Incorporating proximal and distal influences on prejudice: Testing a general model across outgroups

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 403-418

  Agnew, Christopher R ^a   Thompson, Vaida D ^b   Gaines Jr , Stanley O ^b  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034410623     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167200266001     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Abrahamson, M., & Carter, V. J. (1986). Tolerance, urbanism and region. American Sociological Review, 51, 287-294.
2. Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper.
3. Agnew, C. R., Thompson, V. D., Smith, V. A., Gramzow, R. H., & Currey, D. P. (1993). Proximal and distal predictors of homophobia: Framing the multivariate roots of outgroup rejection. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 2013-2042.
4. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
5. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
6. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
7. Ashmore, R. D. (1970). The problem of intergroup prejudice. In B. E. Collins (Ed.), Social psychology (pp. 245-296). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
8. Batson, C. D., & Ventis, W. L. (1982). The religious experience: A social psychological perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
9. Bernstein, I. H., Garbin, C. P., & Teng, G. K. (1988). Applied multivariate analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag.
10. Bierly, M. M. (1985). Prejudice toward contemporary outgroups as a generalized attitude. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15, 189-199.
11. Braithwaite, V. A., & Scott, W. A. (1991). Values. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 661-753). San Diego: Academic Press.
12. Butler, R. N. (1969). Ageism: Another form of bigotry. The Gerontologist, 9, 243-246.
13. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). The NEO Personality Inventory manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
14. Crandall, C. S. (1994). Prejudice against fat people: Ideology and self-interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 882-894.
15. Dale, A., Arber, S., & Procter, M. (1988). Doing secondary analysis. London: Unwin Hyman.
16. Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1991). Changes in the expression and assessment of racial prejudice. In H. J. Knopke, R. J. Norrell, & R. W. Rogers (Eds.), Opening doors: Perspectives on race relations in contemporary America (pp. 119-148). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
17. Duckitt, J. (1992a). Psychology and prejudice: A historical analysis and integrative framework. American Psychologist, 47, 1182-1193.
18. Duckitt, J. (1992b). The social psychology of prejudice. New York: Praeger.
19. Erdfelder, E., Faul, F., & Buchner, A. (1996). GPOWER: A general power analysis program. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28, 1-11.
20. Faul, F., & Erdfelder, E. (1992). GPOWER: A-priori, post-hoc, and compromise power analysis for MS-DOS [Computer program]. Bonn, Germany: Bonn University, Department of Psychology.
21. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior. An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
22. Fraboni, M., Saltstone, R., & Hughes, S. (1990). The Fraboni Scale of Ageism (FSA): An attempt at a more precise measure of ageism. Canadian Journal on Aging, 9, 56-66.
23. Gaines, S. O., Jr., & Reed, E. S. (1995). Prejudice: From Allport to DuBois. American Psychologist, 50, 96-112.
24. Gough, H. G. (1956). The California Personality Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.
25. Hamilton, D. L., & Trolier, T. K. (1986). Stereotypes and stereotyping: An overview of the cognitive approach. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 127-158). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
26. Harris, D. B., Gough, H. G., & Martin, W. (1950). Children's ethnic attitudes: Relationship to parental beliefs concerning child training. Child Development, 21, 169-181.
27. Heise, D. R. (1975). Causal analysis. New York: John Wiley.
28. Hyman, H. H., & Wright, C. R. (1979). Education's lasting influence on values. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
29. Insko, C. A., & Schopler, J. (1967). Triadic consistency: A statement of affective-cognitive-conative consistency. Psychological Review, 74, 361-376.
30. James, L. R., Muliak, S. A., & Brett, J. M. (1982). Causal analysis: Assumptions, models, and data. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
31. Jones, J. M. (1997). Prejudice and racism (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
32. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1989). LISREL 7: A guide to the program and applications. Chicago: SPSS, Inc.
33. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: User's reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International, Inc.
34. Kerlinger, F. N. (1984). Liberalism and conservatism: The nature and structure of social attitudes. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
35. Kite, M. E., & Deaux, K. (1986). Attitude toward homosexuality: Assessment and behavioral consequences. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 7, 137-162.
36. Kogan, N. (1961). Attitudes toward old people: The development of a scale and an examination of correlates. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 44-54.
37. Lambert, A. J., & Chasteen, A. L. (1997). Perceptions of disadvantage versus conventiality: Political values and attitudes toward the elderly versus Blacks. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 469-481.
38. Latané, B. (1989). Social psychology and how to revitalize it. In M. R. Leary (Ed.), The state of social psychology: Issues, themes, and controversies. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
39. Lipsey, M. W. (1990). Design sensitivity: Statistical power for experimental research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
40. Loehlin, J. C. (1992). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural equations (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
41. MacCallum, R. C., Wegener, D. T., Uchino, B. N., & Fabrigar, L. R. (1993). The problem of equivalent models in applications of covariance structure models. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 185-199.
42. McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination and racism (pp. 91-126). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
43. McGuire, W. J. (1985). Attitudes and attitude change. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 233-346). New York: Random House.
44. Moos, R., & Moos, B. (1981). Family Environment Scale manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
45. Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
46. Pettigrew, T. F. (1958). Personality and sociocultural factors and intergroup attitudes: A cross-national comparison. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2, 29-42.
47. Ray, J. J., & Lovejoy, F. H. (1986). The generality of racial prejudice. Journal of Social Psychology, 126, 563-564.
48. Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (1996). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Mahweh, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
49. Sears, D. O. (1986). College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow database on social psychology's view of human nature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 515-530.
50. Simonton, D. K. (1990). Personality and politics. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), The handbook of personality theory and research (pp. 670-692). New York: Guilford.
51. Simpson, G. E., & Yinger, J. M. (1985). Racial and cultural minorities: An analysis of prejudice and discrimination (5th ed.). New York: Plenum.
52. Snyder, M., & Ickes, W. (1985). Personality and social behavior. In G. Landzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 883-947). New York: Random House.
53. Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1973). A short version of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS). Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 2, 219-220.
54. Stangor, C., Sullivan, L. A., & Ford, T. E. (1991). Affective and cognitive determinants of prejudice. Social Cognition, 9, 359-380.
55. Stroebe, W., & Insko, C. A. (1989). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In D. Bar-Tal, C. F. Grauman, A. W. Kruglanski, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Stereotyping and prejudice: Changing conceptions (pp. 3-34). New York: Springer Verlag.
56. Stryker, S., & Statham, A. (1985). Symbolic interaction and role theory. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 311-378). New York: Random House.
57. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1985). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
58. Weigel, R. H., & Howes, P. W. (1985). Conceptions of racial prejudice: Symbolic racism reconsidered. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 117-138.
59. Wilson, T. C. (1985). Urbanism and tolerance: A test of some hypotheses drawn from Wirth and Stouffer. American Sociological Review, 50, 117-123.
60. Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a way of life. American Joumal of Sociology, 44, 1-24.