Orphans of Nature

Australian Feminist Studies

Volumn 15, Issue 32, 2000, Pages 177-190

  Goodall, Jane ^a   Robinson, Kathryn ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034400052     PISSN: 08164649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08164640050138699     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Francois Ewald, 'Two Infinities of Risk' in Brian Massumi (ed.), The Politics of Everyday Fear (University of Minnesota Press) Minneapolis, 1993, p. 225.
2. Sandy Stone, 'The Empire Strikes Back: a Posttransexual Manifesto' in Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub (eds), Body Guards: the Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity (Routledge) New York and London, 1991, pp. 101-3.
3. Maggie Kirkman and Linda Kirkman, My Sister's Child (Penguin Books) Ringwood, 1988.
4. Sarah Franklin, Embodied Progress: a Cultural Account of Assisted Conception (Routledge) London, 1997, p. 16.
5. Franklin, Embodied Progress, p. 11.
6. Janice Raymond, Women as Wombs: Reproductive Technologies and the Battle over Women's Freedom (Spinifex) Melbourne, 1994; Robyn Rowland, Living Laboratories: Women and Reproductive Technologies (Indiana University Press) Bloomington, 1992; Gena Corea, The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs (Harper and Row) New York, 1985; Rita Arditti, Renate Klein and Shelley Minden (eds), Test-tube Women: What Future for Motherhood? (Pandora Press) London, 1984.
7. Janice Raymond, Women as Wombs: Reproductive Technologies and the Battle over Women's Freedom (Spinifex) Melbourne, 1994; Robyn Rowland, Living Laboratories: Women and Reproductive Technologies (Indiana University Press) Bloomington, 1992; Gena Corea, The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs (Harper and Row) New York, 1985; Rita Arditti, Renate Klein and Shelley Minden (eds), Test-tube Women: What Future for Motherhood? (Pandora Press) London, 1984.
8. Janice Raymond, Women as Wombs: Reproductive Technologies and the Battle over Women's Freedom (Spinifex) Melbourne, 1994; Robyn Rowland, Living Laboratories: Women and Reproductive Technologies (Indiana University Press) Bloomington, 1992; Gena Corea, The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs (Harper and Row) New York, 1985; Rita Arditti, Renate Klein and Shelley Minden (eds), Test-tube Women: What Future for Motherhood? (Pandora Press) London, 1984.
9. Janice Raymond, Women as Wombs: Reproductive Technologies and the Battle over Women's Freedom (Spinifex) Melbourne, 1994; Robyn Rowland, Living Laboratories: Women and Reproductive Technologies (Indiana University Press) Bloomington, 1992; Gena Corea, The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs (Harper and Row) New York, 1985; Rita Arditti, Renate Klein and Shelley Minden (eds), Test-tube Women: What Future for Motherhood? (Pandora Press) London, 1984.
10. Michelle Stanworth (ed.), Reproductive Technologies: Gender, Motherhood and Medicine (Polity Press) Cambridge, 1987.
11. Raymond, Women as Wombs, p. 19.
12. Raymond, Women as Wombs, p. 25.
13. Raymond, Women as Wombs, p. 91.
14. Franklin, Embodied Progress, pp. 171-2.
15. Women's 'innocence' of involvement in pioneering of technology in human reproduction is challenged by the history of the Twilight Sleep movement, in which women in the early twentieth century demanded that the new technologies of anaesthesia be available to women for painless childbirth. In a similar vein, there have been many women who advocated access to contraception as being in women's interests. See Judith Walzer Leavitt, 'Birthing and Anaesthesia: the Debate Over Twilight Sleep', Signs, vol. 6, no. 11, 1980, pp. 147-64.
16. Avital Ronell, 'Our Narcotic Modernity' in Verena Andermatt Conley (ed.), Rethinking Technologies (University of Minnesota Press) Minneapolis, 1993, pp. 59-76.
17. Ronell, 'Our Narcotic Modernity', p. 59.
18. Ronell, 'Our Narcotic Modernity', p. 61.
19. Shulamith Firestone, The Dialectic of Sex: the Case for a Feminist Revolution (Morrow) New York, 1970.
20. Mary O'Brien, The Politics of Reproduction (Routledge & Kegan Paul) Boston, 1981, p. 205.
21. The Pill: Prescription for a Revolution, BBC production screened on ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) TV series True Stories, 1992.
22. The Pill, True Stories.
23. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 15.
24. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 99.
25. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 227.
26. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 99. The reference to the technician just by her Christian name is indicative of the manner in which the Kirmans personalise the people involved in their quest.
27. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 44.
28. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 44.
29. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, pp. 61-2.
30. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 62.
31. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 44.
32. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 52.
33. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 126.
34. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 126.
35. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 52.
36. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 44.
37. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 48.
38. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 48.
39. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 317.
40. Officials of Community Services Victoria (CSV), the agency in the state administration responsible for the welfare of children. In law, the fact that the baby is gestated from Maggie's egg gave her no legal rights; fledgling legislation in this area of unstable meanings assumes that in such circumstances a woman is donating an egg to the potential mother, and this is the right which is protected. The sisters felt that the response to their quest was unsympathetic; they were seen as trouble-makers, sensation-seekers, going against the grain. The CSV officials, as represented in this narrative, presumed to arbitrate on social meanings of parenthood. A friend is cited as overhearing a comment by a CSV worker: 'It's a difficult case. They seem sensation seekers. The father of the child [i.e. Linda's husband Jim] says it's nothing to do with him; we'll have to work to include him'. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 237. The sisters report on his attitude: that is that he and Linda will not want to retain custody of the child, as they already have the two children they desired, and he has had a vasectomy. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 44.
41. Officials of Community Services Victoria (CSV), the agency in the state administration responsible for the welfare of children. In law, the fact that the baby is gestated from Maggie's egg gave her no legal rights; fledgling legislation in this area of unstable meanings assumes that in such circumstances a woman is donating an egg to the potential mother, and this is the right which is protected. The sisters felt that the response to their quest was unsympathetic; they were seen as trouble-makers, sensation-seekers, going against the grain. The CSV officials, as represented in this narrative, presumed to arbitrate on social meanings of parenthood. A friend is cited as overhearing a comment by a CSV worker: 'It's a difficult case. They seem sensation seekers. The father of the child [i.e. Linda's husband Jim] says it's nothing to do with him; we'll have to work to include him'. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 237. The sisters report on his attitude: that is that he and Linda will not want to retain custody of the child, as they already have the two children they desired, and he has had a vasectomy. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 44.
42. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 235.
43. Rosalind Petchesky, 'Fetal Images: the Power of Visual Culture in the Politics of Reproduction', Feminist Studies, vol. 13, no. 2, 1987, pp. 263-92.
44. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 95.
45. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 261.
46. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 136.
47. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, pp. 136-7.
48. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 183.
49. Marilyn Strathern, Kinship at the Core: an Anthropology of Elmdon, a Village in North-west Essex in the Nineteen-sixties (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge, 1981.
50. Marilyn Strathern, Reproducing the Future: Anthropology, Kinship and the New Reproductive Technologies (Manchester University Press) Manchester, 1992, pp. 16-17.
51. David M. Schneider, American Kinship: a Cultural Account (Prentice Hall) Eaglewood Cliffs, 1968; Strathern, Kinship at the Core.
52. David M. Schneider, American Kinship: a Cultural Account (Prentice Hall) Eaglewood Cliffs, 1968; Strathern, Kinship at the Core.
53. Strathern, Kinship at the Core, pp. 162-3.
54. Strathern, Kinship at the Core, p. 162.
55. Strathern, Kinship at the Core, p. 163.
56. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, p. 308.
57. Kirkman and Kirkman, My Sister's Child, pp. 308-9.
58. The difficulty couples have in pursuing adoption as an alternative to childlessness contributes to the popularity of technological solutions to childlessness.
59. Strathern, Reproducing the Future, p. 19.
60. Donna J. Haraway, Primate Visions: Gender, Race and Nature in the World of Modern Science (Routledge) New York, p. 359.
61. Rosalind Petchesky, 'Reproductive Freedom: Beyond "A Woman's Right to Choose"', Signs, vol. 5, no. 4, 1980, pp. 661-85.
62. Samuel C. Florman, Blaming Technology: the Irrational Search for Scapegoats (St. Martin's Press) New York, 1981, p. 113.
63. Florman, Blaming Technology, p. 109.