A view from Berlin: Colonel Frederick Trench and the development of British perceptions of German aggressive intent, 1906-1910

Journal of Strategic Studies

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 114-147

  Seligmann, Matthew S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0034417288     PISSN: 01402390     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402390008437793     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. See, for example, Neil William Summerton, 'The Development of British Military Planning for a War against Germany, 1904-1914' (PhD Dissertation, University of London 1970) esp. pp. 52ff and 160ff; Samuel R. Williamson Jr, The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War, 1904-1914 (London: Ashfield Press 1990); Keith M. Wilson, 'To the Western Front: British War Plans and the "Military Entente" with France before the First World War', British Journal of International Studies 3 (April 1977) pp.151-68.
2. See, for example, Neil William Summerton, 'The Development of British Military Planning for a War against Germany, 1904-1914' (PhD Dissertation, University of London 1970) esp. pp. 52ff and 160ff; Samuel R. Williamson Jr, The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War, 1904-1914 (London: Ashfield Press 1990); Keith M. Wilson, 'To the Western Front: British War Plans and the "Military Entente" with France before the First World War', British Journal of International Studies 3 (April 1977) pp.151-68.
3. See, for example, Neil William Summerton, 'The Development of British Military Planning for a War against Germany, 1904-1914' (PhD Dissertation, University of London 1970) esp. pp. 52ff and 160ff; Samuel R. Williamson Jr, The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War, 1904-1914 (London: Ashfield Press 1990); Keith M. Wilson, 'To the Western Front: British War Plans and the "Military Entente" with France before the First World War', British Journal of International Studies 3 (April 1977) pp.151-68.
4. See, for example, Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860-1914 (London: Allen & Unwin 1980) pp.278ff and 423ff; David French, The British Way in Warfare, 1688-2000 (London: Allen & Univin 1990) pp. 154-66; Williamson (note 1)pp.89-114.
5. See, for example, Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860-1914 (London: Allen & Unwin 1980) pp.278ff and 423ff; David French, The British Way in Warfare, 1688-2000 (London: Allen & Univin 1990) pp. 154-66; Williamson (note 1)pp.89-114.
6. For a discussion of the impact of new personnel in the Foreign Office see Zara S. Steiner, The Foreign Office and Foreign Office Policy, 1898-1914 (London: Ashfield Press 1986); for a comparable discussion of the effect of a new hierarchy and new personnel in the army see John McDermott, 'The Revolution in British Military Thinking from the Boer War to the Moroccan Crisis', Canadian Journal of History 9/2 (1974) pp. 159-77. Useful information on this topic can also be found in Nicholas d'Ombrain, War Machinery and High Policy: Defence Administration in Peacetime Britain, 1902-1914 (Oxford: OUP 1973).
7. For a discussion of the impact of new personnel in the Foreign Office see Zara S. Steiner, The Foreign Office and Foreign Office Policy, 1898-1914 (London: Ashfield Press 1986); for a comparable discussion of the effect of a new hierarchy and new personnel in the army see John McDermott, 'The Revolution in British Military Thinking from the Boer War to the Moroccan Crisis', Canadian Journal of History 9/2 (1974) pp. 159-77. Useful information on this topic can also be found in Nicholas d'Ombrain, War Machinery and High Policy: Defence Administration in Peacetime Britain, 1902-1914 (Oxford: OUP 1973).
8. For a discussion of the impact of new personnel in the Foreign Office see Zara S. Steiner, The Foreign Office and Foreign Office Policy, 1898-1914 (London: Ashfield Press 1986); for a comparable discussion of the effect of a new hierarchy and new personnel in the army see John McDermott, 'The Revolution in British Military Thinking from the Boer War to the Moroccan Crisis', Canadian Journal of History 9/2 (1974) pp. 159-77. Useful information on this topic can also be found in Nicholas d'Ombrain, War Machinery and High Policy: Defence Administration in Peacetime Britain, 1902-1914 (Oxford: OUP 1973).
9. Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War (London: Allen Lane 1998) p.75.
10. Details on how this was used can be found in the Public Record Office. See PRO: HD 3/131-140.
11. The background and history of this decision can be seen in Christopher Andrew, Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community (London: Heinemann 1985).
12. Peter Gudgin, Military Intelligence: The British Story (London: Arms & Armour Press 1989) pp.25-7; B.A.H. Parritt, The Intelligencers: The Story of British Military Intelligence up to 1914 (Ashford: Intelligence Corps Assoc. 1983) p.217.
13. Peter Gudgin, Military Intelligence: The British Story (London: Arms & Armour Press 1989) pp.25-7; B.A.H. Parritt, The Intelligencers: The Story of British Military Intelligence up to 1914 (Ashford: Intelligence Corps Assoc. 1983) p.217.
14. Thomas G. Fergusson, British Military Intelligence 1870-1914: The Development of a Modern Intelligence Organization (Frederick, MD: UP of America 1984) p.210.
15. An equally important ingredient in the British Army's assessment of the German threat was blind prejudice. See Paul M. Kennedy, 'Great Britain before 1914', in Ernest R. May (ed.) Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars (Princeton UP 1984)pp.191-2.
16. Ibid, p.211.
17. Field-Marshal Sir William Robertson Bt, From Private to Field-Marshal (London: Constable 1921) pp. 130-31.
18. Colonel Frederick Trench is not to be confused with Lieutenant Trench, one of the British naval officers arrested in Germany in 1910.
19. The Times, 15 April 1942, p.7.
20. See War Office, The Official Army List (London: HMSO 1909), p.2175.
21. Sir O'Moore Creagh and E.M. Humphris (eds.) The V.C. and D.S.O.: A Complete Record (London: The Standard Art Book Co. 1924) Vol.2, p.261.
22. Major F. Trench, Manoeuvre Orders: Notes on Writing Orders at Field Days, Staff Rides, War Games and Examinations (London: William Clowes 1898); Maj. B.M. Bateman (ed.) Trench's Manoeuvre Orders (Ibid. 1912).
23. Major F. Trench, Manoeuvre Orders: Notes on Writing Orders at Field Days, Staff Rides, War Games and Examinations (London: William Clowes 1898); Maj. B.M. Bateman (ed.) Trench's Manoeuvre Orders (Ibid. 1912).
24. The Times, 15 April 1942, p.7.
25. Graf von Metternich to Fürst von Bülow, 22 July 1905. Quoted in Johannes Lepsius et al. (eds.) Die Große Politik der europäischen Kabinette, 1871-1914 (Berlin: Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte 1922-27) Vol.20 pp.646-7.
26. The most up-to-date and comprehensive account of this can be found in Roderick R. McLean, 'Monarchy and Diplomacy in Europe, 1900-1910' (PhD Dissertation, Univ. of Sussex 1996) pp.62-4.
27. See, for example, Memo by Trench on 'Conduct of Operations', 10 Oct. 1905. PRO: WO 106/269.
28. In private Trench characterised the German officers in South-West Africa as anti-English. See Michael Fröhlich, Von Konfontalion zur Koexistenz: die deutsch-englischen Kolonialbeziehungen in Afrika zwischen 1884 und 1914 (Bochum: Brockmeyer 1990) p.251.
29. Memo by Trench on 'Spring Parade at Potsdam', 1 June 1906. PRO: FO 371/78 fill.
30. Sir Frank Lascelles to Sir Edward Grey, 22 Oct. 1908. PRO: FO 371/462.
31. Sir Edward Goschen to Sir Edward Grey, 15 April 1910. PRO: FO 244/745.
32. Alfred Vagts, The Military Attaché (Princeton UP 1967) pp.300-19.
33. W.H-H. Waters, 'Secret and Confidential ': The Experiences of a Military Attaché (London: John Murray 1926); Lord Edward Gleichen, A Guardsman's Memoirs. A Book of Recollections (London: William Blackwood & Sons 1932); A.V.F.V. Russell, 'Reminiscences of the German Court', The Fighting Forces 1 (1924) pp.58-71.
34. W.H-H. Waters, 'Secret and Confidential ': The Experiences of a Military Attaché (London: John Murray 1926); Lord Edward Gleichen, A Guardsman's Memoirs. A Book of Recollections (London: William Blackwood & Sons 1932); A.V.F.V. Russell, 'Reminiscences of the German Court', The Fighting Forces 1 (1924) pp.58-71.
35. W.H-H. Waters, 'Secret and Confidential ': The Experiences of a Military Attaché (London: John Murray 1926); Lord Edward Gleichen, A Guardsman's Memoirs. A Book of Recollections (London: William Blackwood & Sons 1932); A.V.F.V. Russell, 'Reminiscences of the German Court', The Fighting Forces 1 (1924) pp.58-71.
36. D.S. MacDiarmid, The Life of Lieut.-General Sir James Montcrieff Grierson (London: Constable 1923).
37. Lothar Wilfried Hubert, 'The Role of Military and Naval Attachés in the British and German Service with Particular Reference to those in Berlin and London and their Effect on Anglo-German Relations 1871-1914' (PhD Dissertation, Cambridge Univ. 1954).
38. Overreliance on Gooch and Temperley can have a distorting effect as the memoranda that they printed were not especially representative of Trench's output. Lamar Cecil, for example, uses this collection to show that 'after the turn of the century the Kaiser had little to do with the British military and naval attachés…' However, Cecil's assertion notwithstanding, the five encounters between Wilhelm and Trench recorded in Gooch and Temperley do not represent the sum total of their meetings. Rather, as Lascelles noted (PRO: FO 371/562) there were 'frequent occasions on which his [Trench's] military duties give him the opportunity of meeting His Imperial Majesty'. See, Lamar Cecil, Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile 1900-1941 (Chapel Hill: UNC Press 1996) pp.126 and 395.
39. Memo by Trench on 'Press Comments on Imperial defence', 30 July 1909. PRO: FO 371/675 f181.
40. Memo by Trench on Objects of German Motor Balloon Society', 8 Oct. 1908. PRO: FO 371/462 f294.
41. Memo by Trench on 'The German Landing in England', 14 Dec. 1908. PRO FO 371/463 f555.
42. Memo by Trench on 'Public Feeling in Germany', 17 Aug. 1908. PRO: FO 371/461 f463.
43. Ibid.
44. Memo by Trench on 'General Count Schlieffen's Essay', 16 Jan. 1909. PRO: FO 371/671 f299.
45. Memo by Trench on 'The Feeling in Germany', 4 Dec. 1908. PRO: FO 371/463 f446.
46. Howard Roy Moon, 'The Invasion of the United Kingdom: Public Controversy and Official Planning 1888-1918' (PhD Thesis, Univ. of London 1968) esp. pp.307-78.
47. Memo by Trench on 'Lord Roberts' Speech', 26 Nov. 1908. PRO: FO 371/463 f400.
48. Memo by Trench on 'German Army Estimates', 19 Nov. 1907. PRO: FO 371/257 f401.
49. Memo by Trench on 'Landing Operations at Manoeuvres', 13 Aug. 1909. PRO: FO 371/675 f279.
50. Memo by Trench on 'Views of the German Press on Mr Haldane's Army Scheme', 9 April 1907. PRO: FO 371/259 f261.
51. Memo by Trench on 'Attendance at Manoeuvres', 20 June 1907. PRO: FO 371/261 f103.
52. Memo by Trench on 'Reconnaissance Duties', 15 Dec. 1907. PRO: FO 371/263 f528.
53. John Gooch, The Prospect of War: Studies in British Defence Policy 1847-1942 (London: Frank Cass 1981)pp.l12-14.
54. Memorandum by Trench on 'Views of German Press on Mr Haldane's Army Scheme', 9 April 1907. PRO: FO 371/259 f261.
55. Memo by Trench on 'Should Warning precede Hostilities?', 27 April 1908. Quoted in George P. Gooch and Harold W. Temperley (eds.) British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898-1914 (London: HMSO 1926-38) Vol.6, p. 147.
56. Memo by Trench on 'Should Warning precede Hostilities?', 27 April 1908. Quoted in George P. Gooch and Harold W. Temperley (eds.) British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898-1914 (London: HMSO 1926-38) Vol.6, p. 147.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. See Capt. Dumas to Sir Frank Lascelles, 15 May 1907; and Capt. Dumas to Count de Salis, 2 Dec. 1907. Ibid, pp.35 and 76.
60. This evaluation of the League's membership needs clarification. The Navy League succeeded in enrolling a fee-paying membership of 86, 675 within 18 months of its foundation, and pushed this figure to 324, 372 by 1907, at which point numbers levelled off. However, by counting associate and corporate members, those who did not pay individual membership dues, the leadership were able to inflate this figure to somewhere near the million mark. Geoff Eley, Reshaping the Radical Right: Radical Nationalism and Political Change after Bismarck (Ann Arbor: U. of Michigan Press 1991) p. 102.
61. Memo by Trench on 'Military Character of the Navy League', 20 Dec. 1907. PRO: FO 371/260 f201.
62. Memo by Trench on 'Public Feeling in Germany', 17 Aug. 1908. PRO: FO 371/461 f463.
63. David G. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World War (Princeton UP 1996) p.90.
64. Jack Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive: Military Decision Making and the Disasters of 1914 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1984) p.88.
65. Memo by Trench on 'Training of Reserves 1908', [?] April 1908. PRO: FO 371/459, f446. The original version of this dispatch was sent to the War Office and no copy was retained by the Foreign Office. A search through the War Office files did not uncover their copy and, as a result, the contents of the memo are cited here as they are represented in the annotations and minutes found on the Foreign Office cover sheet.
66. Memo by Trench on 'Regulations for Manoeuvres', 12 May 1908 [emphasis in the original). PRO: FO 371/460 f78.
67. Memo by Trench on 'German Military Estimates 1909', 7 Dec. 1908. PRO: FO 371/463 f537.
68. Memo by Trench on 'Training of Reserves', 25 Sept. 1909. PRO: FO 371/676 f 199.
69. Memo by Trench on 'Public Feeling in Germany', 17 Aug. 1908. PRO: FO 371/461 f463.
70. Foreign Office, 'Memorandum for Guidance of Military Attachés'. PRO: FO 371/75.
71. Herrmann (note 53) pp.89-90.
72. Memo by Trench on 'German Imperial Manoeuvres', 2 Sept. 1906. PRO: FO 371/79 f137.
73. Memo by Trench on 'Imperial Manoeuvres', 5 Oct. 1908. PRO: FO 371/462 f236.
74. Memo by Trench on 'German Imperial Manoeuvres', 2 Sept. 1906. PRO: FO 371/79 f137.
75. Memo by Trench on 'Measures Protecting Military Information', 24 June 1909. PRO: FO 371/674 f416.
76. Memo by Trench on 'German Imperial Manoeuvres', 2 Sept. 1906. PRO: FO 371/79 f137.
77. Memo by Trench on 'Attendance of British Officers at the German Manoeuvres', 7 Nov. 1906. PRO: FO 371/79 f144.
78. See, for example, memo by Trench on 'Grant of Passes for the Imperial Manoeuvres', 24 June 1907. PRO: FO 371/261 f107.
79. Memo by Trench on 'The Imperial German Manoeuvres', 24 Sept. 1907. PRO: FO 371/262 f333.
80. Memo by Trench on 'British Officers at German Manoeuvres', 4 Dec. 1907. PRO: FO 371/263 f455.
81. Memo by Trench on 'Imperial and Wurtemberg Manoeuvres', 24 Sept. 1908. PRO: FO 371/462 f224.
82. Memo by Trench on 'German Imperial Manoeuvres 1909', 28 Sept. 1909. PRO: FO 371/676 f206.
83. Memo by Trench on 'Imperial Manoeuvres', 5 Oct. 1908. PRO: FO 371/462 f236.
84. Memo by Trench on 'Measures Protecting Military Information', 24 June 1909. PRO: FO 371/674 f416.
85. Memo by Trench on 'Should Warning precede Hostilities?', 27 April 1908. Gooch and Temperley (note 46) vol. 6, p. 147.
86. Memo by Trench on 'New Formations - Actual and Rumoured', 30 April 1908. PRO: FO 371/459 f475.
87. The Germans were actually less advanced in this respect than Trench made out. As David Stevenson has shown, although the General Staff under Moltke were eager to press for new technology, the War Ministry often slowed down the pace of change. As a result, Bernd Schulte argues that Germany neglected many opportunities for technical innovation. See David Stevenson, Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe 1904-1914 (Oxford: OUP 1996) pp.99-103; Bernd F. Schulte, Die deutsche Armee 1900-1914: Zwischen Beharren und Verändern (Düsseldorf: Drosle 1977) pp.314-5.
88. The Germans were actually less advanced in this respect than Trench made out. As David Stevenson has shown, although the General Staff under Moltke were eager to press for new technology, the War Ministry often slowed down the pace of change. As a result, Bernd Schulte argues that Germany neglected many opportunities for technical innovation. See David Stevenson, Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe 1904-1914 (Oxford: OUP 1996) pp.99-103; Bernd F. Schulte, Die deutsche Armee 1900-1914: Zwischen Beharren und Verändern (Düsseldorf: Drosle 1977) pp.314-5.
89. Herrmann (note 53) p.90
90. Memo by Trench on 'Field Service Regulations 1908', 5 May 1908. PRO: FO 371/459 f229.
91. See, for example, memo by Trench on 'New Machine-Gun Companies', 23 Oct. 1908.
92. PRO: FO 371/462 f436. Col. de Laguiche also reported German interest in machine guns. Herrmann (note 53) p.252n.
93. Herrmann (note 53) pp.78-9.
94. Memo by Trench on 'Frankfurt Balloon Exhibition', 22 Sept. 1909. PRO: FO 371/676 f153.
95. Memo by Trench on 'Aeronautics in Germany at the End of 1909', 3 Jan. 1910. PRO: FO 371/902 f235.
96. Memo by Trench on 'Encouragement of Power Traction Vehicles', 12 Jan. 1909. PRO: FO 371/671 f323.
97. Memo by Trench on 'Frankfurt Balloon Exhibition', 22 Sept. 1909. PRO: FO 371/676 f153.
98. Memo by Trench on 'The Rhine-Heme Canal', 20 May 1908. PRO: FO 371/460 f133.
99. Memo by Trench on 'Public Feeling in Germany', 17 Aug. 1908. PRO: FO 371/461 f463.
100. See, for example, Annika Mombauer, 'Helmuth von Moltke and the German General Staff - Military and Political decision-Making in Imperial Germany, 1906-1916' (PhD Dissertation, Univ. of Sussex 1997) p.57.
101. Arden Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen and Prussian War Planning (Oxford: Berg 1991) p.238.
102. Kennedy (note 2) p.274; Moon (note 37) pp.653-77.
103. German intelligence on the British Army came mainly from published sources. This was due, first, to the General Staff's much greater concern with obtaining information on the larger and nearer French and Russian armies; and, second, to an administrative demarcation that accorded responsibility for German espionage in Britain to the Imperial Navy, which, unsurprisingly, tended to focus on gathering data about the British fleet. See Ulrich Trumpener, 'War Premeditated? German Intelligence Operations in July 1914', Central European History 9/1 (March 1976) pp.60-1; and Holger H. Herwig, 'Imperial Germany', in May (note 9) pp.65-70.
104. German intelligence on the British Army came mainly from published sources. This was due, first, to the General Staff's much greater concern with obtaining information on the larger and nearer French and Russian armies; and, second, to an administrative demarcation that accorded responsibility for German espionage in Britain to the Imperial Navy, which, unsurprisingly, tended to focus on gathering data about the British fleet. See Ulrich Trumpener, 'War Premeditated? German Intelligence Operations in July 1914', Central European History 9/1 (March 1976) pp.60-1; and Holger H. Herwig, 'Imperial Germany', in May (note 9) pp.65-70.
105. Moon (note 37) esp. pp.307-78.
106. Stevenson (note 77) pp.103-4.
107. Herrmann (note 53) pp.77-8 and 140-42.
108. Jan Karl Tannenbaum, 'French Estimates of Germany's Operational Plans', in May (note 9) p. 160; Stevenson (note 77) p. 188.
109. Tannenbaum, 'French Estimates' in May (note 9) p. 168.
110. Moon (note 37) pp.336-78; John Gooch, The Plans of War: The General Staff and British Military Strategy c. 1900-1916 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1974) pp.278-86.
111. Only one letter of Trench's survives in the Royal Archives. It is a report of a trip Trench made to Pomerania to represent the King at the 150th anniversary of the formation of the Fürst Blucher Hussar Regiment. See Trench to Lord Knollys, 20 Feb. 1908. RA W53/6.
112. Minute by Walter Langley on a memo by Trench on 'Reconnaissance Duties'. PRO: FO 371/263 f528.
113. Minute by Sir Charles Hardinge on a memo by Trench on Objects of German Motor Balloon Society'. PRO: FO 371/462 f294.
114. Minute by Mr G. H. Villiers on a Memo by Trench on 'The German Landing in England'. PRO: FO 371/463 f555.
115. Gooch and Temperley (note 46) Vol.6, pp.146 and 148-9.
116. This one of Trench's dispatches is one of the few to have received historical comment. See, for example, Gooch (note 97) p.286; or George Monger, The End of Isolation: British Policy 1900-1907 (London: Thomas Nelson 1963) pp.315-16.
117. Sir Cecil Spring Rice to Leo Maxse, 3 June 1908. L.J. Maxse papers, 458, f699. West Sussex Record Office, Chichester.
118. Sir Cecil Spring Rice to Sir William Tyrell, 17 April 1908. Spring Rice Papers. PRO: FO 800/241 ff134-5.
119. Sir Cecil Spring Rice to Leo Maxse, 3 June 1908. L.J. Maxse papers, 458, ff.700-2.
120. Details about Crowe's suspicions of the German government can be found in Sibyl Crowe and Edward Corp, Our Ablest Public Servant: Sir Eyre Crowe 1864-1925 (Braunton: Merlin Books 1993); and Steiner (note 3) esp. pp.114-16; for a German view of this, see Hermann Lutz, Eyre Crowe, der böse Geist des Foreign Office (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt 1931).
121. Details about Crowe's suspicions of the German government can be found in Sibyl Crowe and Edward Corp, Our Ablest Public Servant: Sir Eyre Crowe 1864-1925 (Braunton: Merlin Books 1993); and Steiner (note 3) esp. pp.114-16; for a German view of this, see Hermann Lutz, Eyre Crowe, der böse Geist des Foreign Office (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt 1931).
122. Minute by Eyre Crowe on a Memo by Trench on 'Spring Parade at Potsdam', 1 June 1906. PRO: FO 371/78 f111.
123. Minute by Mr G. S. Spicer on a memo by Trench on 'The Kaiser Tage', 5 Sept. 1907. PRO: FO 371/262 f167.
124. This is confirmed by Public Record Office memorandum, MN 80, 'Military Attachés Reports, Disposal of, which states that 'Military Attaches' reports that have been in the possession of the Army Department prior to these years [1952] have been destroyed'. A discussion of related issues can be found in Wesley K. Wark, 'In Never-Never Land? The British Archives on Intelligence', Historical Journal 35/1 (1992) pp.195-203.
125. The William Robertson Papers and the James Edmonds Papers are housed at the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives at King's College, London. The Adrian Grant-Duff Papers are located at the Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge.
126. War Office to Foreign Office, 13 April 1908. PRO: FO 371/459 f370.
127. Fergusson (note 8) p.212.
128. Quotes taken from General Staff, War Office, Report on Foreign Manoeuvres (London: HMSO 1905-09). PRO: WO106/6170-6174.
129. General Staff, War Office, Report on Changes in Foreign Armies (London: HMSO 1906-9). PRO: WO106/6183-6186.
130. General Staff, War Office, The Military Resources of Belgium (London: HMSO Dec. 1906) p. 160. PRO: WO 33/417.
131. General Staff, War Office, Special Military Resources of the German Empire (London: HMSO Feb. 1912) p.1. PRO: WO 33/579.
132. David French, 'Spy Fever in Britain, 1900-1915', Historical Journal 21/2 (1978) pp.356-7.
133. Nicholas P. Hiley, 'The Failure of British Espionage against Germany, 1907-1914', Historical Journal 26/4 (1983) pp.870 and 882.
134. The memoranda in question are: 'Protection of Military Information', 15 Dec. 1909; 'Measures Protecting Military Information', 24 June 1909; and 'Laws and Regulations Protecting Military Information', 15 Dec. 1908. PRO: KV 3/1.
135. The memoranda in question are: 'Protection of Military Information', 15 Dec. 1909; 'Measures Protecting Military Information', 24 June 1909; and 'Laws and Regulations Protecting Military Information', 15 Dec. 1908. PRO: KV 3/1.
136. The memoranda in question are: 'Protection of Military Information', 15 Dec. 1909; 'Measures Protecting Military Information', 24 June 1909; and 'Laws and Regulations Protecting Military Information', 15 Dec. 1908. PRO: KV 3/1.
137. Winston Churchill to Lord Elgin, 14 Sept. 1906. Quoted in Randolph S. Churchill (ed.) Winston S. Churchill, 1874-1965: Volume 11 Companion, Part 1, 1901-1907 (London: Heinemann 1969) p.582.
138. Sir Edward Grey to Herbert Henry Asquith, 26 Aug. 1908. Grey Papers, PRO: FO 800/100.
139. Asquith to Grey, 28 Aug. 1908. Grey Papers, PRO: FO 800/100.
140. The Times, 15 April 1942, p.7; Who's Who (London: A & C Black 1920).
141. The Times, 15 April 1942, p.7; Who's Who (London: A & C Black 1920).
142. Creagh and Humphris (note 15) Vol.2, p.261.