Voices from the field: Providers discuss HIV counseling and testing programs for drug users

AIDS and Public Policy Journal

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 48-64

  Downing, Moher ^a   Mulia, Nina ^b   Vernon, Karen ^e   Knight, Kelly ^e   Ferreboeuf, Marielle ^c   Carroll, Amy ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b ALCOHOL RESEARCH GROUP   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d Samuels and Associates   (United States)

^e NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ILLICIT DRUG;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ARTICLE; CONFIDENTIALITY; COUNSELING; DRUG USE; HEALTH PROGRAM; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION PREVENTION; INTERVIEW; UNITED STATES; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

CALIFORNIA; COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES; CONFIDENTIALITY; COUNSELING; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; RISK FACTORS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 0034433818     PISSN: 08873852     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. R.O. Valdiserri, J.T. Weber, and R. Frey, "Trends in HIV Seropositivity in Publicly Funded Programs: Implications for Prevention Policy," American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 1 (1997): 31-42.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, External Review of CDC's HIV Prevention Strategies by the CDC Advisory Committee on the Prevention of HIV Infection (Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994); D.C. Des Jarlais, "HIV/ AIDS Prevention for Injecting Drug Users," in The Effectiveness of AIDS Prevention Efforts: A State-of-the-Science Report (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Office on AIDS, 1995); R. Marx et al., "Linking Clients from HIV Antibody Counseling and Testing to Prevention Services," Journal of Community Health 24, no. 3 (1999): 201-14.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, External Review of CDC's HIV Prevention Strategies by the CDC Advisory Committee on the Prevention of HIV Infection (Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994); D.C. Des Jarlais, "HIV/ AIDS Prevention for Injecting Drug Users," in The Effectiveness of AIDS Prevention Efforts: A State-of-the-Science Report (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Office on AIDS, 1995); R. Marx et al., "Linking Clients from HIV Antibody Counseling and Testing to Prevention Services," Journal of Community Health 24, no. 3 (1999): 201-14.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, External Review of CDC's HIV Prevention Strategies by the CDC Advisory Committee on the Prevention of HIV Infection (Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994); D.C. Des Jarlais, "HIV/ AIDS Prevention for Injecting Drug Users," in The Effectiveness of AIDS Prevention Efforts: A State-of-the-Science Report (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Office on AIDS, 1995); R. Marx et al., "Linking Clients from HIV Antibody Counseling and Testing to Prevention Services," Journal of Community Health 24, no. 3 (1999): 201-14.
5. D.D. Chitwood et al., "Health Care Need and Utilization: A Preliminary Comparison of Injection Drug Users, Other Illicit Drug Users, and Nonusers," Substance Use and Misuse 34, nos. 4-5 (1999): 727-46.
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8. Des Jarlais, see note 2 above; D.R. Gibson et al., "Brief Counseling to Reduce AIDS Risk in IV Drug Users: Update" (paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, Canada, 1989); J. Liebman, N. Mulia, and J. Bowden, "A Model for AIDS Education and Counseling with Intravenous Drug Users and Their Sexual Partners" (paper presented at the 2nd Annual NADR National Meeting, Bethesda, Md., 1990); F. Rhodes et al., AIDS Intervention Program for Injection Drug Users: Intervention Manual (Long Beach, Calif.: AIDS Research and Education Project, Psychology Department, California State University, 1992).
9. Des Jarlais, see note 2 above; D.R. Gibson et al., "Brief Counseling to Reduce AIDS Risk in IV Drug Users: Update" (paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, Canada, 1989); J. Liebman, N. Mulia, and J. Bowden, "A Model for AIDS Education and Counseling with Intravenous Drug Users and Their Sexual Partners" (paper presented at the 2nd Annual NADR National Meeting, Bethesda, Md., 1990); F. Rhodes et al., AIDS Intervention Program for Injection Drug Users: Intervention Manual (Long Beach, Calif.: AIDS Research and Education Project, Psychology Department, California State University, 1992).
10. Des Jarlais, see note 2 above; D.R. Gibson et al., "Brief Counseling to Reduce AIDS Risk in IV Drug Users: Update" (paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, Canada, 1989); J. Liebman, N. Mulia, and J. Bowden, "A Model for AIDS Education and Counseling with Intravenous Drug Users and Their Sexual Partners" (paper presented at the 2nd Annual NADR National Meeting, Bethesda, Md., 1990); F. Rhodes et al., AIDS Intervention Program for Injection Drug Users: Intervention Manual (Long Beach, Calif.: AIDS Research and Education Project, Psychology Department, California State University, 1992).
11. Des Jarlais, see note 2 above; D.R. Gibson et al., "Brief Counseling to Reduce AIDS Risk in IV Drug Users: Update" (paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, Canada, 1989); J. Liebman, N. Mulia, and J. Bowden, "A Model for AIDS Education and Counseling with Intravenous Drug Users and Their Sexual Partners" (paper presented at the 2nd Annual NADR National Meeting, Bethesda, Md., 1990); F. Rhodes et al., AIDS Intervention Program for Injection Drug Users: Intervention Manual (Long Beach, Calif.: AIDS Research and Education Project, Psychology Department, California State University, 1992).
12. W. Weibel et al., "Outreach to IDUs Not in Treatment," in Handbook on the Risk of AIDS: Injection Drug Users and Sexual Partners, ed. B. Brown and G. Beschner (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1993), 437-44; W. Weibel, R. Fritz, and D. Chene, "Descriptions of Intervention Procedures Utilized by the AIDS Outreach Intervention Projects - University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health," in Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group: Chicago - June 1989, ed. National Institute on Drug Abuse (Rockville, Md.: U.S. Public Health Service, 1989), 3: 68-79.
13. W. Weibel et al., "Outreach to IDUs Not in Treatment," in Handbook on the Risk of AIDS: Injection Drug Users and Sexual Partners, ed. B. Brown and G. Beschner (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1993), 437-44; W. Weibel, R. Fritz, and D. Chene, "Descriptions of Intervention Procedures Utilized by the AIDS Outreach Intervention Projects - University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health," in Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group: Chicago - June 1989, ed. National Institute on Drug Abuse (Rockville, Md.: U.S. Public Health Service, 1989), 3: 68-79.
14. W. Weibel and L.B. Levin, eds., The Indigenous Leader Outreach Model: Intervention Model (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Publication no. 93-3581).
15. S.L. Coyle, The NIDA Standard Intervention Model for Drug Users Not in Treatment: Intervention Manual (Rockville, Md.: Community Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1992, National Institutes of Health Publication no. 93-3580); J.K. Watters, "A Street-Based Outreach Model of AIDS Prevention for Intravenous Drug Users: Preliminary Evaluation," Contemporary Drug Problems 14 (1987): 411-23.
16. S.L. Coyle, The NIDA Standard Intervention Model for Drug Users Not in Treatment: Intervention Manual (Rockville, Md.: Community Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1992, National Institutes of Health Publication no. 93-3580); J.K. Watters, "A Street-Based Outreach Model of AIDS Prevention for Intravenous Drug Users: Preliminary Evaluation," Contemporary Drug Problems 14 (1987): 411-23.
17. Des Jarlais, see note 2 above.
18. Holmberg, see note 4 above; R.A. LaBrie et al., "The Prevalence of HIV Infection in a National Sample of Injection Drug Users," in Handbook on the Risk of AIDS, see note 7 above, pp. 16-37.
19. Holmberg, see note 4 above; R.A. LaBrie et al., "The Prevalence of HIV Infection in a National Sample of Injection Drug Users," in Handbook on the Risk of AIDS, see note 7 above, pp. 16-37.
20. Valdiserri, Weber, and Frey, see note 1 above.
21. See note 3 above.
22. Valdiserri, Weber, and Frey, see note 1 above, p. 37.
23. California State Office of AIDS, Program Evaluation of HIV Counseling and Testing Programs (Sacramento, Calif.: California Department of Health Services, 1996); Valdiserri, Weber, and Frey, see note 1 above; R.A. Bell, F. Molitor, and N. Flynn, "On Returning for One's HIV Test Result: Demographic, Behavioral and Psychological Predictors," AIDS 11, no. 2 (1997): 263-4; J. Liebman et al., "Utilization of HIV Antibody Testing by Out-of-Treatment Drug Users," Journal of Drug Issues 26, no. 4 (1996): 679-93; J. McCusker et al., "Community-Wide HIV Counseling and Testing in Central Massachusetts: Who Is Retested and Does Their Behavior Change?" Journal of Community Health 21, no. 1 (1996): 11-22; J. Reardon et al., "Are HIV-Infected Injection Drug Users Taking HIV Tests?" American Journal of Public Health 83, no. 10 (1993): 1414-17.
24. California State Office of AIDS, Program Evaluation of HIV Counseling and Testing Programs (Sacramento, Calif.: California Department of Health Services, 1996); Valdiserri, Weber, and Frey, see note 1 above; R.A. Bell, F. Molitor, and N. Flynn, "On Returning for One's HIV Test Result: Demographic, Behavioral and Psychological Predictors," AIDS 11, no. 2 (1997): 263-4; J. Liebman et al., "Utilization of HIV Antibody Testing by Out-of-Treatment Drug Users," Journal of Drug Issues 26, no. 4 (1996): 679-93; J. McCusker et al., "Community-Wide HIV Counseling and Testing in Central Massachusetts: Who Is Retested and Does Their Behavior Change?" Journal of Community Health 21, no. 1 (1996): 11-22; J. Reardon et al., "Are HIV-Infected Injection Drug Users Taking HIV Tests?" American Journal of Public Health 83, no. 10 (1993): 1414-17.
25. California State Office of AIDS, Program Evaluation of HIV Counseling and Testing Programs (Sacramento, Calif.: California Department of Health Services, 1996); Valdiserri, Weber, and Frey, see note 1 above; R.A. Bell, F. Molitor, and N. Flynn, "On Returning for One's HIV Test Result: Demographic, Behavioral and Psychological Predictors," AIDS 11, no. 2 (1997): 263-4; J. Liebman et al., "Utilization of HIV Antibody Testing by Out-of-Treatment Drug Users," Journal of Drug Issues 26, no. 4 (1996): 679-93; J. McCusker et al., "Community-Wide HIV Counseling and Testing in Central Massachusetts: Who Is Retested and Does Their Behavior Change?" Journal of Community Health 21, no. 1 (1996): 11-22; J. Reardon et al., "Are HIV-Infected Injection Drug Users Taking HIV Tests?" American Journal of Public Health 83, no. 10 (1993): 1414-17.
26. California State Office of AIDS, Program Evaluation of HIV Counseling and Testing Programs (Sacramento, Calif.: California Department of Health Services, 1996); Valdiserri, Weber, and Frey, see note 1 above; R.A. Bell, F. Molitor, and N. Flynn, "On Returning for One's HIV Test Result: Demographic, Behavioral and Psychological Predictors," AIDS 11, no. 2 (1997): 263-4; J. Liebman et al., "Utilization of HIV Antibody Testing by Out-of-Treatment Drug Users," Journal of Drug Issues 26, no. 4 (1996): 679-93; J. McCusker et al., "Community-Wide HIV Counseling and Testing in Central Massachusetts: Who Is Retested and Does Their Behavior Change?" Journal of Community Health 21, no. 1 (1996): 11-22; J. Reardon et al., "Are HIV-Infected Injection Drug Users Taking HIV Tests?" American Journal of Public Health 83, no. 10 (1993): 1414-17.
27. California State Office of AIDS, Program Evaluation of HIV Counseling and Testing Programs (Sacramento, Calif.: California Department of Health Services, 1996); Valdiserri, Weber, and Frey, see note 1 above; R.A. Bell, F. Molitor, and N. Flynn, "On Returning for One's HIV Test Result: Demographic, Behavioral and Psychological Predictors," AIDS 11, no. 2 (1997): 263-4; J. Liebman et al., "Utilization of HIV Antibody Testing by Out-of-Treatment Drug Users," Journal of Drug Issues 26, no. 4 (1996): 679-93; J. McCusker et al., "Community-Wide HIV Counseling and Testing in Central Massachusetts: Who Is Retested and Does Their Behavior Change?" Journal of Community Health 21, no. 1 (1996): 11-22; J. Reardon et al., "Are HIV-Infected Injection Drug Users Taking HIV Tests?" American Journal of Public Health 83, no. 10 (1993): 1414-17.
28. California State Office of AIDS, Program Evaluation of HIV Counseling and Testing Programs (Sacramento, Calif.: California Department of Health Services, 1996); Valdiserri, Weber, and Frey, see note 1 above; R.A. Bell, F. Molitor, and N. Flynn, "On Returning for One's HIV Test Result: Demographic, Behavioral and Psychological Predictors," AIDS 11, no. 2 (1997): 263-4; J. Liebman et al., "Utilization of HIV Antibody Testing by Out-of-Treatment Drug Users," Journal of Drug Issues 26, no. 4 (1996): 679-93; J. McCusker et al., "Community-Wide HIV Counseling and Testing in Central Massachusetts: Who Is Retested and Does Their Behavior Change?" Journal of Community Health 21, no. 1 (1996): 11-22; J. Reardon et al., "Are HIV-Infected Injection Drug Users Taking HIV Tests?" American Journal of Public Health 83, no. 10 (1993): 1414-17.
29. California State Office of AIDS, Program Evaluation, see note 15 above.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. J.K. Watters, "Impact of HIV Risk and Infection and the Role of Prevention Services," Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 13, no. 5 (1996): 375-85.
33. Ibid.
34. Contra Costa HIV Prevention Planning Group, Contra Costa County HIV Education and Prevention Plan (Martinez, Calif.: Contra Costa Health Services Department, 1995).
35. See note 19 above.
36. J. Borchert and C. Rickabaugh, "When Illness Is Perceived as Controllable: The Effects of Gender and Mode of Transmission on AIDS-Related Stigma," Sex Roles 33, nos. 9-10 (1995): 657-68; C. Crandall, J. Glor, and T Britt, "AIDS-Related Stigmatization: Instrumental and Symbolic Attitudes," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 27, no. 2 (1997): 95-123; S. Friedman, D. Des Jarlais, and C. Sterk, "AIDS and the Social Relations of Intravenous Drug Users," Milbank Quarterly 68 (supp. 1): 85-110; C. Crandall, "Multiple Stigma and AIDS: Illness Stigma and Attitudes toward Homosexuals and IV Drug Users in AIDS-Related Stigmatization," Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 1, no. 2 (1991): 165-72.
37. J. Borchert and C. Rickabaugh, "When Illness Is Perceived as Controllable: The Effects of Gender and Mode of Transmission on AIDS-Related Stigma," Sex Roles 33, nos. 9-10 (1995): 657-68; C. Crandall, J. Glor, and T Britt, "AIDS-Related Stigmatization: Instrumental and Symbolic Attitudes," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 27, no. 2 (1997): 95-123; S. Friedman, D. Des Jarlais, and C. Sterk, "AIDS and the Social Relations of Intravenous Drug Users," Milbank Quarterly 68 (supp. 1): 85-110; C. Crandall, "Multiple Stigma and AIDS: Illness Stigma and Attitudes toward Homosexuals and IV Drug Users in AIDS-Related Stigmatization," Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 1, no. 2 (1991): 165-72.
38. J. Borchert and C. Rickabaugh, "When Illness Is Perceived as Controllable: The Effects of Gender and Mode of Transmission on AIDS-Related Stigma," Sex Roles 33, nos. 9-10 (1995): 657-68; C. Crandall, J. Glor, and T Britt, "AIDS-Related Stigmatization: Instrumental and Symbolic Attitudes," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 27, no. 2 (1997): 95-123; S. Friedman, D. Des Jarlais, and C. Sterk, "AIDS and the Social Relations of Intravenous Drug Users," Milbank Quarterly 68 (supp. 1): 85-110; C. Crandall, "Multiple Stigma and AIDS: Illness Stigma and Attitudes toward Homosexuals and IV Drug Users in AIDS-Related Stigmatization," Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 1, no. 2 (1991): 165-72.
39. J. Borchert and C. Rickabaugh, "When Illness Is Perceived as Controllable: The Effects of Gender and Mode of Transmission on AIDS-Related Stigma," Sex Roles 33, nos. 9-10 (1995): 657-68; C. Crandall, J. Glor, and T Britt, "AIDS-Related Stigmatization: Instrumental and Symbolic Attitudes," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 27, no. 2 (1997): 95-123; S. Friedman, D. Des Jarlais, and C. Sterk, "AIDS and the Social Relations of Intravenous Drug Users," Milbank Quarterly 68 (supp. 1): 85-110; C. Crandall, "Multiple Stigma and AIDS: Illness Stigma and Attitudes toward Homosexuals and IV Drug Users in AIDS-Related Stigmatization," Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 1, no. 2 (1991): 165-72.
40. Bay Area HIV Coordinators, letter to the Office of AIDS, California Department of Health Services, 24 September 1998.
41. Ibid.
42. D. Paone et al., "Syringe Exchange in the United States, 1996: A National Profile," American Journal of Public Health 89, no. 1 (1999): 43-6; R. Booner et al., "A Drug Abuse Treatment Success among Needle Exchange Participants," Public Health Reports 113, supp. 1 (1998): 130-9; D. Satcher, "Evidence-Based Findings on the Efficacy of Syringe Exchange Programs: An Analysis from the Assistant Secretary for Health and Surgeon General of the Scientific Research Completed Since April 1998," see the website 〈www.harmreduction.org/surgreview.html〉 for more information.
43. D. Paone et al., "Syringe Exchange in the United States, 1996: A National Profile," American Journal of Public Health 89, no. 1 (1999): 43-6; R. Booner et al., "A Drug Abuse Treatment Success among Needle Exchange Participants," Public Health Reports 113, supp. 1 (1998): 130-9; D. Satcher, "Evidence-Based Findings on the Efficacy of Syringe Exchange Programs: An Analysis from the Assistant Secretary for Health and Surgeon General of the Scientific Research Completed Since April 1998," see the website 〈www.harmreduction.org/surgreview.html〉 for more information.
44. D. Paone et al., "Syringe Exchange in the United States, 1996: A National Profile," American Journal of Public Health 89, no. 1 (1999): 43-6; R. Booner et al., "A Drug Abuse Treatment Success among Needle Exchange Participants," Public Health Reports 113, supp. 1 (1998): 130-9; D. Satcher, "Evidence-Based Findings on the Efficacy of Syringe Exchange Programs: An Analysis from the Assistant Secretary for Health and Surgeon General of the Scientific Research Completed Since April 1998," see the website 〈www.harmreduction.org/surgreview.html〉 for more information.
45. M. Downing et al., "Drug Users Talk About HIV Testing: Motivating and Deterring Factors," AIDS Care 13, no. 5 (October 2001).
46. R.S. Broadhead and K.J. Fox, Occupational Risks of AIDS Outreach Prevention among Drug Users (poster presented at the Sixth International Conference on AIDS, San Francisco, Calif., 1990).
47. D. Deren et al., "AIDS Outreach Workers: An Exploratory Study of Job Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction," AIDS Education and Prevention 4 (1992): 328-37.