Blood, Bone, Women and HRT: Co-constructions in the Menopause Clinic

Australian Feminist Studies

Volumn 15, Issue 32, 2000, Pages 191-203

  Guillemin, Marilys ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0034409119     PISSN: 08164649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08164640050138707     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. It should be noted that it is feminists who have been largely responsible for developing the notion of menopause as a social construction. The following are among the important feminist contributions to the menopause debate: Sandra Coney, The Menopause Industry. A Guide to Medicine's 'Discovery' of Mid-life Women (Penguin) Auckland, 1991; Frances B. McCrea, 'The Politics of Menopause: the "Discovery" of a Deficiency Disease', Social Problems, vol. 31, no. 1, 1983, pp. 111-23; Nancy Worcester and Mariamne H. Whatley, 'The Selling of HRT: Playing on the Fear Factor', Feminist Review, vol. 41, Summer, 1992, pp. 1-26; Kathleen MacPherson, 'Menopause as Disease: the Social Construction of a Metaphor', Advances in Nursing Science, vol. 2, no. 3, 1981, pp. 95-113.
2. It should be noted that it is feminists who have been largely responsible for developing the notion of menopause as a social construction. The following are among the important feminist contributions to the menopause debate: Sandra Coney, The Menopause Industry. A Guide to Medicine's 'Discovery' of Mid-life Women (Penguin) Auckland, 1991; Frances B. McCrea, 'The Politics of Menopause: the "Discovery" of a Deficiency Disease', Social Problems, vol. 31, no. 1, 1983, pp. 111-23; Nancy Worcester and Mariamne H. Whatley, 'The Selling of HRT: Playing on the Fear Factor', Feminist Review, vol. 41, Summer, 1992, pp. 1-26; Kathleen MacPherson, 'Menopause as Disease: the Social Construction of a Metaphor', Advances in Nursing Science, vol. 2, no. 3, 1981, pp. 95-113.
3. It should be noted that it is feminists who have been largely responsible for developing the notion of menopause as a social construction. The following are among the important feminist contributions to the menopause debate: Sandra Coney, The Menopause Industry. A Guide to Medicine's 'Discovery' of Mid-life Women (Penguin) Auckland, 1991; Frances B. McCrea, 'The Politics of Menopause: the "Discovery" of a Deficiency Disease', Social Problems, vol. 31, no. 1, 1983, pp. 111-23; Nancy Worcester and Mariamne H. Whatley, 'The Selling of HRT: Playing on the Fear Factor', Feminist Review, vol. 41, Summer, 1992, pp. 1-26; Kathleen MacPherson, 'Menopause as Disease: the Social Construction of a Metaphor', Advances in Nursing Science, vol. 2, no. 3, 1981, pp. 95-113.
4. It should be noted that it is feminists who have been largely responsible for developing the notion of menopause as a social construction. The following are among the important feminist contributions to the menopause debate: Sandra Coney, The Menopause Industry. A Guide to Medicine's 'Discovery' of Mid-life Women (Penguin) Auckland, 1991; Frances B. McCrea, 'The Politics of Menopause: the "Discovery" of a Deficiency Disease', Social Problems, vol. 31, no. 1, 1983, pp. 111-23; Nancy Worcester and Mariamne H. Whatley, 'The Selling of HRT: Playing on the Fear Factor', Feminist Review, vol. 41, Summer, 1992, pp. 1-26; Kathleen MacPherson, 'Menopause as Disease: the Social Construction of a Metaphor', Advances in Nursing Science, vol. 2, no. 3, 1981, pp. 95-113.
5. Carol S. Theisen and Phyllis Kernoff Mansfield, 'Menopause: Social Construction or Biological Destiny?', Journal of Health Education, vol. 24, no. 4, 1993, p. 212.
6. For an extensive discussion of the body, particularly in relation to the social inscriptions of sexed bodies, see Elizabeth Grosz, Volatile Bodies. Toward a Corporeal Feminism (Indiana University Press) Bloomington, 1994; Elizabeth Grosz, 'Inscriptions and Body Maps: Representations and the Corporeal' in Terry Threadgold and Anne Cranny-Francis (eds), Feminine/Masculine and Representation (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1990, pp. 62-74; Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (Routledge) New York, 1990; Moira Gatens, 'Towards a Feminist Philosophy of the Body' in Barbara Caine, Elizabeth Grosz and Marie de Lepervanche (eds) Crossing Boundaries. Feminisms and the Critique of Knowledges (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1988, pp. 59-70.
7. For an extensive discussion of the body, particularly in relation to the social inscriptions of sexed bodies, see Elizabeth Grosz, Volatile Bodies. Toward a Corporeal Feminism (Indiana University Press) Bloomington, 1994; Elizabeth Grosz, 'Inscriptions and Body Maps: Representations and the Corporeal' in Terry Threadgold and Anne Cranny-Francis (eds), Feminine/Masculine and Representation (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1990, pp. 62-74; Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (Routledge) New York, 1990; Moira Gatens, 'Towards a Feminist Philosophy of the Body' in Barbara Caine, Elizabeth Grosz and Marie de Lepervanche (eds) Crossing Boundaries. Feminisms and the Critique of Knowledges (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1988, pp. 59-70.
8. For an extensive discussion of the body, particularly in relation to the social inscriptions of sexed bodies, see Elizabeth Grosz, Volatile Bodies. Toward a Corporeal Feminism (Indiana University Press) Bloomington, 1994; Elizabeth Grosz, 'Inscriptions and Body Maps: Representations and the Corporeal' in Terry Threadgold and Anne Cranny-Francis (eds), Feminine/Masculine and Representation (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1990, pp. 62-74; Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (Routledge) New York, 1990; Moira Gatens, 'Towards a Feminist Philosophy of the Body' in Barbara Caine, Elizabeth Grosz and Marie de Lepervanche (eds) Crossing Boundaries. Feminisms and the Critique of Knowledges (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1988, pp. 59-70.
9. For an extensive discussion of the body, particularly in relation to the social inscriptions of sexed bodies, see Elizabeth Grosz, Volatile Bodies. Toward a Corporeal Feminism (Indiana University Press) Bloomington, 1994; Elizabeth Grosz, 'Inscriptions and Body Maps: Representations and the Corporeal' in Terry Threadgold and Anne Cranny-Francis (eds), Feminine/Masculine and Representation (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1990, pp. 62-74; Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (Routledge) New York, 1990; Moira Gatens, 'Towards a Feminist Philosophy of the Body' in Barbara Caine, Elizabeth Grosz and Marie de Lepervanche (eds) Crossing Boundaries. Feminisms and the Critique of Knowledges (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1988, pp. 59-70.
10. Grosz, 'Inscriptions and Body Maps'.
11. I use the term 'technologies of menopause' to refer to the array of hormonal therapies such as hormone pills, patches, and pessaries, in addition to hormonal creams, implants and vaginal rings. These are in addition to the inventory of 'natural' products - evening primrose oil, yam cream, linseed and soy bread. The 'technologies of menopause' also include screening technologies such as bone densitometry that measure and monitor women's bones for their fragility. As long-term use of HRT has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and endometrial cancer, additional screening technologies such as mammograms to screen for breast cancer and trans-vaginal ultrasound to monitor for endometrial cancer are commonly used.
12. Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor. A Search for Limits in an Age of High Technology (University of Chicago Press) Chicago, 1986.
13. Adele E. Clarke and Joan H. Fujimura (eds), The Right Tools for the Job. At Work in the Twentieth Century Life Sciences (Princeton University Press) Princeton, 1992.
14. Some of the 'classics' of actor network theory are: Wiebe Bijker, Thomas Hughes and Trevor Pinch, The Social Construction of Technological Systems. New Directions on the Sociology and History of Technology (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987; Wiebe Bijker and John Law, Shaping Technology/Building Society. Studies in Sociotechnical Change (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1992; Michel Callon, John Law and Arie Rip, Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology. Sociology of Science in the Real World (Macmillan) London, 1986; Bruno Latour and S. Woolgar, Laboratory Life: the Social Construction of Scientific Facts (Sage) Beverley Hills, 1979; Bruno Latour, Science in Action (Harvard University Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987; John Law, A Sociology of Monsters. Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (Routledge) London, 1991. For more recent discussions of actor network theory as a semiotic approach, see John Law and John Hassard, Actor Network Theory and After (Blackwell) Boston, 1999; John Law and Annemarie Mol, 'Notes on Materiality and Sociality', The Sociological Review, vol. 43, 1995, pp. 274-94.
15. Some of the 'classics' of actor network theory are: Wiebe Bijker, Thomas Hughes and Trevor Pinch, The Social Construction of Technological Systems. New Directions on the Sociology and History of Technology (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987; Wiebe Bijker and John Law, Shaping Technology/Building Society. Studies in Sociotechnical Change (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1992; Michel Callon, John Law and Arie Rip, Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology. Sociology of Science in the Real World (Macmillan) London, 1986; Bruno Latour and S. Woolgar, Laboratory Life: the Social Construction of Scientific Facts (Sage) Beverley Hills, 1979; Bruno Latour, Science in Action (Harvard University Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987; John Law, A Sociology of Monsters. Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (Routledge) London, 1991. For more recent discussions of actor network theory as a semiotic approach, see John Law and John Hassard, Actor Network Theory and After (Blackwell) Boston, 1999; John Law and Annemarie Mol, 'Notes on Materiality and Sociality', The Sociological Review, vol. 43, 1995, pp. 274-94.
16. Some of the 'classics' of actor network theory are: Wiebe Bijker, Thomas Hughes and Trevor Pinch, The Social Construction of Technological Systems. New Directions on the Sociology and History of Technology (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987; Wiebe Bijker and John Law, Shaping Technology/Building Society. Studies in Sociotechnical Change (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1992; Michel Callon, John Law and Arie Rip, Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology. Sociology of Science in the Real World (Macmillan) London, 1986; Bruno Latour and S. Woolgar, Laboratory Life: the Social Construction of Scientific Facts (Sage) Beverley Hills, 1979; Bruno Latour, Science in Action (Harvard University Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987; John Law, A Sociology of Monsters. Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (Routledge) London, 1991. For more recent discussions of actor network theory as a semiotic approach, see John Law and John Hassard, Actor Network Theory and After (Blackwell) Boston, 1999; John Law and Annemarie Mol, 'Notes on Materiality and Sociality', The Sociological Review, vol. 43, 1995, pp. 274-94.
17. Some of the 'classics' of actor network theory are: Wiebe Bijker, Thomas Hughes and Trevor Pinch, The Social Construction of Technological Systems. New Directions on the Sociology and History of Technology (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987; Wiebe Bijker and John Law, Shaping Technology/Building Society. Studies in Sociotechnical Change (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1992; Michel Callon, John Law and Arie Rip, Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology. Sociology of Science in the Real World (Macmillan) London, 1986; Bruno Latour and S. Woolgar, Laboratory Life: the Social Construction of Scientific Facts (Sage) Beverley Hills, 1979; Bruno Latour, Science in Action (Harvard University Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987; John Law, A Sociology of Monsters. Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (Routledge) London, 1991. For more recent discussions of actor network theory as a semiotic approach, see John Law and John Hassard, Actor Network Theory and After (Blackwell) Boston, 1999; John Law and Annemarie Mol, 'Notes on Materiality and Sociality', The Sociological Review, vol. 43, 1995, pp. 274-94.
18. Some of the 'classics' of actor network theory are: Wiebe Bijker, Thomas Hughes and Trevor Pinch, The Social Construction of Technological Systems. New Directions on the Sociology and History of Technology (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987; Wiebe Bijker and John Law, Shaping Technology/Building Society. Studies in Sociotechnical Change (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1992; Michel Callon, John Law and Arie Rip, Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology. Sociology of Science in the Real World (Macmillan) London, 1986; Bruno Latour and S. Woolgar, Laboratory Life: the Social Construction of Scientific Facts (Sage) Beverley Hills, 1979; Bruno Latour, Science in Action (Harvard University Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987; John Law, A Sociology of Monsters. Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (Routledge) London, 1991. For more recent discussions of actor network theory as a semiotic approach, see John Law and John Hassard, Actor Network Theory and After (Blackwell) Boston, 1999; John Law and Annemarie Mol, 'Notes on Materiality and Sociality', The Sociological Review, vol. 43, 1995, pp. 274-94.
19. Some of the 'classics' of actor network theory are: Wiebe Bijker, Thomas Hughes and Trevor Pinch, The Social Construction of Technological Systems. New Directions on the Sociology and History of Technology (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987; Wiebe Bijker and John Law, Shaping Technology/Building Society. Studies in Sociotechnical Change (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1992; Michel Callon, John Law and Arie Rip, Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology. Sociology of Science in the Real World (Macmillan) London, 1986; Bruno Latour and S. Woolgar, Laboratory Life: the Social Construction of Scientific Facts (Sage) Beverley Hills, 1979; Bruno Latour, Science in Action (Harvard University Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987; John Law, A Sociology of Monsters. Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (Routledge) London, 1991. For more recent discussions of actor network theory as a semiotic approach, see John Law and John Hassard, Actor Network Theory and After (Blackwell) Boston, 1999; John Law and Annemarie Mol, 'Notes on Materiality and Sociality', The Sociological Review, vol. 43, 1995, pp. 274-94.
20. Some of the 'classics' of actor network theory are: Wiebe Bijker, Thomas Hughes and Trevor Pinch, The Social Construction of Technological Systems. New Directions on the Sociology and History of Technology (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987; Wiebe Bijker and John Law, Shaping Technology/Building Society. Studies in Sociotechnical Change (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1992; Michel Callon, John Law and Arie Rip, Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology. Sociology of Science in the Real World (Macmillan) London, 1986; Bruno Latour and S. Woolgar, Laboratory Life: the Social Construction of Scientific Facts (Sage) Beverley Hills, 1979; Bruno Latour, Science in Action (Harvard University Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987; John Law, A Sociology of Monsters. Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (Routledge) London, 1991. For more recent discussions of actor network theory as a semiotic approach, see John Law and John Hassard, Actor Network Theory and After (Blackwell) Boston, 1999; John Law and Annemarie Mol, 'Notes on Materiality and Sociality', The Sociological Review, vol. 43, 1995, pp. 274-94.
21. Some of the 'classics' of actor network theory are: Wiebe Bijker, Thomas Hughes and Trevor Pinch, The Social Construction of Technological Systems. New Directions on the Sociology and History of Technology (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987; Wiebe Bijker and John Law, Shaping Technology/Building Society. Studies in Sociotechnical Change (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1992; Michel Callon, John Law and Arie Rip, Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology. Sociology of Science in the Real World (Macmillan) London, 1986; Bruno Latour and S. Woolgar, Laboratory Life: the Social Construction of Scientific Facts (Sage) Beverley Hills, 1979; Bruno Latour, Science in Action (Harvard University Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987; John Law, A Sociology of Monsters. Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (Routledge) London, 1991. For more recent discussions of actor network theory as a semiotic approach, see John Law and John Hassard, Actor Network Theory and After (Blackwell) Boston, 1999; John Law and Annemarie Mol, 'Notes on Materiality and Sociality', The Sociological Review, vol. 43, 1995, pp. 274-94.
22. John Law and Annemarie Mol, 'Notes on Materiality and Sociality', The Sociological Review, vol. 43, 1995, p. 274.
23. The following references provide excellent discussions of how and where symbolic interactionism and actor network theory can potentially come together and where they remain incompatible: Adele Clarke and Elihu Gerson, 'Symbolic Interactionism in Social Studies of Science' in Howard Becker and Michael McCall (eds), Symbolic Interactionism and Cultural Studies (Chicago University Press) Chicago, 1990, pp. 179-214; Joan Fujimura, 'On Methods, Ontologies and Representation in the Sociology of Science: Where do we Stand?' in David Maines (ed.), Social Organization and Social Process. Essays in Honor of Anselm Strauss (Aldine de Gruyter) New York, 1991, pp. 207-48; Anne Marie Mol and Jessica Mesman, 'Neonatal Food and the Politics of Theory: Some Questions of Method', Social Studies of Science, vol. 26, 1996, pp. 419-44.
24. The following references provide excellent discussions of how and where symbolic interactionism and actor network theory can potentially come together and where they remain incompatible: Adele Clarke and Elihu Gerson, 'Symbolic Interactionism in Social Studies of Science' in Howard Becker and Michael McCall (eds), Symbolic Interactionism and Cultural Studies (Chicago University Press) Chicago, 1990, pp. 179-214; Joan Fujimura, 'On Methods, Ontologies and Representation in the Sociology of Science: Where do we Stand?' in David Maines (ed.), Social Organization and Social Process. Essays in Honor of Anselm Strauss (Aldine de Gruyter) New York, 1991, pp. 207-48; Anne Marie Mol and Jessica Mesman, 'Neonatal Food and the Politics of Theory: Some Questions of Method', Social Studies of Science, vol. 26, 1996, pp. 419-44.
25. The following references provide excellent discussions of how and where symbolic interactionism and actor network theory can potentially come together and where they remain incompatible: Adele Clarke and Elihu Gerson, 'Symbolic Interactionism in Social Studies of Science' in Howard Becker and Michael McCall (eds), Symbolic Interactionism and Cultural Studies (Chicago University Press) Chicago, 1990, pp. 179-214; Joan Fujimura, 'On Methods, Ontologies and Representation in the Sociology of Science: Where do we Stand?' in David Maines (ed.), Social Organization and Social Process. Essays in Honor of Anselm Strauss (Aldine de Gruyter) New York, 1991, pp. 207-48; Anne Marie Mol and Jessica Mesman, 'Neonatal Food and the Politics of Theory: Some Questions of Method', Social Studies of Science, vol. 26, 1996, pp. 419-44.
26. Donna J. Haraway, 'A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies', Configurations, vol. 1, 1994, pp. 59-71.
27. In the menopause clinic study, ethnographies were conducted in five Australian menopause clinics, together with in-depth interviews with 45 women attending the clinics and 21 clinic staff. For further details see Marilys Guillemin, 'Unravelling the Account of Menopause as Hormone Deficiency: Working Practices of the Menopause Clinic', unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Melbourne, 1996.
28. Vanessa Traynor, Helena Britt and Geoffrey Sayer, 'Menopause: Its Management in General Practice', Australian Family Physician, vol. 24, no. 3, 1995, pp. 407-11.
29. Guillemin, 'Unravelling the Account of Menopause as Hormone Deficiency'. This figure is validated by an earlier Australian study which showed that of 79 women attending a Sydney menopause clinic, 73 per cent were currently using HRT: B.G. Wren and L. Brown, 'Compliance with Hormonal Replacement Therapy', Maturitas, vol. 13, 1991, pp. 17-21. However, it should be noted that a study of 2,000 Australian women showed that only 14-21 per cent of women in the general Australian community are current users of HRT: Julia M. Shelley, Anthony Smith, Emma Dudley and Lorraine Dinnerstein, 'Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy by Melbourne Women', Australian Journal of Public Health, vol. 19, no. 4, 1995, pp. 387-92.
30. Guillemin, 'Unravelling the Account of Menopause as Hormone Deficiency'. This figure is validated by an earlier Australian study which showed that of 79 women attending a Sydney menopause clinic, 73 per cent were currently using HRT: B.G. Wren and L. Brown, 'Compliance with Hormonal Replacement Therapy', Maturitas, vol. 13, 1991, pp. 17-21. However, it should be noted that a study of 2,000 Australian women showed that only 14-21 per cent of women in the general Australian community are current users of HRT: Julia M. Shelley, Anthony Smith, Emma Dudley and Lorraine Dinnerstein, 'Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy by Melbourne Women', Australian Journal of Public Health, vol. 19, no. 4, 1995, pp. 387-92.
31. Guillemin, 'Unravelling the Account of Menopause as Hormone Deficiency'. This figure is validated by an earlier Australian study which showed that of 79 women attending a Sydney menopause clinic, 73 per cent were currently using HRT: B.G. Wren and L. Brown, 'Compliance with Hormonal Replacement Therapy', Maturitas, vol. 13, 1991, pp. 17-21. However, it should be noted that a study of 2,000 Australian women showed that only 14-21 per cent of women in the general Australian community are current users of HRT: Julia M. Shelley, Anthony Smith, Emma Dudley and Lorraine Dinnerstein, 'Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy by Melbourne Women', Australian Journal of Public Health, vol. 19, no. 4, 1995, pp. 387-92.
32. Robert Lindsay and Felicia Cosman, 'Estrogen in Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 592, no. 13, 1990, pp. 326-33; Elizabeth Barrett-Connor, 'Sex Differences in Coronary Heart Disease', Circulation, vol. 95, 1997, pp. 252-64; M. Tang, D. Jacobs, S. Yaakic et al., 'Effect of Oestrogen during Menopause on Risk and Age at Onset of Alzheimer's Disease', Lancet, vol. 348, 1996, pp. 429-32.
33. Robert Lindsay and Felicia Cosman, 'Estrogen in Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 592, no. 13, 1990, pp. 326-33; Elizabeth Barrett-Connor, 'Sex Differences in Coronary Heart Disease', Circulation, vol. 95, 1997, pp. 252-64; M. Tang, D. Jacobs, S. Yaakic et al., 'Effect of Oestrogen during Menopause on Risk and Age at Onset of Alzheimer's Disease', Lancet, vol. 348, 1996, pp. 429-32.
34. Robert Lindsay and Felicia Cosman, 'Estrogen in Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 592, no. 13, 1990, pp. 326-33; Elizabeth Barrett-Connor, 'Sex Differences in Coronary Heart Disease', Circulation, vol. 95, 1997, pp. 252-64; M. Tang, D. Jacobs, S. Yaakic et al., 'Effect of Oestrogen during Menopause on Risk and Age at Onset of Alzheimer's Disease', Lancet, vol. 348, 1996, pp. 429-32.
35. Barry Wren, 'HRT Benefits both Women and Society', Australian Doctor, no. 2, April, 1993, pp. 10, 13; Deborah Grady, Steven Cummings, Diana Petitti, Susan Rubin and Anne Marie Audet, 'Guidelines for Counselling Postmenopausal Women about Preventive Hormone Therapy', Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 117, 1992, pp. 1038-41.
36. Barry Wren, 'HRT Benefits both Women and Society', Australian Doctor, no. 2, April, 1993, pp. 10, 13; Deborah Grady, Steven Cummings, Diana Petitti, Susan Rubin and Anne Marie Audet, 'Guidelines for Counselling Postmenopausal Women about Preventive Hormone Therapy', Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 117, 1992, pp. 1038-41.
37. Collaborative group on hormonal factors in breast cancer, 'Breast Cancer and Hormone Replacement Therapy: Collaborative Re-analysis of Data from 51 Epidemiological Studies of 52,705 Women with Breast Cancer and 108,411 Women without Breast Cancer', Lancet, vol. 350, 1997, pp. 1047-59; Deborah Grady et al., 'Hormone Therapy to Prevent Disease and Prolong Life in Postmenopausal Women', Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 117, 1992, pp. 1016-37.
38. Collaborative group on hormonal factors in breast cancer, 'Breast Cancer and Hormone Replacement Therapy: Collaborative Re-analysis of Data from 51 Epidemiological Studies of 52,705 Women with Breast Cancer and 108,411 Women without Breast Cancer', Lancet, vol. 350, 1997, pp. 1047-59; Deborah Grady et al., 'Hormone Therapy to Prevent Disease and Prolong Life in Postmenopausal Women', Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 117, 1992, pp. 1016-37.
39. Antonio Cano, 'Compliance to Hormone Replacement Therapy in Menopausal Women Controlled in a Third Level Academic Centre', Maturitas, vol. 20, 1995, pp. 91-9; Alice Murkies, 'Common Problems with Hormone Replacement Therapy', Australian Family Physician, vol. 21, no. 3, 1992, pp. 217-25.
40. Antonio Cano, 'Compliance to Hormone Replacement Therapy in Menopausal Women Controlled in a Third Level Academic Centre', Maturitas, vol. 20, 1995, pp. 91-9; Alice Murkies, 'Common Problems with Hormone Replacement Therapy', Australian Family Physician, vol. 21, no. 3, 1992, pp. 217-25.
41. Shelley, Smith, Dudley and Dinnerstein, 'Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy by Melbourne Women'.
42. Shelley, Smith, Dudley and Dennerstein, 'Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy', pp. 387-92.; Cano, 'Compliance to Hormone Replacement Therapy in Menopausal Women Controlled in a Third Level Academic Centre'; Robert Rebar, Michael Thomas, Margery Gass and James Liu, 'Problems of Hormone Therapy: Evaluations, Follow up, Complications' in Stanley Korenman (ed.) The Menopause. Biology and Clinical Consequences of Ovarian Failure. Evolution and Management (Serono Symposia) Massachussetts, 1990, pp. 145-56.
43. Shelley, Smith, Dudley and Dennerstein, 'Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy', pp. 387-92.; Cano, 'Compliance to Hormone Replacement Therapy in Menopausal Women Controlled in a Third Level Academic Centre'; Robert Rebar, Michael Thomas, Margery Gass and James Liu, 'Problems of Hormone Therapy: Evaluations, Follow up, Complications' in Stanley Korenman (ed.) The Menopause. Biology and Clinical Consequences of Ovarian Failure. Evolution and Management (Serono Symposia) Massachussetts, 1990, pp. 145-56.
44. Shelley, Smith, Dudley and Dennerstein, 'Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy', pp. 387-92.; Cano, 'Compliance to Hormone Replacement Therapy in Menopausal Women Controlled in a Third Level Academic Centre'; Robert Rebar, Michael Thomas, Margery Gass and James Liu, 'Problems of Hormone Therapy: Evaluations, Follow up, Complications' in Stanley Korenman (ed.) The Menopause. Biology and Clinical Consequences of Ovarian Failure. Evolution and Management (Serono Symposia) Massachussetts, 1990, pp. 145-56.
45. All names of participants have been replaced with pseudonyms.
46. Menorest promotional material: The Patch to Match, Rhöne-Poulenc Rorer, 1995.
47. Barry Wren, 'Oestrogen Replacement Therapy. The Management of an Endocrine Deficiency Disease', Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 142, special supplement, 27 May 1985, pp. S1-S15; Stanley Korenman, 'Menopausal Endocrinology and Management', Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 142, 1982, pp. 1131-6; K.T. Khaw, 'Epidemiology of the Menopause', British Medical Bulletin, vol. 48, no. 2, 1992, pp. 249-61.
48. Barry Wren, 'Oestrogen Replacement Therapy. The Management of an Endocrine Deficiency Disease', Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 142, special supplement, 27 May 1985, pp. S1-S15; Stanley Korenman, 'Menopausal Endocrinology and Management', Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 142, 1982, pp. 1131-6; K.T. Khaw, 'Epidemiology of the Menopause', British Medical Bulletin, vol. 48, no. 2, 1992, pp. 249-61.
49. Barry Wren, 'Oestrogen Replacement Therapy. The Management of an Endocrine Deficiency Disease', Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 142, special supplement, 27 May 1985, pp. S1-S15; Stanley Korenman, 'Menopausal Endocrinology and Management', Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 142, 1982, pp. 1131-6; K.T. Khaw, 'Epidemiology of the Menopause', British Medical Bulletin, vol. 48, no. 2, 1992, pp. 249-61.
50. Oestrogen therapy was derived from organic sources in its early development, first from the urine of pregnant women, then from the urine of pregnant mares. However, the oestrogen component of HRT in its current form is chemically synthesised. For an extensive and thorough discussion on the history of sex hormones see Nelly Oudshoorn, Beyond the Natural. An Archaeology of Sex Hormones (Routledge) London, 1994. The justification of the 'natural' label of HRT by the medical and pharmaceutical industry is due to the synthesised product having a structure similar to the oestrogens found in the body. Examples of 'natural oestrogens' are Ogen, Premarin, Estraderm, and Progynova, as discussed in Elizabeth Farrell and Ann Westmore, The HRT Handbook. How to Decide if Hormone Replacement Therapy is Right for You (Anne O'Donovan) Melbourne, 1993. As Ann Westmore, 'Appropriation of Value-laden Concepts in the Menopause/Hormone Replacement Therapy Co-construction', Master of Science, University of Melbourne, 1994, notes, the construction and characterisation of HRT as 'natural' is an uncommon phenomenon in the pharmaceutical industry. For example, insulin that is derived from recombinant DNA technology using organic material as its base is not promoted as 'natural' insulin, but rather is known as 'human' insulin.
51. Oestrogen therapy was derived from organic sources in its early development, first from the urine of pregnant women, then from the urine of pregnant mares. However, the oestrogen component of HRT in its current form is chemically synthesised. For an extensive and thorough discussion on the history of sex hormones see Nelly Oudshoorn, Beyond the Natural. An Archaeology of Sex Hormones (Routledge) London, 1994. The justification of the 'natural' label of HRT by the medical and pharmaceutical industry is due to the synthesised product having a structure similar to the oestrogens found in the body. Examples of 'natural oestrogens' are Ogen, Premarin, Estraderm, and Progynova, as discussed in Elizabeth Farrell and Ann Westmore, The HRT Handbook. How to Decide if Hormone Replacement Therapy is Right for You (Anne O'Donovan) Melbourne, 1993. As Ann Westmore, 'Appropriation of Value-laden Concepts in the Menopause/Hormone Replacement Therapy Co-construction', Master of Science, University of Melbourne, 1994, notes, the construction and characterisation of HRT as 'natural' is an uncommon phenomenon in the pharmaceutical industry. For example, insulin that is derived from recombinant DNA technology using organic material as its base is not promoted as 'natural' insulin, but rather is known as 'human' insulin.
52. Oestrogen therapy was derived from organic sources in its early development, first from the urine of pregnant women, then from the urine of pregnant mares. However, the oestrogen component of HRT in its current form is chemically synthesised. For an extensive and thorough discussion on the history of sex hormones see Nelly Oudshoorn, Beyond the Natural. An Archaeology of Sex Hormones (Routledge) London, 1994. The justification of the 'natural' label of HRT by the medical and pharmaceutical industry is due to the synthesised product having a structure similar to the oestrogens found in the body. Examples of 'natural oestrogens' are Ogen, Premarin, Estraderm, and Progynova, as discussed in Elizabeth Farrell and Ann Westmore, The HRT Handbook. How to Decide if Hormone Replacement Therapy is Right for You (Anne O'Donovan) Melbourne, 1993. As Ann Westmore, 'Appropriation of Value-laden Concepts in the Menopause/Hormone Replacement Therapy Co-construction', Master of Science, University of Melbourne, 1994, notes, the construction and characterisation of HRT as 'natural' is an uncommon phenomenon in the pharmaceutical industry. For example, insulin that is derived from recombinant DNA technology using organic material as its base is not promoted as 'natural' insulin, but rather is known as 'human' insulin.
53. Westmore, 'Appropriation of Value-laden Concepts'.
54. R. Coward, The Whole Truth: The Myth of Alternative Health (Faber & Faber) London, 1989.
55. Fuller Albright, F. Bloomberg and P.H. Smith, 'Postmenopausal Osteoporosis', Transactions of the Association of American Physicians, vol. 55, 1940, pp. 298-305.
56. H. Brian Bentley, 'Modern Radiological Methods of Bone Densitometry - a Survey', Radiography, vol. 33, no. 391, 1967, pp. 155-62; J.R. Cameron and J. Sorensen, 'Measurement of Bone Mineral in vivo: an Improved Method', Science, vol. 142, 1963, pp. 230-2; W.A. Selle and J.M. Jurist, 'The Onset of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis as Studied by a New Technique', Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol. 14, no. 9, 1966, pp. 930-4.
57. H. Brian Bentley, 'Modern Radiological Methods of Bone Densitometry - a Survey', Radiography, vol. 33, no. 391, 1967, pp. 155-62; J.R. Cameron and J. Sorensen, 'Measurement of Bone Mineral in vivo: an Improved Method', Science, vol. 142, 1963, pp. 230-2; W.A. Selle and J.M. Jurist, 'The Onset of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis as Studied by a New Technique', Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol. 14, no. 9, 1966, pp. 930-4.
58. H. Brian Bentley, 'Modern Radiological Methods of Bone Densitometry - a Survey', Radiography, vol. 33, no. 391, 1967, pp. 155-62; J.R. Cameron and J. Sorensen, 'Measurement of Bone Mineral in vivo: an Improved Method', Science, vol. 142, 1963, pp. 230-2; W.A. Selle and J.M. Jurist, 'The Onset of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis as Studied by a New Technique', Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol. 14, no. 9, 1966, pp. 930-4.
59. Selle and Jurist, 'The Onset of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis', pp. 930-4.
60. Risk factors for osteoporosis are race (Asian and Caucasian women being at increased risk), small body build and increasing age, as discussed in Joseph L. Melton, 'Epidemiology of Osteoporosis: Predicting Who is at Risk', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 592, no. 13, 1990, pp. 295-306.