Continuities and discontinuities in Planck's Akt der Verzweiflung

Annalen der Physik (Leipzig)

Volumn 9, Issue 11-12, 2000, Pages 951-960

  Darrigol, O ^a  

^a CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATOMIC PHYSICS; FINITE ELEMENT METHOD; KINETIC THEORY; MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION; STATISTICAL METHODS; THERMODYNAMICS; TRANSPORT PROPERTIES;

BLACK BODY LAW; BOLTZMANN CONCEPTION; FINITE ENERGY ELEMENT; MACROSCOPIC LAW;

QUANTUM THEORY;

EID: 0034429966     PISSN: 00033804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/1521-3889(200011)9:11/12<951::AID-ANDP951>3.0.CO;2-W     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Helmholtz to Beseler, 28 May 1868, quoted in Leo Koenigsberger, Hermann von Helmholtz, 3 vols. (Braunschweig, 1902-1903), vol. 2, 115; Boltzmann, "On statistical mechanics" (1904), in Theoretical physics and philosophical problems (Dordrecht, 1974), 159-172, on 162. Cf. C. Jungnickel and R. McCormmach, Intellectual mastery of nature: Theoretical physics from Ohm to Einstein, vol. 1: The torch of mathematics, 1800-1870, vol. 2: The now mighty theoretical physics, 1870-1925 (Chicago, 1986); Darrigol, Electrodynamics from Ampère to Einstein (Oxford, 2000).
2. Helmholtz to Beseler, 28 May 1868, quoted in Leo Koenigsberger, Hermann von Helmholtz, 3 vols. (Braunschweig, 1902-1903), vol. 2, 115; Boltzmann, "On statistical mechanics" (1904), in Theoretical physics and philosophical problems (Dordrecht, 1974), 159-172, on 162. Cf. C. Jungnickel and R. McCormmach, Intellectual mastery of nature: Theoretical physics from Ohm to Einstein, vol. 1: The torch of mathematics, 1800-1870, vol. 2: The now mighty theoretical physics, 1870-1925 (Chicago, 1986); Darrigol, Electrodynamics from Ampère to Einstein (Oxford, 2000).
3. Helmholtz to Beseler, 28 May 1868, quoted in Leo Koenigsberger, Hermann von Helmholtz, 3 vols. (Braunschweig, 1902-1903), vol. 2, 115; Boltzmann, "On statistical mechanics" (1904), in Theoretical physics and philosophical problems (Dordrecht, 1974), 159-172, on 162. Cf. C. Jungnickel and R. McCormmach, Intellectual mastery of nature: Theoretical physics from Ohm to Einstein, vol. 1: The torch of mathematics, 1800-1870, vol. 2: The now mighty theoretical physics, 1870-1925 (Chicago, 1986); Darrigol, Electrodynamics from Ampère to Einstein (Oxford, 2000).
4. Helmholtz to Beseler, 28 May 1868, quoted in Leo Koenigsberger, Hermann von Helmholtz, 3 vols. (Braunschweig, 1902-1903), vol. 2, 115; Boltzmann, "On statistical mechanics" (1904), in Theoretical physics and philosophical problems (Dordrecht, 1974), 159-172, on 162. Cf. C. Jungnickel and R. McCormmach, Intellectual mastery of nature: Theoretical physics from Ohm to Einstein, vol. 1: The torch of mathematics, 1800-1870, vol. 2: The now mighty theoretical physics, 1870-1925 (Chicago, 1986); Darrigol, Electrodynamics from Ampère to Einstein (Oxford, 2000).
5. Helmholtz, "Über Bewegungsströme am polarisierten Platina" (1880), in Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1882-95), vol. 1, 899-921, on 910; G. Kirchhoff, Vorlesungen über mathematische Physik. Mechanik (Leipzig, 1876), foreword. Cf. S. Brush, The kind of motion we call heat: A history of the kinetic theory of gases in the 19th century, 2 vols. (Amsterdam, 1976). J. Renn, "Einstein's controversy with Drude and the origin of statistical mechanics: A new glimpse from the 'love letters'," Archive for history of exact sciences, 51 (1997), 315-354.
6. Helmholtz, "Über Bewegungsströme am polarisierten Platina" (1880), in Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1882-95), vol. 1, 899-921, on 910; G. Kirchhoff, Vorlesungen über mathematische Physik. Mechanik (Leipzig, 1876), foreword. Cf. S. Brush, The kind of motion we call heat: A history of the kinetic theory of gases in the 19th century, 2 vols. (Amsterdam, 1976). J. Renn, "Einstein's controversy with Drude and the origin of statistical mechanics: A new glimpse from the 'love letters'," Archive for history of exact sciences, 51 (1997), 315-354.
7. Helmholtz, "Über Bewegungsströme am polarisierten Platina" (1880), in Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1882-95), vol. 1, 899-921, on 910; G. Kirchhoff, Vorlesungen über mathematische Physik. Mechanik (Leipzig, 1876), foreword. Cf. S. Brush, The kind of motion we call heat: A history of the kinetic theory of gases in the 19th century, 2 vols. (Amsterdam, 1976). J. Renn, "Einstein's controversy with Drude and the origin of statistical mechanics: A new glimpse from the 'love letters'," Archive for history of exact sciences, 51 (1997), 315-354.
8. Helmholtz, "Über Bewegungsströme am polarisierten Platina" (1880), in Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1882-95), vol. 1, 899-921, on 910; G. Kirchhoff, Vorlesungen über mathematische Physik. Mechanik (Leipzig, 1876), foreword. Cf. S. Brush, The kind of motion we call heat: A history of the kinetic theory of gases in the 19th century, 2 vols. (Amsterdam, 1976). J. Renn, "Einstein's controversy with Drude and the origin of statistical mechanics: A new glimpse from the 'love letters'," Archive for history of exact sciences, 51 (1997), 315-354.
9. Cf. J. Buchwald, From Maxwell to microphysics: Aspects of electromagnetic theory in the last quarter of the nineteenth century (Chicago, 1985).
10. Cf. Planck, "Antrittsrede zur Aufnahme in die Akademie vom 28. Juni 1894," in PAV, vol. 3, 1-5.
11. Planck, "Wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie" (1948), in PAV, vol. 3, 374-401, on 374. Cf. Planck, Das Prinzip der Erhaltung der Energie (Leipzig, 1887); M.J. Klein, "Max Planck and the beginning of the quantum theory," Archive for the history of exact sciences, 1 (1962), 459-479; A. Needell, Irreversibility and the failure of classical dynamics: Max Planck's work on the quantum theory: 1900-1915, Diss., University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, 1980); J. Heilbron, The dilemmas of an upright man: Max Planck as spokesman of German science (Berkeley, 1986); E. Jurkowitz, forthcoming study of Planck's style.
12. Planck, "Wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie" (1948), in PAV, vol. 3, 374-401, on 374. Cf. Planck, Das Prinzip der Erhaltung der Energie (Leipzig, 1887); M.J. Klein, "Max Planck and the beginning of the quantum theory," Archive for the history of exact sciences, 1 (1962), 459-479; A. Needell, Irreversibility and the failure of classical dynamics: Max Planck's work on the quantum theory: 1900-1915, Diss., University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, 1980); J. Heilbron, The dilemmas of an upright man: Max Planck as spokesman of German science (Berkeley, 1986); E. Jurkowitz, forthcoming study of Planck's style.
13. Planck, "Wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie" (1948), in PAV, vol. 3, 374-401, on 374. Cf. Planck, Das Prinzip der Erhaltung der Energie (Leipzig, 1887); M.J. Klein, "Max Planck and the beginning of the quantum theory," Archive for the history of exact sciences, 1 (1962), 459-479; A. Needell, Irreversibility and the failure of classical dynamics: Max Planck's work on the quantum theory: 1900-1915, Diss., University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, 1980); J. Heilbron, The dilemmas of an upright man: Max Planck as spokesman of German science (Berkeley, 1986); E. Jurkowitz, forthcoming study of Planck's style.
14. Planck, "Wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie" (1948), in PAV, vol. 3, 374-401, on 374. Cf. Planck, Das Prinzip der Erhaltung der Energie (Leipzig, 1887); M.J. Klein, "Max Planck and the beginning of the quantum theory," Archive for the history of exact sciences, 1 (1962), 459-479; A. Needell, Irreversibility and the failure of classical dynamics: Max Planck's work on the quantum theory: 1900-1915, Diss., University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, 1980); J. Heilbron, The dilemmas of an upright man: Max Planck as spokesman of German science (Berkeley, 1986); E. Jurkowitz, forthcoming study of Planck's style.
15. Planck, "Wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie" (1948), in PAV, vol. 3, 374-401, on 374. Cf. Planck, Das Prinzip der Erhaltung der Energie (Leipzig, 1887); M.J. Klein, "Max Planck and the beginning of the quantum theory," Archive for the history of exact sciences, 1 (1962), 459-479; A. Needell, Irreversibility and the failure of classical dynamics: Max Planck's work on the quantum theory: 1900-1915, Diss., University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, 1980); J. Heilbron, The dilemmas of an upright man: Max Planck as spokesman of German science (Berkeley, 1986); E. Jurkowitz, forthcoming study of Planck's style.
16. Planck, "Wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie" (1948), in PAV, vol. 3, 374-401, on 374. Cf. Planck, Das Prinzip der Erhaltung der Energie (Leipzig, 1887); M.J. Klein, "Max Planck and the beginning of the quantum theory," Archive for the history of exact sciences, 1 (1962), 459-479; A. Needell, Irreversibility and the failure of classical dynamics: Max Planck's work on the quantum theory: 1900-1915, Diss., University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, 1980); J. Heilbron, The dilemmas of an upright man: Max Planck as spokesman of German science (Berkeley, 1986); E. Jurkowitz, forthcoming study of Planck's style.
17. Cf. E. Jurkowitz, forthcoming studies on Helmholtz, Planck, and Berlin physics.
18. On Planck and Gibbs, cf. Planck, "Zur Geschichte der Auffindung des physikalischen Wirkungsquantum" (1943), in PVA, vol. 3, 255-267, on 258. On early black-body studies, cf. H. Kangro, Vorgeschichte des Planckschen Strahlungsgesetzes (Wiesbaden, 1970). On the PTR work, cf. D. Cahan, An institute for an empire: The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt 1871-1918 (Cambridge, 1989). On the experimental side, cf. Dieter Hoffmann, preprint of the Max Planck Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte (Berlin, 2000).
19. On Planck and Gibbs, cf. Planck, "Zur Geschichte der Auffindung des physikalischen Wirkungsquantum" (1943), in PVA, vol. 3, 255-267, on 258. On early black-body studies, cf. H. Kangro, Vorgeschichte des Planckschen Strahlungsgesetzes (Wiesbaden, 1970). On the PTR work, cf. D. Cahan, An institute for an empire: The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt 1871-1918 (Cambridge, 1989). On the experimental side, cf. Dieter Hoffmann, preprint of the Max Planck Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte (Berlin, 2000).
20. On Planck and Gibbs, cf. Planck, "Zur Geschichte der Auffindung des physikalischen Wirkungsquantum" (1943), in PVA, vol. 3, 255-267, on 258. On early black-body studies, cf. H. Kangro, Vorgeschichte des Planckschen Strahlungsgesetzes (Wiesbaden, 1970). On the PTR work, cf. D. Cahan, An institute for an empire: The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt 1871-1918 (Cambridge, 1989). On the experimental side, cf. Dieter Hoffmann, preprint of the Max Planck Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte (Berlin, 2000).
21. Planck, "Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie" (Munich diss., 1979), in PVA, vol. 1, 1-61; "Absorption und Emission elektrischer Wellen durch Resonanz," AP, 57 (1896), 1-14; "Über elektrische Schwingungen, welche durch Resonanz erregt und durch Strahlung gedämpft werden," AP, 60 (1897), 577-599. Cf. L. Rosenfeld, "La première phase de l'évolution de la théorie des quanta," Osiris, 2 (1936), 149-196; Klein, ref. 5, and "Planck, entropy, and quanta, 1901-1906," Natural philosopher, 1 (1963), 83-108; T.S. Kuhn, Black-body theory and the quantum discontinuity, 1894-1912 (New York, 1978).
22. Planck, "Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie" (Munich diss., 1979), in PVA, vol. 1, 1-61; "Absorption und Emission elektrischer Wellen durch Resonanz," AP, 57 (1896), 1-14; "Über elektrische Schwingungen, welche durch Resonanz erregt und durch Strahlung gedämpft werden," AP, 60 (1897), 577-599. Cf. L. Rosenfeld, "La première phase de l'évolution de la théorie des quanta," Osiris, 2 (1936), 149-196; Klein, ref. 5, and "Planck, entropy, and quanta, 1901-1906," Natural philosopher, 1 (1963), 83-108; T.S. Kuhn, Black-body theory and the quantum discontinuity, 1894-1912 (New York, 1978).
23. Planck, "Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie" (Munich diss., 1979), in PVA, vol. 1, 1-61; "Absorption und Emission elektrischer Wellen durch Resonanz," AP, 57 (1896), 1-14; "Über elektrische Schwingungen, welche durch Resonanz erregt und durch Strahlung gedämpft werden," AP, 60 (1897), 577-599. Cf. L. Rosenfeld, "La première phase de l'évolution de la théorie des quanta," Osiris, 2 (1936), 149-196; Klein, ref. 5, and "Planck, entropy, and quanta, 1901-1906," Natural philosopher, 1 (1963), 83-108; T.S. Kuhn, Black-body theory and the quantum discontinuity, 1894-1912 (New York, 1978).
24. Planck, "Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie" (Munich diss., 1979), in PVA, vol. 1, 1-61; "Absorption und Emission elektrischer Wellen durch Resonanz," AP, 57 (1896), 1-14; "Über elektrische Schwingungen, welche durch Resonanz erregt und durch Strahlung gedämpft werden," AP, 60 (1897), 577-599. Cf. L. Rosenfeld, "La première phase de l'évolution de la théorie des quanta," Osiris, 2 (1936), 149-196; Klein, ref. 5, and "Planck, entropy, and quanta, 1901-1906," Natural philosopher, 1 (1963), 83-108; T.S. Kuhn, Black-body theory and the quantum discontinuity, 1894-1912 (New York, 1978).
25. Planck, "Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie" (Munich diss., 1979), in PVA, vol. 1, 1-61; "Absorption und Emission elektrischer Wellen durch Resonanz," AP, 57 (1896), 1-14; "Über elektrische Schwingungen, welche durch Resonanz erregt und durch Strahlung gedämpft werden," AP, 60 (1897), 577-599. Cf. L. Rosenfeld, "La première phase de l'évolution de la théorie des quanta," Osiris, 2 (1936), 149-196; Klein, ref. 5, and "Planck, entropy, and quanta, 1901-1906," Natural philosopher, 1 (1963), 83-108; T.S. Kuhn, Black-body theory and the quantum discontinuity, 1894-1912 (New York, 1978).
26. Planck, "Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie" (Munich diss., 1979), in PVA, vol. 1, 1-61; "Absorption und Emission elektrischer Wellen durch Resonanz," AP, 57 (1896), 1-14; "Über elektrische Schwingungen, welche durch Resonanz erregt und durch Strahlung gedämpft werden," AP, 60 (1897), 577-599. Cf. L. Rosenfeld, "La première phase de l'évolution de la théorie des quanta," Osiris, 2 (1936), 149-196; Klein, ref. 5, and "Planck, entropy, and quanta, 1901-1906," Natural philosopher, 1 (1963), 83-108; T.S. Kuhn, Black-body theory and the quantum discontinuity, 1894-1912 (New York, 1978).
27. Planck, ref. 8. Cf. Needell, ref. 5; Darrigol, From c-numbers to q-numbers: The classical analogy in the history of quantum theory (Berkeley, 1992), 29-36.
28. L. Boltzmann, "Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge," BB (1897), 660-662, 1016-1018; "Über vermeintlich irreversible Stahlungsvorgänge," BB (1898), 182-187; P. Ehrenfest, "Zur Planckschen Stahlungstheorie," Physikalische Zeitschrift, 7 (1906), 528-532.
29. L. Boltzmann, "Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge," BB (1897), 660-662, 1016-1018; "Über vermeintlich irreversible Stahlungsvorgänge," BB (1898), 182-187; P. Ehrenfest, "Zur Planckschen Stahlungstheorie," Physikalische Zeitschrift, 7 (1906), 528-532.
30. L. Boltzmann, "Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge," BB (1897), 660-662, 1016-1018; "Über vermeintlich irreversible Stahlungsvorgänge," BB (1898), 182-187; P. Ehrenfest, "Zur Planckschen Stahlungstheorie," Physikalische Zeitschrift, 7 (1906), 528-532.
31. Planck, "Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge. I-V," BB (1897), 57-68, 715-717, 1122-1145; BB (1898), 449-476; BB (1899), 440-480; "Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge," AP, 1 (1900), 614-667.
32. Planck, "Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge. I-V," BB (1897), 57-68, 715-717, 1122-1145; BB (1898), 449-476; BB (1899), 440-480; "Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge," AP, 1 (1900), 614-667.
33. Planck, "Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge. I-V," BB (1897), 57-68, 715-717, 1122-1145; BB (1898), 449-476; BB (1899), 440-480; "Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge," AP, 1 (1900), 614-667.
34. Planck, "Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge. I-V," BB (1897), 57-68, 715-717, 1122-1145; BB (1898), 449-476; BB (1899), 440-480; "Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge," AP, 1 (1900), 614-667.
35. Cf. Needell, ref. 5; Darrigol, "Statistics and combinatorics in early quantum theory," Historical studies in the physical sciences, 19 (1988), 18-80.
36. Planck, ref. 11, BB (V. Mitteilung) and AP. Cf. Rosenfeld ref. 8; Klein, ref. 5: Kuhn, ref. 8.
37. Planck, "Entropie und Temperatur strahlender Wärme," AP, 1 (1900), 719-737.
38. Cf. Planck, ref. 5 (1948), 383; A. Fölsing, Albert Einstein (Frankfurt, 1995), 161.
39. Cf. Planck, ref. 5 (1948), 383; A. Fölsing, Albert Einstein (Frankfurt, 1995), 161.
40. Planck, "Über eine Verbesserung der Wienschen Spektralgleichung," Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen, 2 (1900), 202-204.
41. Planck, "Die Entstehung und bisherige Entwicklung der Quantentheorie" (Nobel lecture, 1920), in PVA, vol. 3, 121-134, on 125 (Erraten); ref. 16, 204 (analogy with combinatorics); Planck to Wood, 7 Oct 1931, quoted in M. Jammer, The conceptual development of quantum mechanics (New York, 1966), 22 (Verzweiflung)
42. Planck, "Die Entstehung und bisherige Entwicklung der Quantentheorie" (Nobel lecture, 1920), in PVA, vol. 3, 121-134, on 125 (Erraten); ref. 16, 204 (analogy with combinatorics); Planck to Wood, 7 Oct 1931, quoted in M. Jammer, The conceptual development of quantum mechanics (New York, 1966), 22 (Verzweiflung)
43. Cf. Needell, ref. 5. Klein, ref. 8, p. 98, noted the persistence of Planck's absolute conception of the entropy law, but did not make this fact bear on Planck's quantum considerations.
44. Planck, "Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum," Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen, 2 (1900), 237-245; "Über das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum," AP, 4 (1901), 553-563.
45. Planck, "Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum," Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen, 2 (1900), 237-245; "Über das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum," AP, 4 (1901), 553-563.
46. Planck, ref. 19 (1900); Über die Elementarquanta der Materie und der Elektrizität," AP, 4 (1901), 564-566. Cf. Klein, ref. 5, 8; Kuhn, ref. 8, 110-113.
47. Cf. Kuhn, ref. 8. Cf. O. Darrigol, "The historians' disagreements over the meaning of Planck's quantum," preprint of the Max Planck Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte (Berlin, 2000).
48. All commentators except Needell, ref. 5, have overlooked this point.
49. Planck, ref. 19 (1900), 700 (wesentlichste Punkt). Cf. Needell, ref. 5; Darrigol, ref. 9, 12.
50. Cf. Darrigol, ref. 12.
51. H.A. Lorentz, "On the emission and absorption by metals of rays of heat of great wavelength," Proc. Amsterdam, 3 (1903), 666-685, on 668; P. Ehrenfest, "Über die physikalischen Voraussetzungen der Planck'schen Theorie der irreversiblen Strahlungsvorgänge," Wiener Ber., 2 (1905), 1301-1314, on 1312; A. Einstein, "Autobiographisches," in P.A. Schilpp (ed.), Albert Einstein philosopher-scientist (Evanston, 1949), 9-94, on 40: "The matter [Planck's determination of Avogadro's number] has a serious drawback, which Planck overlooked at first. For these considerations demand in fact that the relation U = kT should also be valid for small temperatures." Cf. Kuhn, ref. 8, 138; Darrigol, ref. 12.
52. H.A. Lorentz, "On the emission and absorption by metals of rays of heat of great wavelength," Proc. Amsterdam, 3 (1903), 666-685, on 668; P. Ehrenfest, "Über die physikalischen Voraussetzungen der Planck'schen Theorie der irreversiblen Strahlungsvorgänge," Wiener Ber., 2 (1905), 1301-1314, on 1312; A. Einstein, "Autobiographisches," in P.A. Schilpp (ed.), Albert Einstein philosopher-scientist (Evanston, 1949), 9-94, on 40: "The matter [Planck's determination of Avogadro's number] has a serious drawback, which Planck overlooked at first. For these considerations demand in fact that the relation U = kT should also be valid for small temperatures." Cf. Kuhn, ref. 8, 138; Darrigol, ref. 12.
53. H.A. Lorentz, "On the emission and absorption by metals of rays of heat of great wavelength," Proc. Amsterdam, 3 (1903), 666-685, on 668; P. Ehrenfest, "Über die physikalischen Voraussetzungen der Planck'schen Theorie der irreversiblen Strahlungsvorgänge," Wiener Ber., 2 (1905), 1301-1314, on 1312; A. Einstein, "Autobiographisches," in P.A. Schilpp (ed.), Albert Einstein philosopher-scientist (Evanston, 1949), 9-94, on 40: "The matter [Planck's determination of Avogadro's number] has a serious drawback, which Planck overlooked at first. For these considerations demand in fact that the relation U = kT should also be valid for small temperatures." Cf. Kuhn, ref. 8, 138; Darrigol, ref. 12.
54. The expression Geburtstag der Quantentheorie is from A. Sommerfeld, Atombau und Spektrallinien (Braunschweig, 1919), 213. Kuhn, ref. 8, sees the true origin of the quantum theory in Einstein's works.