. Smolarkiewicz, P. K., A fully multidimensional positive definite advection algorithm with small implicit diffusion, J. Comput. Phys., 54, 325-362, 1984.
64. Talukdar, R. K., J. B. Burkholder, A.-M. Schmoltner, J. M. Roberts, R. R. Wilson, and A. R. Ravishankara, Investigation of the loss processes for peroxyacetyl nitrate in the atmosphere: UV photolysis and reaction with OH, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 14,163-14,174, 1995.
65. Vukićević, T., and P. G. Hess, Analysis of tropospheric transport in the Pacific basin using the adjoint technique, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 7213-7230, 2000.
66. Wayne, R. P., et al., The nitrate radical: Physics, chemistry and the atmosphere 1990, Air Pollut. Res. Rep. 31, pp. 42-44, Comm. of the Eur. Communities, Brussels, 1990.
67. y measurements on the NASA DC-8 during AASE II, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2563-2566, 1993.
68. Wesely, M. L., Parameterization of surface resistance to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1293-1304, 1989.
69. Wu, Z., R. E. Newell, Y. Zhu, B. E. Anderson, E. V. Browell, G. L. Gregory, G. W. Sachse, and J. E. Collins Jr., Atmospheric layers measured from the NASA DC-8 during PEM-West B and comparison with PEM-West A, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28,353-28,365, 1997.
70. Zimmerman, J., and D. Poppe, A supplement for the RADM2 chemical mechanism: The photooxidation of isoprene, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1255-1269, 1996.
71. 3 on ice under upper tropospheric conditions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1391-1394, 1997.