"Take health from the list of luxuries": Labor and the right to health care, 1915-1949

Labor History

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 171-187

  Derickson, Alan ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034418508     PISSN: 0023656X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00236560050009923     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Michael M. Davis, Medical Care for Tomorrow (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955), 278 (quotation), 277-279; U.S. Interdepartmental Committee to Coordinate Health and Welfare Activities, Proceedings of the National Health Conference, July 18, 19, 20, 1938 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1938); James Rorty, American Medicine Mobilizes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1939), 19-63, esp. 30; Daniel S. Hirshfield, The Lost Reform: the campaign for compulsory health insurance in the United States from 1932 to 1943 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970), 102-114 .
2. Michael M. Davis, Medical Care for Tomorrow (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955), 278 (quotation), 277-279; U.S. Interdepartmental Committee to Coordinate Health and Welfare Activities, Proceedings of the National Health Conference, July 18, 19, 20, 1938 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1938); James Rorty, American Medicine Mobilizes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1939), 19-63, esp. 30; Daniel S. Hirshfield, The Lost Reform: the campaign for compulsory health insurance in the United States from 1932 to 1943 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970), 102-114 .
3. Michael M. Davis, Medical Care for Tomorrow (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955), 278 (quotation), 277-279; U.S. Interdepartmental Committee to Coordinate Health and Welfare Activities, Proceedings of the National Health Conference, July 18, 19, 20, 1938 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1938); James Rorty, American Medicine Mobilizes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1939), 19-63, esp. 30; Daniel S. Hirshfield, The Lost Reform: the campaign for compulsory health insurance in the United States from 1932 to 1943 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970), 102-114 .
4. Michael M. Davis, Medical Care for Tomorrow (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955), 278 (quotation), 277-279; U.S. Interdepartmental Committee to Coordinate Health and Welfare Activities, Proceedings of the National Health Conference, July 18, 19, 20, 1938 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1938); James Rorty, American Medicine Mobilizes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1939), 19-63, esp. 30; Daniel S. Hirshfield, The Lost Reform: the campaign for compulsory health insurance in the United States from 1932 to 1943 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970), 102-114 .
5. Interdepartmental Committe, National Health Conference, 84 (Greenberg quotation), 84-85, 26-27; Josephine Roche, "The worker's stake in a national health program," American Labor Legislation Review, 28 (1938), 127.
6. Interdepartmental Committe, National Health Conference, 84 (Greenberg quotation), 84-85, 26-27; Josephine Roche, "The worker's stake in a national health program," American Labor Legislation Review, 28 (1938), 127.
7. Interdepartmental Committee, National Health Conference, 84 (Green quotation).
8. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982); Daniel M. Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics: the British and American experience, 1911-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); David J. Rothman, Beginnings Count: the technology imperative in American health care (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997): Odin W. Anderson, The Uneasy Equilibrium: private and public financing of health services in the United States, 1875-1965 (New Haven: College and University Press, 1968); Rosemary Stevens, In Sickness and in Wealth: American hospitals in the twentieth century (New York: Basic Books, 1989); Ronald L. Numbers, ed., Compulsory Health Insurance: the continuing American debate (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982).
9. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982); Daniel M. Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics: the British and American experience, 1911-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); David J. Rothman, Beginnings Count: the technology imperative in American health care (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997): Odin W. Anderson, The Uneasy Equilibrium: private and public financing of health services in the United States, 1875-1965 (New Haven: College and University Press, 1968); Rosemary Stevens, In Sickness and in Wealth: American hospitals in the twentieth century (New York: Basic Books, 1989); Ronald L. Numbers, ed., Compulsory Health Insurance: the continuing American debate (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982).
10. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982); Daniel M. Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics: the British and American experience, 1911-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); David J. Rothman, Beginnings Count: the technology imperative in American health care (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997): Odin W. Anderson, The Uneasy Equilibrium: private and public financing of health services in the United States, 1875-1965 (New Haven: College and University Press, 1968); Rosemary Stevens, In Sickness and in Wealth: American hospitals in the twentieth century (New York: Basic Books, 1989); Ronald L. Numbers, ed., Compulsory Health Insurance: the continuing American debate (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982).
11. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982); Daniel M. Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics: the British and American experience, 1911-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); David J. Rothman, Beginnings Count: the technology imperative in American health care (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997): Odin W. Anderson, The Uneasy Equilibrium: private and public financing of health services in the United States, 1875-1965 (New Haven: College and University Press, 1968); Rosemary Stevens, In Sickness and in Wealth: American hospitals in the twentieth century (New York: Basic Books, 1989); Ronald L. Numbers, ed., Compulsory Health Insurance: the continuing American debate (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982).
12. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982); Daniel M. Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics: the British and American experience, 1911-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); David J. Rothman, Beginnings Count: the technology imperative in American health care (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997): Odin W. Anderson, The Uneasy Equilibrium: private and public financing of health services in the United States, 1875-1965 (New Haven: College and University Press, 1968); Rosemary Stevens, In Sickness and in Wealth: American hospitals in the twentieth century (New York: Basic Books, 1989); Ronald L. Numbers, ed., Compulsory Health Insurance: the continuing American debate (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982).
13. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982); Daniel M. Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics: the British and American experience, 1911-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); David J. Rothman, Beginnings Count: the technology imperative in American health care (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997): Odin W. Anderson, The Uneasy Equilibrium: private and public financing of health services in the United States, 1875-1965 (New Haven: College and University Press, 1968); Rosemary Stevens, In Sickness and in Wealth: American hospitals in the twentieth century (New York: Basic Books, 1989); Ronald L. Numbers, ed., Compulsory Health Insurance: the continuing American debate (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982).
14. Ronald L. Numbers, Almost Persuaded: American physician and compulsory health insurance, 1912-1920 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: the political origins of social policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA; Harvard University Press, 1992), 153-310, passim.; Roy Lubove, The Struggle for Social Security, 1900-1935, 2nd edn (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986), 66-90; Davisd A. Moss, Socializing Security: Pregressive-Era economists and the origins of American social policy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 132, 136-57; Hirshfield, Lost Reform; Monte M. Poen, Harry S. Truman versus the Medical Lobby: the genesis of Meidcare (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1979); Theda Skocpol, Boomerang: Clinton's health security effort and the turn against government in U.S. politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996); Jacob S. Hacker, The Road to Nowhere: the genesis of President Clinton's plan far health security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).
15. Ronald L. Numbers, Almost Persuaded: American physician and compulsory health insurance, 1912-1920 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: the political origins of social policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA; Harvard University Press, 1992), 153-310, passim.; Roy Lubove, The Struggle for Social Security, 1900-1935, 2nd edn (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986), 66-90; Davisd A. Moss, Socializing Security: Pregressive-Era economists and the origins of American social policy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 132, 136-57; Hirshfield, Lost Reform; Monte M. Poen, Harry S. Truman versus the Medical Lobby: the genesis of Meidcare (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1979); Theda Skocpol, Boomerang: Clinton's health security effort and the turn against government in U.S. politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996); Jacob S. Hacker, The Road to Nowhere: the genesis of President Clinton's plan far health security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).
16. Ronald L. Numbers, Almost Persuaded: American physician and compulsory health insurance, 1912-1920 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: the political origins of social policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA; Harvard University Press, 1992), 153-310, passim.; Roy Lubove, The Struggle for Social Security, 1900-1935, 2nd edn (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986), 66-90; Davisd A. Moss, Socializing Security: Pregressive-Era economists and the origins of American social policy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 132, 136-57; Hirshfield, Lost Reform; Monte M. Poen, Harry S. Truman versus the Medical Lobby: the genesis of Meidcare (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1979); Theda Skocpol, Boomerang: Clinton's health security effort and the turn against government in U.S. politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996); Jacob S. Hacker, The Road to Nowhere: the genesis of President Clinton's plan far health security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).
17. Ronald L. Numbers, Almost Persuaded: American physician and compulsory health insurance, 1912-1920 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: the political origins of social policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA; Harvard University Press, 1992), 153-310, passim.; Roy Lubove, The Struggle for Social Security, 1900-1935, 2nd edn (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986), 66-90; Davisd A. Moss, Socializing Security: Pregressive-Era economists and the origins of American social policy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 132, 136-57; Hirshfield, Lost Reform; Monte M. Poen, Harry S. Truman versus the Medical Lobby: the genesis of Meidcare (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1979); Theda Skocpol, Boomerang: Clinton's health security effort and the turn against government in U.S. politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996); Jacob S. Hacker, The Road to Nowhere: the genesis of President Clinton's plan far health security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).
18. Ronald L. Numbers, Almost Persuaded: American physician and compulsory health insurance, 1912-1920 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: the political origins of social policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA; Harvard University Press, 1992), 153-310, passim.; Roy Lubove, The Struggle for Social Security, 1900-1935, 2nd edn (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986), 66-90; Davisd A. Moss, Socializing Security: Pregressive-Era economists and the origins of American social policy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 132, 136-57; Hirshfield, Lost Reform; Monte M. Poen, Harry S. Truman versus the Medical Lobby: the genesis of Meidcare (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1979); Theda Skocpol, Boomerang: Clinton's health security effort and the turn against government in U.S. politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996); Jacob S. Hacker, The Road to Nowhere: the genesis of President Clinton's plan far health security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).
19. Ronald L. Numbers, Almost Persuaded: American physician and compulsory health insurance, 1912-1920 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: the political origins of social policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA; Harvard University Press, 1992), 153-310, passim.; Roy Lubove, The Struggle for Social Security, 1900-1935, 2nd edn (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986), 66-90; Davisd A. Moss, Socializing Security: Pregressive-Era economists and the origins of American social policy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 132, 136-57; Hirshfield, Lost Reform; Monte M. Poen, Harry S. Truman versus the Medical Lobby: the genesis of Meidcare (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1979); Theda Skocpol, Boomerang: Clinton's health security effort and the turn against government in U.S. politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996); Jacob S. Hacker, The Road to Nowhere: the genesis of President Clinton's plan far health security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).
20. Ronald L. Numbers, Almost Persuaded: American physician and compulsory health insurance, 1912-1920 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: the political origins of social policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA; Harvard University Press, 1992), 153-310, passim.; Roy Lubove, The Struggle for Social Security, 1900-1935, 2nd edn (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986), 66-90; Davisd A. Moss, Socializing Security: Pregressive-Era economists and the origins of American social policy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 132, 136-57; Hirshfield, Lost Reform; Monte M. Poen, Harry S. Truman versus the Medical Lobby: the genesis of Meidcare (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1979); Theda Skocpol, Boomerang: Clinton's health security effort and the turn against government in U.S. politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996); Jacob S. Hacker, The Road to Nowhere: the genesis of President Clinton's plan far health security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).
21. Ronald L. Numbers, Almost Persuaded: American physician and compulsory health insurance, 1912-1920 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: the political origins of social policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA; Harvard University Press, 1992), 153-310, passim.; Roy Lubove, The Struggle for Social Security, 1900-1935, 2nd edn (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986), 66-90; Davisd A. Moss, Socializing Security: Pregressive-Era economists and the origins of American social policy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 132, 136-57; Hirshfield, Lost Reform; Monte M. Poen, Harry S. Truman versus the Medical Lobby: the genesis of Meidcare (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1979); Theda Skocpol, Boomerang: Clinton's health security effort and the turn against government in U.S. politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996); Jacob S. Hacker, The Road to Nowhere: the genesis of President Clinton's plan far health security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).
22. Dona Cooper Hamilton and Charles V. Hamilton, The Dual Agenda: the African-American struggle for civil and economic equality (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 72-83, 217, 244-254; for commentary on the unionists, Communists, and others who steered the NAACP toward fuller engagement with economic and social problems, see Beth Tompkins Bates, "A new crowd challenges the agenda of the old guard in the NAACP, 1933-1941," American Historical Review, 102 (1997), 340-377; Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, eds., Making Medical History: the life and times of Henry E. Sigerist (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); Jane P. Brickman, "'Medical McCarthyism': the Physicians Forum and the Cold War," Journal of the History of Mediacine and Allied Sciences, 49 (1994), 380-418;, Alan Derickson, "Health security for all? social unionism and universal health insurance, 1935-1958," Journal of American History, 80 (1994), 1333-1356. For other studies of health reform that emphasize labor, see Edmund F. Wehrle," 'For a healthy America': labor's struggle for national health insurance, 1943-1949," Labor's Heritage, 5 (1993), 28-45; David C. Jacobs, "The UAW and the Committee for National Health Insurance: the contours of social unionism," Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations, 4 (1987), 119-140.
23. Dona Cooper Hamilton and Charles V. Hamilton, The Dual Agenda: the African-American struggle for civil and economic equality (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 72-83, 217, 244-254; for commentary on the unionists, Communists, and others who steered the NAACP toward fuller engagement with economic and social problems, see Beth Tompkins Bates, "A new crowd challenges the agenda of the old guard in the NAACP, 1933-1941," American Historical Review, 102 (1997), 340-377; Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, eds., Making Medical History: the life and times of Henry E. Sigerist (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); Jane P. Brickman, "'Medical McCarthyism': the Physicians Forum and the Cold War," Journal of the History of Mediacine and Allied Sciences, 49 (1994), 380-418;, Alan Derickson, "Health security for all? social unionism and universal health insurance, 1935-1958," Journal of American History, 80 (1994), 1333-1356. For other studies of health reform that emphasize labor, see Edmund F. Wehrle," 'For a healthy America': labor's struggle for national health insurance, 1943-1949," Labor's Heritage, 5 (1993), 28-45; David C. Jacobs, "The UAW and the Committee for National Health Insurance: the contours of social unionism," Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations, 4 (1987), 119-140.
24. Dona Cooper Hamilton and Charles V. Hamilton, The Dual Agenda: the African-American struggle for civil and economic equality (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 72-83, 217, 244-254; for commentary on the unionists, Communists, and others who steered the NAACP toward fuller engagement with economic and social problems, see Beth Tompkins Bates, "A new crowd challenges the agenda of the old guard in the NAACP, 1933-1941," American Historical Review, 102 (1997), 340-377; Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, eds., Making Medical History: the life and times of Henry E. Sigerist (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); Jane P. Brickman, "'Medical McCarthyism': the Physicians Forum and the Cold War," Journal of the History of Mediacine and Allied Sciences, 49 (1994), 380-418;, Alan Derickson, "Health security for all? social unionism and universal health insurance, 1935-1958," Journal of American History, 80 (1994), 1333-1356. For other studies of health reform that emphasize labor, see Edmund F. Wehrle," 'For a healthy America': labor's struggle for national health insurance, 1943-1949," Labor's Heritage, 5 (1993), 28-45; David C. Jacobs, "The UAW and the Committee for National Health Insurance: the contours of social unionism," Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations, 4 (1987), 119-140.
25. Dona Cooper Hamilton and Charles V. Hamilton, The Dual Agenda: the African-American struggle for civil and economic equality (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 72-83, 217, 244-254; for commentary on the unionists, Communists, and others who steered the NAACP toward fuller engagement with economic and social problems, see Beth Tompkins Bates, "A new crowd challenges the agenda of the old guard in the NAACP, 1933-1941," American Historical Review, 102 (1997), 340-377; Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, eds., Making Medical History: the life and times of Henry E. Sigerist (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); Jane P. Brickman, "'Medical McCarthyism': the Physicians Forum and the Cold War," Journal of the History of Mediacine and Allied Sciences, 49 (1994), 380-418;, Alan Derickson, "Health security for all? social unionism and universal health insurance, 1935-1958," Journal of American History, 80 (1994), 1333-1356. For other studies of health reform that emphasize labor, see Edmund F. Wehrle," 'For a healthy America': labor's struggle for national health insurance, 1943-1949," Labor's Heritage, 5 (1993), 28-45; David C. Jacobs, "The UAW and the Committee for National Health Insurance: the contours of social unionism," Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations, 4 (1987), 119-140.
26. Dona Cooper Hamilton and Charles V. Hamilton, The Dual Agenda: the African-American struggle for civil and economic equality (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 72-83, 217, 244-254; for commentary on the unionists, Communists, and others who steered the NAACP toward fuller engagement with economic and social problems, see Beth Tompkins Bates, "A new crowd challenges the agenda of the old guard in the NAACP, 1933-1941," American Historical Review, 102 (1997), 340-377; Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, eds., Making Medical History: the life and times of Henry E. Sigerist (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); Jane P. Brickman, "'Medical McCarthyism': the Physicians Forum and the Cold War," Journal of the History of Mediacine and Allied Sciences, 49 (1994), 380-418;, Alan Derickson, "Health security for all? social unionism and universal health insurance, 1935-1958," Journal of American History, 80 (1994), 1333-1356. For other studies of health reform that emphasize labor, see Edmund F. Wehrle," 'For a healthy America': labor's struggle for national health insurance, 1943-1949," Labor's Heritage, 5 (1993), 28-45; David C. Jacobs, "The UAW and the Committee for National Health Insurance: the contours of social unionism," Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations, 4 (1987), 119-140.
27. Dona Cooper Hamilton and Charles V. Hamilton, The Dual Agenda: the African-American struggle for civil and economic equality (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 72-83, 217, 244-254; for commentary on the unionists, Communists, and others who steered the NAACP toward fuller engagement with economic and social problems, see Beth Tompkins Bates, "A new crowd challenges the agenda of the old guard in the NAACP, 1933-1941," American Historical Review, 102 (1997), 340-377; Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, eds., Making Medical History: the life and times of Henry E. Sigerist (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); Jane P. Brickman, "'Medical McCarthyism': the Physicians Forum and the Cold War," Journal of the History of Mediacine and Allied Sciences, 49 (1994), 380-418;, Alan Derickson, "Health security for all? social unionism and universal health insurance, 1935-1958," Journal of American History, 80 (1994), 1333-1356. For other studies of health reform that emphasize labor, see Edmund F. Wehrle," 'For a healthy America': labor's struggle for national health insurance, 1943-1949," Labor's Heritage, 5 (1993), 28-45; David C. Jacobs, "The UAW and the Committee for National Health Insurance: the contours of social unionism," Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations, 4 (1987), 119-140.
28. Dona Cooper Hamilton and Charles V. Hamilton, The Dual Agenda: the African-American struggle for civil and economic equality (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 72-83, 217, 244-254; for commentary on the unionists, Communists, and others who steered the NAACP toward fuller engagement with economic and social problems, see Beth Tompkins Bates, "A new crowd challenges the agenda of the old guard in the NAACP, 1933-1941," American Historical Review, 102 (1997), 340-377; Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, eds., Making Medical History: the life and times of Henry E. Sigerist (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); Jane P. Brickman, "'Medical McCarthyism': the Physicians Forum and the Cold War," Journal of the History of Mediacine and Allied Sciences, 49 (1994), 380-418;, Alan Derickson, "Health security for all? social unionism and universal health insurance, 1935-1958," Journal of American History, 80 (1994), 1333-1356. For other studies of health reform that emphasize labor, see Edmund F. Wehrle," 'For a healthy America': labor's struggle for national health insurance, 1943-1949," Labor's Heritage, 5 (1993), 28-45; David C. Jacobs, "The UAW and the Committee for National Health Insurance: the contours of social unionism," Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations, 4 (1987), 119-140.
29. Gary M Fink, "The rejection of voluntarism," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 26 (1973), 805-819; Julie Greene, Pure and Simple Politics: the American Federation of Labor and political activism, 1881-1917 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Joseph A. McCartin Labor's Great War: the struggled for industrial democracy and the origins of modern American labor relations, 1912-1921 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
30. Gary M Fink, "The rejection of voluntarism," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 26 (1973), 805-819; Julie Greene, Pure and Simple Politics: the American Federation of Labor and political activism, 1881-1917 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Joseph A. McCartin Labor's Great War: the struggled for industrial democracy and the origins of modern American labor relations, 1912-1921 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
31. Gary M Fink, "The rejection of voluntarism," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 26 (1973), 805-819; Julie Greene, Pure and Simple Politics: the American Federation of Labor and political activism, 1881-1917 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Joseph A. McCartin Labor's Great War: the struggled for industrial democracy and the origins of modern American labor relations, 1912-1921 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
32. For hostility toward socialists, AALL experts, and the like, see Samuel Gompers, "'Intellectuals,' please note," American Federationist, March 1916, 198-199; Gompers, "Labor versus its barnacles," Abid., April 1916, 271-272; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, 1916 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1916), 144; Samuel Gompers, "Statement," in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Labor, Commission to Study Social Insurance and Unemployment: hearings ... on H.J. Res. 159, 64th Cong., 1st sess., 1916 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918), 126ff.: Greene, Pure and Simple Politics, 256. On union benefit programs, see Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor: an autobiography, 2 vols. (NewYork: E.P. Dutton, 1925), vol. 1: 144-145, 166-167; [Samuel Gompers], "The next step toward emancipation," American Federations, Dec. 1899, 248-249; James M. Lynch, "Trade union sickness insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 4 (1914) 82-91; James B. Kennedy, Beneficiary Features of American Trade Unions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1908). On AALL sponsorship of compulsory health insurance, see Committee on Social Insurance, AALL, "Health insurance: tentative draft of an act," American Labor Legislation Review, 6(1916), 239-268; Moss, Socializing Security, 132, 136-157.
33. For hostility toward socialists, AALL experts, and the like, see Samuel Gompers, "'Intellectuals,' please note," American Federationist, March 1916, 198-199; Gompers, "Labor versus its barnacles," Abid., April 1916, 271-272; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, 1916 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1916), 144; Samuel Gompers, "Statement," in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Labor, Commission to Study Social Insurance and Unemployment: hearings ... on H.J. Res. 159, 64th Cong., 1st sess., 1916 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918), 126ff.: Greene, Pure and Simple Politics, 256. On union benefit programs, see Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor: an autobiography, 2 vols. (NewYork: E.P. Dutton, 1925), vol. 1: 144-145, 166-167; [Samuel Gompers], "The next step toward emancipation," American Federations, Dec. 1899, 248-249; James M. Lynch, "Trade union sickness insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 4 (1914) 82-91; James B. Kennedy, Beneficiary Features of American Trade Unions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1908). On AALL sponsorship of compulsory health insurance, see Committee on Social Insurance, AALL, "Health insurance: tentative draft of an act," American Labor Legislation Review, 6(1916), 239-268; Moss, Socializing Security, 132, 136-157.
34. For hostility toward socialists, AALL experts, and the like, see Samuel Gompers, "'Intellectuals,' please note," American Federationist, March 1916, 198-199; Gompers, "Labor versus its barnacles," Abid., April 1916, 271-272; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, 1916 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1916), 144; Samuel Gompers, "Statement," in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Labor, Commission to Study Social Insurance and Unemployment: hearings ... on H.J. Res. 159, 64th Cong., 1st sess., 1916 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918), 126ff.: Greene, Pure and Simple Politics, 256. On union benefit programs, see Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor: an autobiography, 2 vols. (NewYork: E.P. Dutton, 1925), vol. 1: 144-145, 166-167; [Samuel Gompers], "The next step toward emancipation," American Federations, Dec. 1899, 248-249; James M. Lynch, "Trade union sickness insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 4 (1914) 82-91; James B. Kennedy, Beneficiary Features of American Trade Unions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1908). On AALL sponsorship of compulsory health insurance, see Committee on Social Insurance, AALL, "Health insurance: tentative draft of an act," American Labor Legislation Review, 6(1916), 239-268; Moss, Socializing Security, 132, 136-157.
35. For hostility toward socialists, AALL experts, and the like, see Samuel Gompers, "'Intellectuals,' please note," American Federationist, March 1916, 198-199; Gompers, "Labor versus its barnacles," Abid., April 1916, 271-272; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, 1916 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1916), 144; Samuel Gompers, "Statement," in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Labor, Commission to Study Social Insurance and Unemployment: hearings ... on H.J. Res. 159, 64th Cong., 1st sess., 1916 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918), 126ff.: Greene, Pure and Simple Politics, 256. On union benefit programs, see Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor: an autobiography, 2 vols. (NewYork: E.P. Dutton, 1925), vol. 1: 144-145, 166-167; [Samuel Gompers], "The next step toward emancipation," American Federations, Dec. 1899, 248-249; James M. Lynch, "Trade union sickness insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 4 (1914) 82-91; James B. Kennedy, Beneficiary Features of American Trade Unions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1908). On AALL sponsorship of compulsory health insurance, see Committee on Social Insurance, AALL, "Health insurance: tentative draft of an act," American Labor Legislation Review, 6(1916), 239-268; Moss, Socializing Security, 132, 136-157.
36. For hostility toward socialists, AALL experts, and the like, see Samuel Gompers, "'Intellectuals,' please note," American Federationist, March 1916, 198-199; Gompers, "Labor versus its barnacles," Abid., April 1916, 271-272; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, 1916 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1916), 144; Samuel Gompers, "Statement," in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Labor, Commission to Study Social Insurance and Unemployment: hearings ... on H.J. Res. 159, 64th Cong., 1st sess., 1916 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918), 126ff.: Greene, Pure and Simple Politics, 256. On union benefit programs, see Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor: an autobiography, 2 vols. (NewYork: E.P. Dutton, 1925), vol. 1: 144-145, 166-167; [Samuel Gompers], "The next step toward emancipation," American Federations, Dec. 1899, 248-249; James M. Lynch, "Trade union sickness insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 4 (1914) 82-91; James B. Kennedy, Beneficiary Features of American Trade Unions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1908). On AALL sponsorship of compulsory health insurance, see Committee on Social Insurance, AALL, "Health insurance: tentative draft of an act," American Labor Legislation Review, 6(1916), 239-268; Moss, Socializing Security, 132, 136-157.
37. For hostility toward socialists, AALL experts, and the like, see Samuel Gompers, "'Intellectuals,' please note," American Federationist, March 1916, 198-199; Gompers, "Labor versus its barnacles," Abid., April 1916, 271-272; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, 1916 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1916), 144; Samuel Gompers, "Statement," in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Labor, Commission to Study Social Insurance and Unemployment: hearings ... on H.J. Res. 159, 64th Cong., 1st sess., 1916 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918), 126ff.: Greene, Pure and Simple Politics, 256. On union benefit programs, see Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor: an autobiography, 2 vols. (NewYork: E.P. Dutton, 1925), vol. 1: 144-145, 166-167; [Samuel Gompers], "The next step toward emancipation," American Federations, Dec. 1899, 248-249; James M. Lynch, "Trade union sickness insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 4 (1914) 82-91; James B. Kennedy, Beneficiary Features of American Trade Unions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1908). On AALL sponsorship of compulsory health insurance, see Committee on Social Insurance, AALL, "Health insurance: tentative draft of an act," American Labor Legislation Review, 6(1916), 239-268; Moss, Socializing Security, 132, 136-157.
38. For hostility toward socialists, AALL experts, and the like, see Samuel Gompers, "'Intellectuals,' please note," American Federationist, March 1916, 198-199; Gompers, "Labor versus its barnacles," Abid., April 1916, 271-272; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, 1916 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1916), 144; Samuel Gompers, "Statement," in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Labor, Commission to Study Social Insurance and Unemployment: hearings ... on H.J. Res. 159, 64th Cong., 1st sess., 1916 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918), 126ff.: Greene, Pure and Simple Politics, 256. On union benefit programs, see Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor: an autobiography, 2 vols. (NewYork: E.P. Dutton, 1925), vol. 1: 144-145, 166-167; [Samuel Gompers], "The next step toward emancipation," American Federations, Dec. 1899, 248-249; James M. Lynch, "Trade union sickness insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 4 (1914) 82-91; James B. Kennedy, Beneficiary Features of American Trade Unions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1908). On AALL sponsorship of compulsory health insurance, see Committee on Social Insurance, AALL, "Health insurance: tentative draft of an act," American Labor Legislation Review, 6(1916), 239-268; Moss, Socializing Security, 132, 136-157.
39. For hostility toward socialists, AALL experts, and the like, see Samuel Gompers, "'Intellectuals,' please note," American Federationist, March 1916, 198-199; Gompers, "Labor versus its barnacles," Abid., April 1916, 271-272; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, 1916 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1916), 144; Samuel Gompers, "Statement," in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Labor, Commission to Study Social Insurance and Unemployment: hearings ... on H.J. Res. 159, 64th Cong., 1st sess., 1916 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918), 126ff.: Greene, Pure and Simple Politics, 256. On union benefit programs, see Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor: an autobiography, 2 vols. (NewYork: E.P. Dutton, 1925), vol. 1: 144-145, 166-167; [Samuel Gompers], "The next step toward emancipation," American Federations, Dec. 1899, 248-249; James M. Lynch, "Trade union sickness insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 4 (1914) 82-91; James B. Kennedy, Beneficiary Features of American Trade Unions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1908). On AALL sponsorship of compulsory health insurance, see Committee on Social Insurance, AALL, "Health insurance: tentative draft of an act," American Labor Legislation Review, 6(1916), 239-268; Moss, Socializing Security, 132, 136-157.
40. For hostility toward socialists, AALL experts, and the like, see Samuel Gompers, "'Intellectuals,' please note," American Federationist, March 1916, 198-199; Gompers, "Labor versus its barnacles," Abid., April 1916, 271-272; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, 1916 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1916), 144; Samuel Gompers, "Statement," in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Labor, Commission to Study Social Insurance and Unemployment: hearings ... on H.J. Res. 159, 64th Cong., 1st sess., 1916 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918), 126ff.: Greene, Pure and Simple Politics, 256. On union benefit programs, see Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor: an autobiography, 2 vols. (NewYork: E.P. Dutton, 1925), vol. 1: 144-145, 166-167; [Samuel Gompers], "The next step toward emancipation," American Federations, Dec. 1899, 248-249; James M. Lynch, "Trade union sickness insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 4 (1914) 82-91; James B. Kennedy, Beneficiary Features of American Trade Unions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1908). On AALL sponsorship of compulsory health insurance, see Committee on Social Insurance, AALL, "Health insurance: tentative draft of an act," American Labor Legislation Review, 6(1916), 239-268; Moss, Socializing Security, 132, 136-157.
41. For hostility toward socialists, AALL experts, and the like, see Samuel Gompers, "'Intellectuals,' please note," American Federationist, March 1916, 198-199; Gompers, "Labor versus its barnacles," Abid., April 1916, 271-272; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, 1916 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1916), 144; Samuel Gompers, "Statement," in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Labor, Commission to Study Social Insurance and Unemployment: hearings ... on H.J. Res. 159, 64th Cong., 1st sess., 1916 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918), 126ff.: Greene, Pure and Simple Politics, 256. On union benefit programs, see Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor: an autobiography, 2 vols. (NewYork: E.P. Dutton, 1925), vol. 1: 144-145, 166-167; [Samuel Gompers], "The next step toward emancipation," American Federations, Dec. 1899, 248-249; James M. Lynch, "Trade union sickness insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 4 (1914) 82-91; James B. Kennedy, Beneficiary Features of American Trade Unions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1908). On AALL sponsorship of compulsory health insurance, see Committee on Social Insurance, AALL, "Health insurance: tentative draft of an act," American Labor Legislation Review, 6(1916), 239-268; Moss, Socializing Security, 132, 136-157.
42. For hostility toward socialists, AALL experts, and the like, see Samuel Gompers, "'Intellectuals,' please note," American Federationist, March 1916, 198-199; Gompers, "Labor versus its barnacles," Abid., April 1916, 271-272; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, 1916 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1916), 144; Samuel Gompers, "Statement," in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Labor, Commission to Study Social Insurance and Unemployment: hearings ... on H.J. Res. 159, 64th Cong., 1st sess., 1916 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918), 126ff.: Greene, Pure and Simple Politics, 256. On union benefit programs, see Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor: an autobiography, 2 vols. (NewYork: E.P. Dutton, 1925), vol. 1: 144-145, 166-167; [Samuel Gompers], "The next step toward emancipation," American Federations, Dec. 1899, 248-249; James M. Lynch, "Trade union sickness insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 4 (1914) 82-91; James B. Kennedy, Beneficiary Features of American Trade Unions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1908). On AALL sponsorship of compulsory health insurance, see Committee on Social Insurance, AALL, "Health insurance: tentative draft of an act," American Labor Legislation Review, 6(1916), 239-268; Moss, Socializing Security, 132, 136-157.
43. Samuel Gompers to Thomas D. Fitzgerald, March 1, 1916, in AFL, Letterpress Copybooks of Samuel Gompers and William Green, Presidents, 1883-1925, microfilm edn, 355 reels (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1967), vol. 216, 255 (quotation), 254, reel 204; Gompers, "Statement," in House, Commission to Study, 188; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention, 1914 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1914), 67-68; Gompers, "Not even compulsory benevolence will do," American Federationist, Jan. 1917, 47-48.
44. Samuel Gompers to Thomas D. Fitzgerald, March 1, 1916, in AFL, Letterpress Copybooks of Samuel Gompers and William Green, Presidents, 1883-1925, microfilm edn, 355 reels (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1967), vol. 216, 255 (quotation), 254, reel 204; Gompers, "Statement," in House, Commission to Study, 188; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention, 1914 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1914), 67-68; Gompers, "Not even compulsory benevolence will do," American Federationist, Jan. 1917, 47-48.
45. Samuel Gompers to Thomas D. Fitzgerald, March 1, 1916, in AFL, Letterpress Copybooks of Samuel Gompers and William Green, Presidents, 1883-1925, microfilm edn, 355 reels (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1967), vol. 216, 255 (quotation), 254, reel 204; Gompers, "Statement," in House, Commission to Study, 188; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention, 1914 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1914), 67-68; Gompers, "Not even compulsory benevolence will do," American Federationist, Jan. 1917, 47-48.
46. Samuel Gompers to Thomas D. Fitzgerald, March 1, 1916, in AFL, Letterpress Copybooks of Samuel Gompers and William Green, Presidents, 1883-1925, microfilm edn, 355 reels (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1967), vol. 216, 255 (quotation), 254, reel 204; Gompers, "Statement," in House, Commission to Study, 188; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention, 1914 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1914), 67-68; Gompers, "Not even compulsory benevolence will do," American Federationist, Jan. 1917, 47-48.
47. Samuel Gompers to Thomas D. Fitzgerald, March 1, 1916, in AFL, Letterpress Copybooks of Samuel Gompers and William Green, Presidents, 1883-1925, microfilm edn, 355 reels (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1967), vol. 216, 255 (quotation), 254, reel 204; Gompers, "Statement," in House, Commission to Study, 188; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention, 1914 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1914), 67-68; Gompers, "Not even compulsory benevolence will do," American Federationist, Jan. 1917, 47-48.
48. Gompers, "Labor versus its barnacles," 270 (quotation), 274 (quotation); Samuel Gompers, "Address," in U S Bureau of Labor Statistics, Proceedings of the Conference on Social Insurance Called by the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Washington, D.C., December 5 to 9, 1916, Bulletin 212 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1917), 848 (quotation), 848-849.
49. Gompers, "Labor versus its barnacles," 270 (quotation), 274 (quotation); Samuel Gompers, "Address," in U S Bureau of Labor Statistics, Proceedings of the Conference on Social Insurance Called by the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Washington, D.C., December 5 to 9, 1916, Bulletin 212 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1917), 848 (quotation), 848-849.
50. Grant Hamilton, "Proposed legislation for health insurance," in Bureau of Labor Statistics, Conference on Social Insurance, 559 (quotation), 561 (quotation), 559 (quotation), 559-561, 567; Committee on Social Insurance, AFL, "Report," in Executive Council, AFL, "Minutes of Meetings," Feb. 25, 1920, appendix, 9 (quotation), 7-10, AFL Executive Council Minutes (George Meany Memorial Archives, Silver Spring, MD).
51. Grant Hamilton, "Proposed legislation for health insurance," in Bureau of Labor Statistics, Conference on Social Insurance, 559 (quotation), 561 (quotation), 559 (quotation), 559-561, 567; Committee on Social Insurance, AFL, "Report," in Executive Council, AFL, "Minutes of Meetings," Feb. 25, 1920, appendix, 9 (quotation), 7-10, AFL Executive Council Minutes (George Meany Memorial Archives, Silver Spring, MD).
52. Grant Hamilton, "Proposed legislation for health insurance," in Bureau of Labor Statistics, Conference on Social Insurance, 559 (quotation), 561 (quotation), 559 (quotation), 559-561, 567; Committee on Social Insurance, AFL, "Report," in Executive Council, AFL, "Minutes of Meetings," Feb. 25, 1920, appendix, 9 (quotation), 7-10, AFL Executive Council Minutes (George Meany Memorial Archives, Silver Spring, MD).
53. Pauline Newman, "What will health insurance mean to the insured?" American Journal of Nursing, 17 (1917), 943 (quotations), 942-945; Ann Schofield, "To Do and to Be": portraits of four women activists, 1893-1986 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 97; "Prominent labor organizations already on record for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 8 (1918), 319; Irving Fisher, "The need for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 7(1917), 11-12; United Mine Workers of America, Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Consecutive and Fourth Biennial Convention, 1919, 3 vols. (Indianapolis: Bookwalter-Ball, 1919), vol. 2: 682-683; Beatrix Hoffman, "The Wages of Sickness: health insurance and the making of the American welfare state" (unpublished manuscript), 104-140. On union self-help programs involving delivery of health care, not merely insurance, see Gus Tyler, Look for the Union Label: A History of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 125-133; Alan Derickson, "From company doctors to union hospitals: the first democratic health-care experiments of the United Mine Workers of America," Labor History, 33 (1992), 325-342; Alan Derickson, Workers' Health, Workers' Democracy: The Western Miners' Struggle, 1891-1925 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), 86-154.
54. Pauline Newman, "What will health insurance mean to the insured?" American Journal of Nursing, 17 (1917), 943 (quotations), 942-945; Ann Schofield, "To Do and to Be": portraits of four women activists, 1893-1986 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 97; "Prominent labor organizations already on record for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 8 (1918), 319; Irving Fisher, "The need for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 7(1917), 11-12; United Mine Workers of America, Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Consecutive and Fourth Biennial Convention, 1919, 3 vols. (Indianapolis: Bookwalter-Ball, 1919), vol. 2: 682-683; Beatrix Hoffman, "The Wages of Sickness: health insurance and the making of the American welfare state" (unpublished manuscript), 104-140. On union self-help programs involving delivery of health care, not merely insurance, see Gus Tyler, Look for the Union Label: A History of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 125-133; Alan Derickson, "From company doctors to union hospitals: the first democratic health-care experiments of the United Mine Workers of America," Labor History, 33 (1992), 325-342; Alan Derickson, Workers' Health, Workers' Democracy: The Western Miners' Struggle, 1891-1925 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), 86-154.
55. Pauline Newman, "What will health insurance mean to the insured?" American Journal of Nursing, 17 (1917), 943 (quotations), 942-945; Ann Schofield, "To Do and to Be": portraits of four women activists, 1893-1986 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 97; "Prominent labor organizations already on record for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 8 (1918), 319; Irving Fisher, "The need for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 7(1917), 11-12; United Mine Workers of America, Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Consecutive and Fourth Biennial Convention, 1919, 3 vols. (Indianapolis: Bookwalter-Ball, 1919), vol. 2: 682-683; Beatrix Hoffman, "The Wages of Sickness: health insurance and the making of the American welfare state" (unpublished manuscript), 104-140. On union self-help programs involving delivery of health care, not merely insurance, see Gus Tyler, Look for the Union Label: A History of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 125-133; Alan Derickson, "From company doctors to union hospitals: the first democratic health-care experiments of the United Mine Workers of America," Labor History, 33 (1992), 325-342; Alan Derickson, Workers' Health, Workers' Democracy: The Western Miners' Struggle, 1891-1925 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), 86-154.
56. Pauline Newman, "What will health insurance mean to the insured?" American Journal of Nursing, 17 (1917), 943 (quotations), 942-945; Ann Schofield, "To Do and to Be": portraits of four women activists, 1893-1986 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 97; "Prominent labor organizations already on record for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 8 (1918), 319; Irving Fisher, "The need for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 7(1917), 11-12; United Mine Workers of America, Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Consecutive and Fourth Biennial Convention, 1919, 3 vols. (Indianapolis: Bookwalter-Ball, 1919), vol. 2: 682-683; Beatrix Hoffman, "The Wages of Sickness: health insurance and the making of the American welfare state" (unpublished manuscript), 104-140. On union self-help programs involving delivery of health care, not merely insurance, see Gus Tyler, Look for the Union Label: A History of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 125-133; Alan Derickson, "From company doctors to union hospitals: the first democratic health-care experiments of the United Mine Workers of America," Labor History, 33 (1992), 325-342; Alan Derickson, Workers' Health, Workers' Democracy: The Western Miners' Struggle, 1891-1925 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), 86-154.
57. Pauline Newman, "What will health insurance mean to the insured?" American Journal of Nursing, 17 (1917), 943 (quotations), 942-945; Ann Schofield, "To Do and to Be": portraits of four women activists, 1893-1986 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 97; "Prominent labor organizations already on record for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 8 (1918), 319; Irving Fisher, "The need for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 7(1917), 11-12; United Mine Workers of America, Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Consecutive and Fourth Biennial Convention, 1919, 3 vols. (Indianapolis: Bookwalter-Ball, 1919), vol. 2: 682-683; Beatrix Hoffman, "The Wages of Sickness: health insurance and the making of the American welfare state" (unpublished manuscript), 104-140. On union self-help programs involving delivery of health care, not merely insurance, see Gus Tyler, Look for the Union Label: A History of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 125-133; Alan Derickson, "From company doctors to union hospitals: the first democratic health-care experiments of the United Mine Workers of America," Labor History, 33 (1992), 325-342; Alan Derickson, Workers' Health, Workers' Democracy: The Western Miners' Struggle, 1891-1925 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), 86-154.
58. Pauline Newman, "What will health insurance mean to the insured?" American Journal of Nursing, 17 (1917), 943 (quotations), 942-945; Ann Schofield, "To Do and to Be": portraits of four women activists, 1893-1986 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 97; "Prominent labor organizations already on record for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 8 (1918), 319; Irving Fisher, "The need for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 7(1917), 11-12; United Mine Workers of America, Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Consecutive and Fourth Biennial Convention, 1919, 3 vols. (Indianapolis: Bookwalter-Ball, 1919), vol. 2: 682-683; Beatrix Hoffman, "The Wages of Sickness: health insurance and the making of the American welfare state" (unpublished manuscript), 104-140. On union self-help programs involving delivery of health care, not merely insurance, see Gus Tyler, Look for the Union Label: A History of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 125-133; Alan Derickson, "From company doctors to union hospitals: the first democratic health-care experiments of the United Mine Workers of America," Labor History, 33 (1992), 325-342; Alan Derickson, Workers' Health, Workers' Democracy: The Western Miners' Struggle, 1891-1925 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), 86-154.
59. Pauline Newman, "What will health insurance mean to the insured?" American Journal of Nursing, 17 (1917), 943 (quotations), 942-945; Ann Schofield, "To Do and to Be": portraits of four women activists, 1893-1986 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 97; "Prominent labor organizations already on record for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 8 (1918), 319; Irving Fisher, "The need for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 7(1917), 11-12; United Mine Workers of America, Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Consecutive and Fourth Biennial Convention, 1919, 3 vols. (Indianapolis: Bookwalter-Ball, 1919), vol. 2: 682-683; Beatrix Hoffman, "The Wages of Sickness: health insurance and the making of the American welfare state" (unpublished manuscript), 104-140. On union self-help programs involving delivery of health care, not merely insurance, see Gus Tyler, Look for the Union Label: A History of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 125-133; Alan Derickson, "From company doctors to union hospitals: the first democratic health-care experiments of the United Mine Workers of America," Labor History, 33 (1992), 325-342; Alan Derickson, Workers' Health, Workers' Democracy: The Western Miners' Struggle, 1891-1925 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), 86-154.
60. Pauline Newman, "What will health insurance mean to the insured?" American Journal of Nursing, 17 (1917), 943 (quotations), 942-945; Ann Schofield, "To Do and to Be": portraits of four women activists, 1893-1986 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 97; "Prominent labor organizations already on record for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 8 (1918), 319; Irving Fisher, "The need for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 7(1917), 11-12; United Mine Workers of America, Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Consecutive and Fourth Biennial Convention, 1919, 3 vols. (Indianapolis: Bookwalter-Ball, 1919), vol. 2: 682-683; Beatrix Hoffman, "The Wages of Sickness: health insurance and the making of the American welfare state" (unpublished manuscript), 104-140. On union self-help programs involving delivery of health care, not merely insurance, see Gus Tyler,
61. Pauline Newman, "What will health insurance mean to the insured?" American Journal of Nursing, 17 (1917), 943 (quotations), 942-945; Ann Schofield, "To Do and to Be": portraits of four women activists, 1893-1986 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 97; "Prominent labor organizations already on record for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 8 (1918), 319; Irving Fisher, "The need for health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 7(1917), 11-12; United Mine Workers of America, Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Consecutive and Fourth Biennial Convention, 1919, 3 vols. (Indianapolis: Bookwalter-Ball, 1919), vol. 2: 682-683; Beatrix Hoffman, "The Wages of Sickness: health insurance and the making of the American welfare state" (unpublished manuscript), 104-140. On union self-help programs involving delivery of health care, not merely insurance, see Gus Tyler, Look for the Union Label: A History of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 125-133; Alan Derickson, "From company doctors to union hospitals: the first democratic health-care experiments of the United Mine Workers of America," Labor History, 33 (1992), 325-342; Alan Derickson, Workers' Health, Workers' Democracy: The Western Miners' Struggle, 1891-1925 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), 86-154.
62. AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention, 1918 (Washington DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1918), 94, 282-283; Executive Council, AFL, "Minutes of Meetings," May 19, 1919, 46-48, Executive Council Minutes; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Annual Convention, 1919 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1919), 144-145, 378-379; [William Green] to James Duncan, July 24, 1919, AFL, Office of the President, William Green Papers, RG-019 (George Meany Memorial Archives, Silver Spring, MD), box 1, folder 7; Daniel J. Tobin to Green, May 29, 1920, ibid., folder 9; Green to Tobin, June 2, 1920, ibid.; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Fortieth Annual Convention, 1920 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1920), 176, 387; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Convention, 1921 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1921), 147-148; William Green, Labor and Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1939), 34-38.
63. AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention, 1918 (Washington DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1918), 94, 282-283; Executive Council, AFL, "Minutes of Meetings," May 19, 1919, 46-48, Executive Council Minutes; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Annual Convention, 1919 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1919), 144-145, 378-379; [William Green] to James Duncan, July 24, 1919, AFL, Office of the President, William Green Papers, RG-019 (George Meany Memorial Archives, Silver Spring, MD), box 1, folder 7; Daniel J. Tobin to Green, May 29, 1920, ibid., folder 9; Green to Tobin, June 2, 1920, ibid.; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Fortieth Annual Convention, 1920 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1920), 176, 387; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Convention, 1921 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1921), 147-148; William Green, Labor and Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1939), 34-38.
64. AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention, 1918 (Washington DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1918), 94, 282-283; Executive Council, AFL, "Minutes of Meetings," May 19, 1919, 46-48, Executive Council Minutes; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Annual Convention, 1919 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1919), 144-145, 378-379; [William Green] to James Duncan, July 24, 1919, AFL, Office of the President, William Green Papers, RG-019 (George Meany Memorial Archives, Silver Spring, MD), box 1, folder 7; Daniel J. Tobin to Green, May 29, 1920, ibid., folder 9; Green to Tobin, June 2, 1920, ibid.; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Fortieth Annual Convention, 1920 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1920), 176, 387; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Convention, 1921 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1921), 147-148; William Green, Labor and Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1939), 34-38.
65. AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention, 1918 (Washington DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1918), 94, 282-283; Executive Council, AFL, "Minutes of Meetings," May 19, 1919, 46-48, Executive Council Minutes; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Annual Convention, 1919 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1919), 144-145, 378-379; [William Green] to James Duncan, July 24, 1919, AFL, Office of the President, William Green Papers, RG-019 (George Meany Memorial Archives, Silver Spring, MD), box 1, folder 7; Daniel J. Tobin to Green, May 29, 1920, ibid., folder 9; Green to Tobin, June 2, 1920, ibid.; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Fortieth Annual Convention, 1920 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1920), 176, 387; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Convention, 1921 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1921), 147-148; William Green, Labor and Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1939), 34-38.
66. AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention, 1918 (Washington DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1918), 94, 282-283; Executive Council, AFL, "Minutes of Meetings," May 19, 1919, 46-48, Executive Council Minutes; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Annual Convention, 1919 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1919), 144-145, 378-379; [William Green] to James Duncan, July 24, 1919, AFL, Office of the President, William Green Papers, RG-019 (George Meany Memorial Archives, Silver Spring, MD), box 1, folder 7; Daniel J. Tobin to Green, May 29, 1920, ibid., folder 9; Green to Tobin, June 2, 1920, ibid.; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Fortieth Annual Convention, 1920 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1920), 176, 387; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Convention, 1921 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1921), 147-148; William Green, Labor and Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1939), 34-38.
67. AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention, 1918 (Washington DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1918), 94, 282-283; Executive Council, AFL, "Minutes of Meetings," May 19, 1919, 46-48, Executive Council Minutes; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Annual Convention, 1919 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1919), 144-145, 378-379; [William Green] to James Duncan, July 24, 1919, AFL, Office of the President, William Green Papers, RG-019 (George Meany Memorial Archives, Silver Spring, MD), box 1, folder 7; Daniel J. Tobin to Green, May 29, 1920, ibid., folder 9; Green to Tobin, June 2, 1920, ibid.; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Fortieth Annual Convention, 1920 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1920), 176, 387; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Convention, 1921 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1921), 147-148; William Green, Labor and Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1939), 34-38.
68. AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention, 1918 (Washington DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1918), 94, 282-283; Executive Council, AFL, "Minutes of Meetings," May 19, 1919, 46-48, Executive Council Minutes; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Annual Convention, 1919 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1919), 144-145, 378-379; [William Green] to James Duncan, July 24, 1919, AFL, Office of the President, William Green Papers, RG-019 (George Meany Memorial Archives, Silver Spring, MD), box 1, folder 7; Daniel J. Tobin to Green, May 29, 1920, ibid., folder 9; Green to Tobin, June 2, 1920, ibid.; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Fortieth Annual Convention, 1920 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1920), 176, 387; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Convention, 1921 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1921), 147-148; William Green, Labor and Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1939), 34-38.
69. AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention, 1918 (Washington DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1918), 94, 282-283; Executive Council, AFL, "Minutes of Meetings," May 19, 1919, 46-48, Executive Council Minutes; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Annual Convention, 1919 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1919), 144-145, 378-379; [William Green] to James Duncan, July 24, 1919, AFL, Office of the President, William Green Papers, RG-019 (George Meany Memorial Archives, Silver Spring, MD), box 1, folder 7; Daniel J. Tobin to Green, May 29, 1920, ibid., folder 9; Green to Tobin, June 2, 1920, ibid.; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Fortieth Annual Convention, 1920 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1920), 176, 387; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Convention, 1921 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1921), 147-148; William Green, Labor and Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1939), 34-38.
70. AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention, 1918 (Washington DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1918), 94, 282-283; Executive Council, AFL, "Minutes of Meetings," May 19, 1919, 46-48, Executive Council Minutes; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Annual Convention, 1919 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1919), 144-145, 378-379; [William Green] to James Duncan, July 24, 1919, AFL, Office of the President, William Green Papers, RG-019 (George Meany Memorial Archives, Silver Spring, MD), box 1, folder 7; Daniel J. Tobin to Green, May 29, 1920, ibid., folder 9; Green to Tobin, June 2, 1920, ibid.; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Fortieth Annual Convention, 1920 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1920), 176, 387; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Convention, 1921 (Washington, DC: Law Reporter Printing, 1921), 147-148; William Green, Labor and Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1939), 34-38.
71. William Green, "Trade union sickfunds and compulsory health insurance," American Labor Legislation Review, 7 (1917), 93 (quotation);
72. San Francisco Chronicle, Nov. 21, 1916, 9 (Mullen quotation).
73. Green, "Trade union sick funds," 92 (quotation), 91-95; Craig Phelan, William Green: biography of a labor leader (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989), 20-21. For a fuller articulation of the human resource logic, see [AALL], "Health Insurance Standards," American Labor Legislation Review, 6 (1916), 238; U.S. Public Health Service, Health Insurance: its relation to the public health, by B. S. Warren and Edgar Sydenstricker, Public Health Bulletin 76 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1916), 6-7, 38-39, 51.
74. Green, "Trade union sick funds," 92 (quotation), 91-95; Craig Phelan, William Green: biography of a labor leader (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989), 20-21. For a fuller articulation of the human resource logic, see [AALL], "Health Insurance Standards," American Labor Legislation Review, 6 (1916), 238; U.S. Public Health Service, Health Insurance: its relation to the public health, by B. S. Warren and Edgar Sydenstricker, Public Health Bulletin 76 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1916), 6-7, 38-39, 51.
75. Green, "Trade union sick funds," 92 (quotation), 91-95; Craig Phelan, William Green: biography of a labor leader (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989), 20-21. For a fuller articulation of the human resource logic, see [AALL], "Health Insurance Standards," American Labor Legislation Review, 6 (1916), 238; U.S. Public Health Service, Health Insurance: its relation to the public health, by B. S. Warren and Edgar Sydenstricker, Public Health Bulletin 76 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1916), 6-7, 38-39, 51.
76. Green, "Trade union sick funds," 92 (quotation), 91-95; Craig Phelan, William Green: biography of a labor leader (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989), 20-21. For a fuller articulation of the human resource logic, see [AALL], "Health Insurance Standards," American Labor Legislation Review, 6 (1916), 238; U.S. Public Health Service, Health Insurance: its relation to the public health, by B. S. Warren and Edgar Sydenstricker, Public Health Bulletin 76 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1916), 6-7, 38-39, 51.
77. William B. Wilson, "Address," in Bureau of Labor Statistics, Conference on Social Insurance, 841 (quotation); U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations, Industrial Relations: Final Report and Testimony, 11 vols., 64th Cong., 1st sess., Senate Document 415 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1916), vol. 1: 126 (quotation), 125-126. On Walsh and his commission, see McCartin, Labor's Great War, 12-14, 18-30; Melvyn Dubofsky, The State and Labor in Modern America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 54-56.
78. William B. Wilson, "Address," in Bureau of Labor Statistics, Conference on Social Insurance, 841 (quotation); U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations, Industrial Relations: Final Report and Testimony, 11 vols., 64th Cong., 1st sess., Senate Document 415 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1916), vol. 1: 126 (quotation), 125-126. On Walsh and his commission, see McCartin, Labor's Great War, 12-14, 18-30; Melvyn Dubofsky, The State and Labor in Modern America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 54-56.
79. William B. Wilson, "Address," in Bureau of Labor Statistics, Conference on Social Insurance, 841 (quotation); U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations, Industrial Relations: Final Report and Testimony, 11 vols., 64th Cong., 1st sess., Senate Document 415 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1916), vol. 1: 126 (quotation), 125-126. On Walsh and his commission, see McCartin, Labor's Great War, 12-14, 18-30; Melvyn Dubofsky, The State and Labor in Modern America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 54-56.
80. William B. Wilson, "Address," in Bureau of Labor Statistics, Conference on Social Insurance, 841 (quotation); U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations, Industrial Relations: Final Report and Testimony, 11 vols., 64th Cong., 1st sess., Senate Document 415 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1916), vol. 1: 126 (quotation), 125-126. On Walsh and his commission, see McCartin, Labor's Great War, 12-14, 18-30; Melvyn Dubofsky, The State and Labor in Modern America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 54-56.
81. Rorty, American Medicine Mobilizes, 104, 320-323; Hirshfield, Lost Reform, 130-131, 145-148; Davis, Medical Care for Tomorrow, 284-292; Starr, Social Transformation, 280-286; Poen, Truman versus the Medical Lobby, 102ff.; Ronald L. Numbers, "The Specter of Socialized Medicine," in Numbers, ed., Compulsory Health Insurance, 3-24; Frank D. Campion, The AMA and U.S. Health Policy since 1940 (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1984), 127-176.
82. Rorty, American Medicine Mobilizes, 104, 320-323; Hirshfield, Lost Reform, 130-131, 145-148; Davis, Medical Care for Tomorrow, 284-292; Starr, Social Transformation, 280-286; Poen, Truman versus the Medical Lobby, 102ff.; Ronald L. Numbers, "The Specter of Socialized Medicine," in Numbers, ed., Compulsory Health Insurance, 3-24; Frank D. Campion, The AMA and U.S. Health Policy since 1940 (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1984), 127-176.
83. Rorty, American Medicine Mobilizes, 104, 320-323; Hirshfield, Lost Reform, 130-131, 145-148; Davis, Medical Care for Tomorrow, 284-292; Starr, Social Transformation, 280-286; Poen, Truman versus the Medical Lobby, 102ff.; Ronald L. Numbers, "The Specter of Socialized Medicine," in Numbers, ed., Compulsory Health Insurance, 3-24; Frank D. Campion, The AMA and U.S. Health Policy since 1940 (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1984), 127-176.
84. Rorty, American Medicine Mobilizes, 104, 320-323; Hirshfield, Lost Reform, 130-131, 145-148; Davis, Medical Care for Tomorrow, 284-292; Starr, Social Transformation, 280-286; Poen, Truman versus the Medical Lobby, 102ff.; Ronald L. Numbers, "The Specter of Socialized Medicine," in Numbers, ed., Compulsory Health Insurance, 3-24; Frank D. Campion, The AMA and U.S. Health Policy since 1940 (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1984), 127-176.
85. Rorty, American Medicine Mobilizes, 104, 320-323; Hirshfield, Lost Reform, 130-131, 145-148; Davis, Medical Care for Tomorrow, 284-292; Starr, Social Transformation, 280-286; Poen, Truman versus the Medical Lobby, 102ff.; Ronald L. Numbers, "The Specter of Socialized Medicine," in Numbers, ed., Compulsory Health Insurance, 3-24; Frank D. Campion, The AMA and U.S. Health Policy since 1940 (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1984), 127-176.
86. Rorty, American Medicine Mobilizes, 104, 320-323; Hirshfield, Lost Reform, 130-131, 145-148; Davis, Medical Care for Tomorrow, 284-292; Starr, Social Transformation, 280-286; Poen, Truman versus the Medical Lobby, 102ff.; Ronald L. Numbers, "The Specter of Socialized Medicine," in Numbers, ed., Compulsory Health Insurance, 3-24; Frank D. Campion, The AMA and U.S. Health Policy since 1940 (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1984), 127-176.
87. Rorty, American Medicine Mobilizes, 104, 320-323; Hirshfield, Lost Reform, 130-131, 145-148; Davis, Medical Care for Tomorrow, 284-292; Starr, Social Transformation, 280-286; Poen, Truman versus the Medical Lobby, 102ff.; Ronald L. Numbers, "The Specter of Socialized Medicine," in Numbers, ed., Compulsory Health Insurance, 3-24; Frank D. Campion, The AMA and U.S. Health Policy since 1940 (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1984), 127-176.
88. U.S. Senate, Committee on Education and Labor, National Health Program: Hearings ... on S. 1606, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., 1946, 5 pts. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1946) pt. 1: 464 (Green quotation), 468 (Green quotation), 490; Nelson H. Cruikshank, "What labor expects from medicine," Connecticut State Medical Journal, 10 (1946), 303. For the AFL's formal shift in policy, see AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Fifty-Fifth Annual Convention, 1935 (Washington, DC: Judd and Detweiler, n.d.), 93, 495-496, 593.
89. U.S. Senate, Committee on Education and Labor, National Health Program: Hearings ... on S. 1606, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., 1946, 5 pts. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1946) pt. 1: 464 (Green quotation), 468 (Green quotation), 490; Nelson H. Cruikshank, "What labor expects from medicine," Connecticut State Medical Journal, 10 (1946), 303. For the AFL's formal shift in policy, see AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Fifty-Fifth Annual Convention, 1935 (Washington, DC: Judd and Detweiler, n.d.), 93, 495-496, 593.
90. U.S. Senate, Committee on Education and Labor, National Health Program: Hearings ... on S. 1606, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., 1946, 5 pts. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1946) pt. 1: 464 (Green quotation), 468 (Green quotation), 490; Nelson H. Cruikshank, "What labor expects from medicine," Connecticut State Medical Journal, 10 (1946), 303. For the AFL's formal shift in policy, see AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Fifty-Fifth Annual Convention, 1935 (Washington, DC: Judd and Detweiler, n.d.), 93, 495-496, 593.
91. Joseph M. Rourke to James E. Murray, April 5, 1946, rpt. in Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 1: 497 (quotation), 496-497; Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 4: 2022 (Addes quotation), pt. 1: 484-488; AFL, Next Steps in Social Insurance (n.p., 1939), 9; AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh Convention, 1948 (n.p., n.d.), 180; AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Sixty-Ninth Convention, 1950 (n.p., n.d.), 229.
92. Joseph M. Rourke to James E. Murray, April 5, 1946, rpt. in Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 1: 497 (quotation), 496-497; Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 4: 2022 (Addes quotation), pt. 1: 484-488; AFL, Next Steps in Social Insurance (n.p., 1939), 9; AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh Convention, 1948 (n.p., n.d.), 180; AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Sixty-Ninth Convention, 1950 (n.p., n.d.), 229.
93. Joseph M. Rourke to James E. Murray, April 5, 1946, rpt. in Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 1: 497 (quotation), 496-497; Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 4: 2022 (Addes quotation), pt. 1: 484-488; AFL, Next Steps in Social Insurance (n.p., 1939), 9; AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh Convention, 1948 (n.p., n.d.), 180; AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Sixty-Ninth Convention, 1950 (n.p., n.d.), 229.
94. Joseph M. Rourke to James E. Murray, April 5, 1946, rpt. in Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 1: 497 (quotation), 496-497; Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 4: 2022 (Addes quotation), pt. 1: 484-488; AFL, Next Steps in Social Insurance (n.p., 1939), 9; AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh Convention, 1948 (n.p., n.d.), 180; AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Sixty-Ninth Convention, 1950 (n.p., n.d.), 229.
95. Joseph M. Rourke to James E. Murray, April 5, 1946, rpt. in Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 1: 497 (quotation), 496-497; Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 4: 2022 (Addes quotation), pt. 1: 484-488; AFL, Next Steps in Social Insurance (n.p., 1939), 9; AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh Convention, 1948 (n.p., n.d.), 180; AFL, Report of the Proceedings of the Sixty-Ninth Convention, 1950 (n.p., n.d.), 229.
96. Milton Mayer, "The rise and fall of Dr. Fishbein," Harper's Magazine, Nov. 1949, 80 (Cruikshank quotation), 76-85; Michael M. Davis to Nelson Cruikshank, April 8, 1949, Michael M. Davis Papers (Rare Book Room, New York Academy of Medicine, New York), drawer M-1, folder: Nelson Cruikshank.
97. Milton Mayer, "The rise and fall of Dr. Fishbein," Harper's Magazine, Nov. 1949, 80 (Cruikshank quotation), 76-85; Michael M. Davis to Nelson Cruikshank, April 8, 1949, Michael M. Davis Papers (Rare Book Room, New York Academy of Medicine, New York), drawer M-1, folder: Nelson Cruikshank.
98. Frank G. Dickinson, "The trend toward labor health and welfare programs," Journal of the American Medical Assodation, 133 (1947), 1285-86; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Union Health and Welfare Plans, Bulletin 900 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1947); Raymond Munts, Bargaining for Health: labor-unions, health insurance, and medical care (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967), 52-57, 71.
99. Frank G. Dickinson, "The trend toward labor health and welfare programs," Journal of the American Medical Assodation, 133 (1947), 1285-86; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Union Health and Welfare Plans, Bulletin 900 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1947); Raymond Munts, Bargaining for Health: labor-unions, health insurance, and medical care (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967), 52-57, 71.
100. Frank G. Dickinson, "The trend toward labor health and welfare programs," Journal of the American Medical Assodation, 133 (1947), 1285-86; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Union Health and Welfare Plans, Bulletin 900 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1947); Raymond Munts, Bargaining for Health: labor-unions, health insurance, and medical care (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967), 52-57, 71.
101. "Labor's program to socialize medicine internationally: Wagner bill revealed as a product of the International Labor Organisation," Medical Economics, Nov. 1945, 37 (quotation), 36, 118, 40. On the demonizing excesses of these polemics, see Alan Derickson, "The house of Falk: the paranoid style in American health politics," American Journal of Public Health, 87 (1997), 1836-1843.
102. "Labor's program to socialize medicine internationally: Wagner bill revealed as a product of the International Labor Organisation," Medical Economics, Nov. 1945, 37 (quotation), 36, 118, 40. On the demonizing excesses of these polemics, see Alan Derickson, "The house of Falk: the paranoid style in American health politics," American Journal of Public Health, 87 (1997), 1836-1843.
103. Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform: New Deal liberalism in recession and war (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 10 (quotation), 3-14.
104. Interdepartmental Committee, National Health Conference, passim, esp. 1-5, 154-156.
105. Ibid., 70 (Theodore Roosevelt quotation, used by Annie W. Goodrich), 76 (Dublin quotation); CIO, For the Nation's Security (n.p., n.d. [1945]), 13.
106. Ibid., 70 (Theodore Roosevelt quotation, used by Annie W. Goodrich), 76 (Dublin quotation); CIO, For the Nation's Security (n.p., n.d. [1945]), 13.
107. AFL, Proceedings, 1935, 93 (quotation); Interdepartmental Committee, National Health Conference, 14 (Bellanca quotation), 11; U.S. Senate, To Establish a National Health Program: hearings on ... S. 1620, 76th Cong., 1st sess., 1939, 3 pts. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1939), pt. 1: 224; CIO, Daily Proceedings of the Fourth Constitutional Convention, 1941 (n.p., n.d.), 111-112.
108. AFL, Proceedings, 1935, 93 (quotation); Interdepartmental Committee, National Health Conference, 14 (Bellanca quotation), 11; U.S. Senate, To Establish a National Health Program: hearings on ... S. 1620, 76th Cong., 1st sess., 1939, 3 pts. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1939), pt. 1: 224; CIO, Daily Proceedings of the Fourth Constitutional Convention, 1941 (n.p., n.d.), 111-112.
109. AFL, Proceedings, 1935, 93 (quotation); Interdepartmental Committee, National Health Conference, 14 (Bellanca quotation), 11; U.S. Senate, To Establish a National Health Program: hearings on ... S. 1620, 76th Cong., 1st sess., 1939, 3 pts. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1939), pt. 1: 224; CIO, Daily Proceedings of the Fourth Constitutional Convention, 1941 (n.p., n.d.), 111-112.
110. AFL, Proceedings, 1935, 93 (quotation); Interdepartmental Committee, National Health Conference, 14 (Bellanca quotation), 11; U.S. Senate, To Establish a National Health Program: hearings on ... S. 1620, 76th Cong., 1st sess., 1939, 3 pts. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1939), pt. 1: 224; CIO, Daily Proceedings of the Fourth Constitutional Convention, 1941 (n.p., n.d.), 111-112.
111. Medical Care Section, Planning Committee, National Health Assembly, "Conclusions," May 3, 1948, Nelson H. Cruikshank Papers (Archives Division, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison), box 16, folder: AFL, Committee on Social Security, General, 1948 and 1947. On the pattern into which this plan fit, see Mark H. Leff, "Taxing the 'Forgotten Man': the politics of Social Security finance in the New Deal," Journal of American History, 70 (1983), 359-381.
112. AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Sixty-Fourth Annual Convention, 1944 (Washington, DC: Ransdell, n.d.), 147; Cruikshank, "What labor expects from medicine," 304; Interdepartmental Committee, National Health Conference, 107; Conference of Labor Research Group, "Summarized Proceedings," 15, Dec. 10, 1946, United Steelworkers of America Archives (Historical Collections and Labor Archives, Pattee Library, Pennsylvania State University, University Park), Research Department Records, box 65, folder 7.
113. AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Sixty-Fourth Annual Convention, 1944 (Washington, DC: Ransdell, n.d.), 147; Cruikshank, "What labor expects from medicine," 304; Interdepartmental Committee, National Health Conference, 107; Conference of Labor Research Group, "Summarized Proceedings," 15, Dec. 10, 1946, United Steelworkers of America Archives (Historical Collections and Labor Archives, Pattee Library, Pennsylvania State University, University Park), Research Department Records, box 65, folder 7.
114. AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Sixty-Fourth Annual Convention, 1944 (Washington, DC: Ransdell, n.d.), 147; Cruikshank, "What labor expects from medicine," 304; Interdepartmental Committee, National Health Conference, 107; Conference of Labor Research Group, "Summarized Proceedings," 15, Dec. 10, 1946, United Steelworkers of America Archives (Historical Collections and Labor Archives, Pattee Library, Pennsylvania State University, University Park), Research Department Records, box 65, folder 7.
115. AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Sixty-Fourth Annual Convention, 1944 (Washington, DC: Ransdell, n.d.), 147; Cruikshank, "What labor expects from medicine," 304; Interdepartmental Committee, National Health Conference, 107; Conference of Labor Research Group, "Summarized Proceedings," 15, Dec. 10, 1946, United Steelworkers of America Archives (Historical Collections and Labor Archives, Pattee Library, Pennsylvania State University, University Park), Research Department Records, box 65, folder 7.
116. Interdepartmental Committee, National Health Conference, 24 (Lendrum quotation); [William Green], "Medical care," American Federationist, Dec. 1938, 1287; Constance Kent, "The wage earner's stake in health," ibid., April 1939, 371; Matthew Woll, "Labor on national health," ibid., June 1939, 608.
117. Interdepartmental Committee, National Health Conference, 24 (Lendrum quotation); [William Green], "Medical care," American Federationist, Dec. 1938, 1287; Constance Kent, "The wage earner's stake in health," ibid., April 1939, 371; Matthew Woll, "Labor on national health," ibid., June 1939, 608.
118. Interdepartmental Committee, National Health Conference, 24 (Lendrum quotation); [William Green], "Medical care," American Federationist, Dec. 1938, 1287; Constance Kent, "The wage earner's stake in health," ibid., April 1939, 371; Matthew Woll, "Labor on national health," ibid., June 1939, 608.
119. Interdepartmental Committee, National Health Conference, 24 (Lendrum quotation); [William Green], "Medical care," American Federationist, Dec. 1938, 1287; Constance Kent, "The wage earner's stake in health," ibid., April 1939, 371; Matthew Woll, "Labor on national health," ibid., June 1939, 608.
120. Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 4: 2023 (Addes quotation), 2024 (Addes quotation), pt. 5: 2688-2690; Nelson Cruikshank, "Issues in Social Security," American Federationist, Feb. 1947, 28; Senate, National Health Program, 80th Cong., pt. 5: 2798; CIO, Final Proceedings of the Ninth Constitutional Convention, 1947 (Washington, DC: n.pub., n.d.), 107.
121. Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 4: 2023 (Addes quotation), 2024 (Addes quotation), pt. 5: 2688-2690; Nelson Cruikshank, "Issues in Social Security," American Federationist, Feb. 1947, 28; Senate, National Health Program, 80th Cong., pt. 5: 2798; CIO, Final Proceedings of the Ninth Constitutional Convention, 1947 (Washington, DC: n.pub., n.d.), 107.
122. Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 4: 2023 (Addes quotation), 2024 (Addes quotation), pt. 5: 2688-2690; Nelson Cruikshank, "Issues in Social Security," American Federationist, Feb. 1947, 28; Senate, National Health Program, 80th Cong., pt. 5: 2798; CIO, Final Proceedings of the Ninth Constitutional Convention, 1947 (Washington, DC: n.pub., n.d.), 107.
123. Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 4: 2023 (Addes quotation), 2024 (Addes quotation), pt. 5: 2688-2690; Nelson Cruikshank, "Issues in Social Security," American Federationist, Feb. 1947, 28; Senate, National Health Program, 80th Cong., pt. 5: 2798; CIO, Final Proceedings of the Ninth Constitutional Convention, 1947 (Washington, DC: n.pub., n.d.), 107.
124. CIO, Proceedings of the First Constitutional Convention, 1938 (Indianapolis: n.pub., n.d.), 208, 211; Senate, To Establish a National Health Program, 1: 206; William Green, "A national health plan," American Federationist, Aug. 1938, 811.
125. CIO, Proceedings of the First Constitutional Convention, 1938 (Indianapolis: n.pub., n.d.), 208, 211; Senate, To Establish a National Health Program, 1: 206; William Green, "A national health plan," American Federationist, Aug. 1938, 811.
126. CIO, Proceedings of the First Constitutional Convention, 1938 (Indianapolis: n.pub., n.d.), 208, 211; Senate, To Establish a National Health Program, 1: 206; William Green, "A national health plan," American Federationist, Aug. 1938, 811.
127. U.S., National Resources Planning Board, National Resources Development: report for 1942 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1942), 1 (quotation), 3, 8-9, 15, 110, 112; Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Message to the Congress on the state of the union," Jan. 11, 1944, in Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, comp. Samuel I. Rosenman, 13 vols., vol. 13: Victory and the Threshold of Peace (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950), 41 (quotations), 40-41; Harry S. Truman to Congress, Sept. 6, 1945, in Congressional Record, vol. 91 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1945), 8368. For a radical reworking that demanded universal health protection, see National Unemployed Leagues, "Declaration of workers' and farmers' rights and purposes," July 4, 1933, in Philip S. Foner, ed., We, the Other People: alternative declarations of independence by labor groups, farmers, woman's rights advocates, socialists, and blacks, 1829-1975 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976), 160-162. On the wider liberatory potential of the Declaration of Independence, see Charles L. Black Jr., A New Birth of Freedom: human rights, named and unnamed (New York: Grosset/Putnam, 1997).
128. U.S., National Resources Planning Board, National Resources Development: report for 1942 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1942), 1 (quotation), 3, 8-9, 15, 110, 112; Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Message to the Congress on the state of the union," Jan. 11, 1944, in Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, comp. Samuel I. Rosenman, 13 vols., vol. 13: Victory and the Threshold of Peace (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950), 41 (quotations), 40-41; Harry S. Truman to Congress, Sept. 6, 1945, in Congressional Record, vol. 91 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1945), 8368. For a radical reworking that demanded universal health protection, see National Unemployed Leagues, "Declaration of workers' and farmers' rights and purposes," July 4, 1933, in Philip S. Foner, ed., We, the Other People: alternative declarations of independence by labor groups, farmers, woman's rights advocates, socialists, and blacks, 1829-1975 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976), 160-162. On the wider liberatory potential of the Declaration of Independence, see Charles L. Black Jr., A New Birth of Freedom: human rights, named and unnamed (New York: Grosset/Putnam, 1997).
129. U.S., National Resources Planning Board, National Resources Development: report for 1942 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1942), 1 (quotation), 3, 8-9, 15, 110, 112; Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Message to the Congress on the state of the union," Jan. 11, 1944, in Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, comp. Samuel I. Rosenman, 13 vols., vol. 13: Victory and the Threshold of Peace (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950), 41 (quotations), 40-41; Harry S. Truman to Congress, Sept. 6, 1945, in Congressional Record, vol. 91 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1945), 8368. For a radical reworking that demanded universal health protection, see National Unemployed Leagues, "Declaration of workers' and farmers' rights and purposes," July 4, 1933, in Philip S. Foner, ed., We, the Other People: alternative declarations of independence by labor groups, farmers, woman's rights advocates, socialists, and blacks, 1829-1975 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976), 160-162. On the wider liberatory potential of the Declaration of Independence, see Charles L. Black Jr., A New Birth of Freedom: human rights, named and unnamed (New York: Grosset/Putnam, 1997).
130. U.S., National Resources Planning Board, National Resources Development: report for 1942 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1942), 1 (quotation), 3, 8-9, 15, 110, 112; Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Message to the Congress on the state of the union," Jan. 11, 1944, in Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, comp. Samuel I. Rosenman, 13 vols., vol. 13: Victory and the Threshold of Peace (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950), 41 (quotations), 40-41; Harry S. Truman to Congress, Sept. 6, 1945, in Congressional Record, vol. 91 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1945), 8368. For a radical reworking that demanded universal health protection, see National Unemployed Leagues, "Declaration of workers' and farmers' rights and purposes," July 4, 1933, in Philip S. Foner, ed., We, the Other People: alternative declarations of independence by labor groups, farmers, woman's rights advocates, socialists, and blacks, 1829-1975 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976), 160-162. On the wider liberatory potential of the Declaration of Independence, see Charles L. Black Jr., A New Birth of Freedom: human rights, named and unnamed (New York: Grosset/Putnam, 1997).
131. U.S., National Resources Planning Board, National Resources Development: report for 1942 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1942), 1 (quotation), 3, 8-9, 15, 110, 112; Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Message to the Congress on the state of the union," Jan. 11, 1944, in Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, comp. Samuel I. Rosenman, 13 vols., vol. 13: Victory and the Threshold of Peace (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950), 41 (quotations), 40-41; Harry S. Truman to Congress, Sept. 6, 1945, in Congressional Record, vol. 91 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1945), 8368. For a radical reworking that demanded universal health protection, see National Unemployed Leagues, "Declaration of workers' and farmers' rights and purposes," July 4, 1933, in Philip S. Foner, ed., We, the Other People: alternative declarations of independence by labor groups, farmers, woman's rights advocates, socialists, and blacks, 1829-1975 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976), 160-162. On the wider liberatory potential of the Declaration of Independence, see Charles L. Black Jr., A New Birth of Freedom: human rights, named and unnamed (New York: Grosset/Putnam, 1997).
132. Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 1: 499 (Lowe quotation), 473; CIO, Proceedings, 1947, 224; CIO, Proceedings, 1946, 81; Cruikshank, "What labor expects from medicine," 304. On British developments, see T.H. Marshall, "Citizenship and social class," in Marshall, Class, Citizenship, and Social Development (1964; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 65-122; William Beveridge, Social Insurance and Allied Services (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1942). For helpful analyses of Marshall's work, see Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon, "Contract versus charity: why is there no social citizenship in the United States?" Socialist Review, 22 (1992), 45-67; Tom Bottomore, "Citizenship and social class, forty years on," in T.H. Marshall and Bottomore, eds., Citizenship and Social Class (London: Pluto Press, 1992), 55-93.
133. Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 1: 499 (Lowe quotation), 473; CIO, Proceedings, 1947, 224; CIO, Proceedings, 1946, 81; Cruikshank, "What labor expects from medicine," 304. On British developments, see T.H. Marshall, "Citizenship and social class," in Marshall, Class, Citizenship, and Social Development (1964; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 65-122; William Beveridge, Social Insurance and Allied Services (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1942). For helpful analyses of Marshall's work, see Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon, "Contract versus charity: why is there no social citizenship in the United States?" Socialist Review, 22 (1992), 45-67; Tom Bottomore, "Citizenship and social class, forty years on," in T.H. Marshall and Bottomore, eds., Citizenship and Social Class (London: Pluto Press, 1992), 55-93.
134. Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 1: 499 (Lowe quotation), 473; CIO, Proceedings, 1947, 224; CIO, Proceedings, 1946, 81; Cruikshank, "What labor expects from medicine," 304. On British developments, see T.H. Marshall, "Citizenship and social class," in Marshall, Class, Citizenship, and Social Development (1964; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 65-122; William Beveridge, Social Insurance and Allied Services (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1942). For helpful analyses of Marshall's work, see Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon, "Contract versus charity: why is there no social citizenship in the United States?" Socialist Review, 22 (1992), 45-67; Tom Bottomore, "Citizenship and social class, forty years on," in T.H. Marshall and Bottomore, eds., Citizenship and Social Class (London: Pluto Press, 1992), 55-93.
135. Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 1: 499 (Lowe quotation), 473; CIO, Proceedings, 1947, 224; CIO, Proceedings, 1946, 81; Cruikshank, "What labor expects from medicine," 304. On British developments, see T.H. Marshall, "Citizenship and social class," in Marshall, Class, Citizenship, and Social Development (1964; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 65-122; William Beveridge, Social Insurance and Allied Services (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1942). For helpful analyses of Marshall's work, see Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon, "Contract versus charity: why is there no social citizenship in the United States?" Socialist Review, 22 (1992), 45-67; Tom Bottomore, "Citizenship and social class, forty years on," in T.H. Marshall and Bottomore, eds., Citizenship and Social Class (London: Pluto Press, 1992), 55-93.
136. Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 1: 499 (Lowe quotation), 473; CIO, Proceedings, 1947, 224; CIO, Proceedings, 1946, 81; Cruikshank, "What labor expects from medicine," 304. On British developments, see T.H. Marshall, "Citizenship and social class," in Marshall, Class, Citizenship, and Social Development (1964; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 65-122; William Beveridge, Social Insurance and Allied Services (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1942). For helpful analyses of Marshall's work, see Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon, "Contract versus charity: why is there no social citizenship in the United States?" Socialist Review, 22 (1992), 45-67; Tom Bottomore, "Citizenship and social class, forty years on," in T.H. Marshall and Bottomore, eds., Citizenship and Social Class (London: Pluto Press, 1992), 55-93.
137. Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 1: 499 (Lowe quotation), 473; CIO, Proceedings, 1947, 224; CIO, Proceedings, 1946, 81; Cruikshank, "What labor expects from medicine," 304. On British developments, see T.H. Marshall, "Citizenship and social class," in Marshall, Class, Citizenship, and Social Development (1964; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 65-122; William Beveridge, Social Insurance and Allied Services (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1942). For helpful analyses of Marshall's work, see Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon, "Contract versus charity: why is there no social citizenship in the United States?" Socialist Review, 22 (1992), 45-67; Tom Bottomore, "Citizenship and social class, forty years on," in T.H. Marshall and Bottomore, eds., Citizenship and Social Class (London: Pluto Press, 1992), 55-93.
138. Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 1: 499 (Lowe quotation), 473; CIO, Proceedings, 1947, 224; CIO, Proceedings, 1946, 81; Cruikshank, "What labor expects from medicine," 304. On British developments, see T.H. Marshall, "Citizenship and social class," in Marshall, Class, Citizenship, and Social Development (1964; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 65-122; William Beveridge, Social Insurance and Allied Services (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1942). For helpful analyses of Marshall's work, see Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon, "Contract versus charity: why is there no social citizenship in the United States?" Socialist Review, 22 (1992), 45-67; Tom Bottomore, "Citizenship and social class, forty years on," in T.H. Marshall and Bottomore, eds., Citizenship and Social Class (London: Pluto Press, 1992), 55-93.
139. Senate, National Health Program, 79th Cong., pt. 1: 499 (Lowe quotation), 473; CIO, Proceedings, 1947, 224; CIO, Proceedings, 1946, 81; Cruikshank, "What labor expects from medicine," 304. On British developments, see T.H. Marshall, "Citizenship and social class," in Marshall, Class, Citizenship, and Social Development (1964; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 65-122; William Beveridge, Social Insurance and Allied Services (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1942). For helpful analyses of Marshall's work, see Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon, "Contract versus charity: why is there no social citizenship in the United States?" Socialist Review, 22 (1992), 45-67; Tom Bottomore, "Citizenship and social class, forty years on," in T.H. Marshall and Bottomore, eds., Citizenship and Social Class (London: Pluto Press, 1992), 55-93.
140. Franklin D. Roosevelt, "The annual message to the Congress," Jan. 6, 1941, in Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses, vol. 9: War - And Aid to Democracies, comp. Samuel I. Rosenman (New York: Macmillan, 1941), 672 (quotation); Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Message to the Congress," Jan. 11, 1944, ibid., vol. 13: 33. On the distinction between health care as a civil entitlement and health care as a human right, see Laurence B. McCullough, "Rights, health care, and public policy," Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 4 (1979), 209.
141. Franklin D. Roosevelt, "The annual message to the Congress," Jan. 6, 1941, in Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses, vol. 9: War - And Aid to Democracies, comp. Samuel I. Rosenman (New York: Macmillan, 1941), 672 (quotation); Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Message to the Congress," Jan. 11, 1944, ibid., vol. 13: 33. On the distinction between health care as a civil entitlement and health care as a human right, see Laurence B. McCullough, "Rights, health care, and public policy," Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 4 (1979), 209.
142. Franklin D. Roosevelt, "The annual message to the Congress," Jan. 6, 1941, in Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses, vol. 9: War - And Aid to Democracies, comp. Samuel I. Rosenman (New York: Macmillan, 1941), 672 (quotation); Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Message to the Congress," Jan. 11, 1944, ibid., vol. 13: 33. On the distinction between health care as a civil entitlement and health care as a human right, see Laurence B. McCullough, "Rights, health care, and public policy," Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 4 (1979), 209.
143. Amnesty International USA, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948-1988: human rights, the United Nations and Amnesty International (New York: Amnesty International USA Legal Support Network, 1988), 115.
144. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Proceedings of the Fifteenth Convention, 1947 (n.p., n.d.), 219 (quotation), 219-220; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Sixty-Eighth Convention, 1949 (n.p., n.d.), 414 (Green quotations), 413-414. For an instance of early adoption of a human rights perspective outside the labor movement, see Franz Goldmann, Public Medical Care: principles and problems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1945), v, 198.
145. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Proceedings of the Fifteenth Convention, 1947 (n.p., n.d.), 219 (quotation), 219-220; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Sixty-Eighth Convention, 1949 (n.p., n.d.), 414 (Green quotations), 413-414. For an instance of early adoption of a human rights perspective outside the labor movement, see Franz Goldmann, Public Medical Care: principles and problems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1945), v, 198.
146. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Proceedings of the Fifteenth Convention, 1947 (n.p., n.d.), 219 (quotation), 219-220; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Sixty-Eighth Convention, 1949 (n.p., n.d.), 414 (Green quotations), 413-414. For an instance of early adoption of a human rights perspective outside the labor movement, see Franz Goldmann, Public Medical Care: principles and problems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1945), v, 198.
147. On the gendered nature of social provision and its justification in terms of needs, earnings, and rights, see Linda Gordon, Pitied But Not Entitled: single mothers and the history of welfare (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), passim, esp. 10-11, 160-167; Lisa Peattie and Martin Rein, Women's Claims: a study in political economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 81-86.
148. On the gendered nature of social provision and its justification in terms of needs, earnings, and rights, see Linda Gordon, Pitied But Not Entitled: single mothers and the history of welfare (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), passim, esp. 10-11, 160-167; Lisa Peattie and Martin Rein, Women's Claims: a study in political economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 81-86.
149. The New York Times, Nov. 10, 1997, A24, July 2, 1995, 1, 20, Aug. 27, 1995, 1, 20; AFL-CIO, Paying More and Losing Ground: how employer cost-shifting is eroding health coverage of working families (Washington, DC: AFL-CIO, 1998), 3-4; Laura Summer, "The escalating number of uninsured in the United States," International Journal of Health Services, 24 (1994), 409-413; Philip F. Cooper and Barbara Steinberg Schone, "More offers, fewer takers for employment-based health insurance: 1987 and 1996," Health Affairs, 16 (1997), 142-150.
150. The New York Times, Nov. 10, 1997, A24, July 2, 1995, 1, 20, Aug. 27, 1995, 1, 20; AFL-CIO, Paying More and Losing Ground: how employer cost-shifting is eroding health coverage of working families (Washington, DC: AFL-CIO, 1998), 3-4; Laura Summer, "The escalating number of uninsured in the United States," International Journal of Health Services, 24 (1994), 409-413; Philip F. Cooper and Barbara Steinberg Schone, "More offers, fewer takers for employment-based health insurance: 1987 and 1996," Health Affairs, 16 (1997), 142-150.
151. The New York Times, Nov. 10, 1997, A24, July 2, 1995, 1, 20, Aug. 27, 1995, 1, 20; AFL-CIO, Paying More and Losing Ground: how employer cost-shifting is eroding health coverage of working families (Washington, DC: AFL-CIO, 1998), 3-4; Laura Summer, "The escalating number of uninsured in the United States," International Journal of Health Services, 24 (1994), 409-413; Philip F. Cooper and Barbara Steinberg Schone, "More offers, fewer takers for employment-based health insurance: 1987 and 1996," Health Affairs, 16 (1997), 142-150.
152. The New York Times, Nov. 10, 1997, A24, July 2, 1995, 1, 20, Aug. 27, 1995, 1, 20; AFL-CIO, Paying More and Losing Ground: how employer cost-shifting is eroding health coverage of working families (Washington, DC: AFL-CIO, 1998), 3-4; Laura Summer, "The escalating number of uninsured in the United States," International Journal of Health Services, 24 (1994), 409-413; Philip F. Cooper and Barbara Steinberg Schone, "More offers, fewer takers for employment-based health insurance: 1987 and 1996," Health Affairs, 16 (1997), 142-150.
153. Charles Tilly, Where Do Rights Come From? (New York: New School for Social Research, 1990); Bottomore, "Forty years on"; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Roosevelt, vol. 3: "The Politics of Upheaval" (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 29-41; Franklin Folsom, Impatient Armies of the Poor: the story of collective action of the unemployed, 1808-1942 (Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1991), 231ff.; Henry J. Pratt, The Gray Lobby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 30-103.
154. Charles Tilly, Where Do Rights Come From? (New York: New School for Social Research, 1990); Bottomore, "Forty years on"; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Roosevelt, vol. 3: "The Politics of Upheaval" (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 29-41; Franklin Folsom, Impatient Armies of the Poor: the story of collective action of the unemployed, 1808-1942 (Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1991), 231ff.; Henry J. Pratt, The Gray Lobby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 30-103.
155. Charles Tilly, Where Do Rights Come From? (New York: New School for Social Research, 1990); Bottomore, "Forty years on"; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Roosevelt, vol. 3: "The Politics of Upheaval" (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 29-41; Franklin Folsom, Impatient Armies of the Poor: the story of collective action of the unemployed, 1808-1942 (Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1991), 231ff.; Henry J. Pratt, The Gray Lobby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 30-103.
156. Charles Tilly, Where Do Rights Come From? (New York: New School for Social Research, 1990); Bottomore, "Forty years on"; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Roosevelt, vol. 3: "The Politics of Upheaval" (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 29-41; Franklin Folsom, Impatient Armies of the Poor: the story of collective action of the unemployed,
157. Charles Tilly, Where Do Rights Come From? (New York: New School for Social Research, 1990); Bottomore, "Forty years on"; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Roosevelt, vol. 3: "The Politics of Upheaval" (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 29-41; Franklin Folsom, Impatient Armies of the Poor: the story of collective action of the unemployed, 1808-1942 (Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1991), 231ff.; Henry J. Pratt, The Gray Lobby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 30-103.
158. E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Vintage Books, 1963), 68; Thompson, "The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century," Past and Present, 50 (1971), 76-136, esp. 78; Herbert G. Gutman, "Protestantism and the American labor movement: the Christian spirit in the Gilded Age," American Historical Review, 72 (1966), 74-101; Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: social movements, collective action and politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 118-134.
159. E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Vintage Books, 1963), 68; Thompson, "The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century," Past and Present, 50 (1971), 76-136, esp. 78; Herbert G. Gutman, "Protestantism and the American labor movement: the Christian spirit in the Gilded Age," American Historical Review, 72 (1966), 74-101; Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: social movements, collective action and politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 118-134.
160. E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Vintage Books, 1963), 68; Thompson, "The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century," Past and Present, 50 (1971), 76-136, esp. 78; Herbert G. Gutman, "Protestantism and the American labor movement: the Christian spirit in the Gilded Age," American Historical Review, 72 (1966), 74-101; Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: social movements, collective action and politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 118-134.
161. E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Vintage Books, 1963), 68; Thompson, "The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century," Past and Present, 50 (1971), 76-136, esp. 78; Herbert G. Gutman, "Protestantism and the American labor movement: the Christian spirit in the Gilded Age," American Historical Review, 72 (1966), 74-101; Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: social movements, collective action and politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 118-134.