Contesting globalization on the waterfront

Politics and Society

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 367-391

  Turnbull, Peter ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0034394895     PISSN: 00323292     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0032329200028003004     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Nicholas Finney, "Editorial: A Decade of Relative Peace and Productivity," Economic Affairs 19, no. 2 (1999): 2. Even if the long-running dispute at the Port of Liverpool were included in the statistics, the average number of days lost per annum would be less than half the total for the period 1980 to 1989. However, as the dockers at Liverpool were "legally" dismissed by the Mersey Docks & Harbour Company (MDHC), the dispute did not constitute a "strike" or "lock-out" according to the definition of work stoppages used by the U.K. Office for National Statistics. There have been fewer than ten recorded disputes in Britain's ports over the past decade.
2. See, inter alia, Neil Evans, Donald MacKay, Mike Garratt, and Philip Sutcliff, The Abolition of the Dock Labour Scheme, Research Series no. 14 (London: Employment Department, 1993); Richard Saundry and Peter Turnbull, "M̂ĺe on the Mersey: Contracts, Competition and Labour Relations on the Docks," Industrial Relations Journal 27, no. 4 (1996): 275-88; Peter Turnbull and Victoria Wass, "The Greatest Game No More - Redundant Dockers and the Demise of 'Dock Work,'" Work, Employment & Society 8, no. 4 (1994): 487-506; Peter Turnbull and Victoria Wass," 'The Great Dock and Dole Swindle': Accounting for the Costs and Benefits of Port Transport Deregulation and the Dock Labour Compensation Scheme," Public Administration 73, no. 4 (1995): 513-34; Peter Turnbull and Syd Weston, "The British Port Transport Industry, Part 2. Employment, Working Practices and Productivity," Maritime Policy & Management 20, no. 3 (1993): 181-95; and Peter Turnbull and Syd Weston, "Co-operation or Control? Capital Restructuring and Labour Relations on the Docks," British Journal of Industrial Relations 31, no. 3 (1993): 115-34.
3. See, inter alia, Neil Evans, Donald MacKay, Mike Garratt, and Philip Sutcliff, The Abolition of the Dock Labour Scheme, Research Series no. 14 (London: Employment Department, 1993); Richard Saundry and Peter Turnbull, "M̂ĺe on the Mersey: Contracts, Competition and Labour Relations on the Docks," Industrial Relations Journal 27, no. 4 (1996): 275-88; Peter Turnbull and Victoria Wass, "The Greatest Game No More - Redundant Dockers and the Demise of 'Dock Work,'" Work, Employment & Society 8, no. 4 (1994): 487-506; Peter Turnbull and Victoria Wass," 'The Great Dock and Dole Swindle': Accounting for the Costs and Benefits of Port Transport Deregulation and the Dock Labour Compensation Scheme," Public Administration 73, no. 4 (1995): 513-34; Peter Turnbull and Syd Weston, "The British Port Transport Industry, Part 2. Employment, Working Practices and Productivity," Maritime Policy & Management 20, no. 3 (1993): 181-95; and Peter Turnbull and Syd Weston, "Co-operation or Control? Capital Restructuring and Labour Relations on the Docks," British Journal of Industrial Relations 31, no. 3 (1993): 115-34.
4. See, inter alia, Neil Evans, Donald MacKay, Mike Garratt, and Philip Sutcliff, The Abolition of the Dock Labour Scheme, Research Series no. 14 (London: Employment Department, 1993); Richard Saundry and Peter Turnbull, "M̂ĺe on the Mersey: Contracts, Competition and Labour Relations on the Docks," Industrial Relations Journal 27, no. 4 (1996): 275-88; Peter Turnbull and Victoria Wass, "The Greatest Game No More - Redundant Dockers and the Demise of 'Dock Work,'" Work, Employment & Society 8, no. 4 (1994): 487-506; Peter Turnbull and Victoria Wass," 'The Great Dock and Dole Swindle': Accounting for the Costs and Benefits of Port Transport Deregulation and the Dock Labour Compensation Scheme," Public Administration 73, no. 4 (1995): 513-34; Peter Turnbull and Syd Weston, "The British Port Transport Industry, Part 2. Employment, Working Practices and Productivity," Maritime Policy & Management 20, no. 3 (1993): 181-95; and Peter Turnbull and Syd Weston, "Co-operation or Control? Capital Restructuring and Labour Relations on the Docks," British Journal of Industrial Relations 31, no. 3 (1993): 115-34.
5. See, inter alia, Neil Evans, Donald MacKay, Mike Garratt, and Philip Sutcliff, The Abolition of the Dock Labour Scheme, Research Series no. 14 (London: Employment Department, 1993); Richard Saundry and Peter Turnbull, "M̂ĺe on the Mersey: Contracts, Competition and Labour Relations on the Docks," Industrial Relations Journal 27, no. 4 (1996): 275-88; Peter Turnbull and Victoria Wass, "The Greatest Game No More - Redundant Dockers and the Demise of 'Dock Work,'" Work, Employment & Society 8, no. 4 (1994): 487-506; Peter Turnbull and Victoria Wass," 'The Great Dock and Dole Swindle': Accounting for the Costs and Benefits of Port Transport Deregulation and the Dock Labour Compensation Scheme," Public Administration 73, no. 4 (1995): 513-34; Peter Turnbull and Syd Weston, "The British Port Transport Industry, Part 2. Employment, Working Practices and Productivity," Maritime Policy & Management 20, no. 3 (1993): 181-95; and Peter Turnbull and Syd Weston, "Co-operation or Control? Capital Restructuring and Labour Relations on the Docks," British Journal of Industrial Relations 31, no. 3 (1993): 115-34.
6. See, inter alia, Neil Evans, Donald MacKay, Mike Garratt, and Philip Sutcliff, The Abolition of the Dock Labour Scheme, Research Series no. 14 (London: Employment Department, 1993); Richard Saundry and Peter Turnbull, "M̂ĺe on the Mersey: Contracts, Competition and Labour Relations on the Docks," Industrial Relations Journal 27, no. 4 (1996): 275-88; Peter Turnbull and Victoria Wass, "The Greatest Game No More - Redundant Dockers and the Demise of 'Dock Work,'" Work, Employment & Society 8, no. 4 (1994): 487-506; Peter Turnbull and Victoria Wass," 'The Great Dock and Dole Swindle': Accounting for the Costs and Benefits of Port Transport Deregulation and the Dock Labour Compensation Scheme," Public Administration 73, no. 4 (1995): 513-34; Peter Turnbull and Syd Weston, "The British Port Transport Industry, Part 2. Employment, Working Practices and Productivity," Maritime Policy & Management 20, no. 3 (1993): 181-95; and Peter Turnbull and Syd Weston, "Co-operation or Control? Capital Restructuring and Labour Relations on the Docks," British Journal of Industrial Relations 31, no. 3 (1993): 115-34.
7. See, inter alia, Neil Evans, Donald MacKay, Mike Garratt, and Philip Sutcliff, The Abolition of the Dock Labour Scheme, Research Series no. 14 (London: Employment Department, 1993); Richard Saundry and Peter Turnbull, "M̂ĺe on the Mersey: Contracts, Competition and Labour Relations on the Docks," Industrial Relations Journal 27, no. 4 (1996): 275-88; Peter Turnbull and Victoria Wass, "The Greatest Game No More - Redundant Dockers and the Demise of 'Dock Work,'" Work, Employment & Society 8, no. 4 (1994): 487-506; Peter Turnbull and Victoria Wass," 'The Great Dock and Dole Swindle': Accounting for the Costs and Benefits of Port Transport Deregulation and the Dock Labour Compensation Scheme," Public Administration 73, no. 4 (1995): 513-34; Peter Turnbull and Syd Weston, "The British Port Transport Industry, Part 2. Employment, Working Practices and Productivity," Maritime Policy & Management 20, no. 3 (1993): 181-95; and Peter Turnbull and Syd Weston, "Co-operation or Control? Capital Restructuring and Labour Relations on the Docks," British Journal of Industrial Relations 31, no. 3 (1993): 115-34.
8. http://www.maripay.com/html/press_releases (28 July 1998).
9. The Strike Club, Combined Annual Report and Accounts 1997-98 (Bermuda: The Strike Club, 1998). The Strike Club has 460 members representing forty-nine different nationalities and more than eighty different flags.
10. Strike Club News, no. 7 (Monaco: The Strike Club, spring 1999).
11. Peter Turnbull and Victoria Wass, "Dockers and Deregulation in the International Port Transport Industry," in James McConville, ed., Transport Regulation Matters (London: Cassell, 1997), 126-53; see also International Labour Office, Social and Labour Effects of Structural Adjustment in the Port Industry of Selected Asian and Pacific Countries (Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1995).
12. Peter Turnbull and Victoria Wass, "Dockers and Deregulation in the International Port Transport Industry," in James McConville, ed., Transport Regulation Matters (London: Cassell, 1997), 126-53; see also International Labour Office, Social and Labour Effects of Structural Adjustment in the Port Industry of Selected Asian and Pacific Countries (Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1995).
13. Neil Smith, Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space (London: Blackwell, 1990), 93.
14. Kim Moody, Workers in a Lean World: Unions in the International Economy (London: Verso, 1997), 69.
15. See Claude Comtois, "The Evolution of Containerization in East Asia," Maritime Policy & Management 21, no. 3 (1994): 195-205; and Ross Robinson, "Asia Hub/Feeder Nets: The Dynamics of Restructuring," Maritime Policy & Management 25, no. 1 (1998): 21-40.
16. See Claude Comtois, "The Evolution of Containerization in East Asia," Maritime Policy & Management 21, no. 3 (1994): 195-205; and Ross Robinson, "Asia Hub/Feeder Nets: The Dynamics of Restructuring," Maritime Policy & Management 25, no. 1 (1998): 21-40.
17. http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/transport/ports_ss.htm (20 April 1999).
18. Ibid. Most concessions were for container terminals, with grain, coal, and liquid bulk facilities accounting for the rest.
19. Richard Locke, Thomas Kochan, and Michael Piore, eds., Employment Relations in a Changing World Economy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995), xiii.
20. Kenneth Knowles, "The Post-War Dock Strikes," Political Quarterly 22, no. 3 (1951): 266.
21. See, inter alia, Frank Broeze, "Militancy and Pragmatism: An International Perspective on Maritime Labour, 1870-1914," International Review of Social History 36, no. 2 (1991): 165-200; Clark Kerr and Abraham Siegel, "The Inter-Industry Propensity to Strike - An International Comparison," in Arthur Komhauser, Robert Dubin, and Arthur M. Ross, eds., Industrial Conflict (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954), 189-212; Raymond Charles Miller, "The Dockworker Subculture and Some Problems in Cross-Cultural and Cross-Time Generalizations," Comparative Studies in Society & History 11 (1969): 302-14; Peter Turnbull and David Sapsford, "Hitting the Bricks: An International Comparative Study of Conflict on the Waterfront," Industrial Relations (forthcoming); Peter Turnbull, Charles Woolfson, and John Kelly, Dock Strike: Conflict and Restructuring in Britain's Ports (Aldershot, UK: Avebury, 1992).
22. See, inter alia, Frank Broeze, "Militancy and Pragmatism: An International Perspective on Maritime Labour, 1870-1914," International Review of Social History 36, no. 2 (1991): 165-200; Clark Kerr and Abraham Siegel, "The Inter-Industry Propensity to Strike - An International Comparison," in Arthur Komhauser, Robert Dubin, and Arthur M. Ross, eds., Industrial Conflict (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954), 189-212; Raymond Charles Miller, "The Dockworker Subculture and Some Problems in Cross-Cultural and Cross-Time Generalizations," Comparative Studies in Society & History 11 (1969): 302-14; Peter Turnbull and David Sapsford, "Hitting the Bricks: An International Comparative Study of Conflict on the Waterfront," Industrial Relations (forthcoming); Peter Turnbull, Charles Woolfson, and John Kelly, Dock Strike: Conflict and Restructuring in Britain's Ports (Aldershot, UK: Avebury, 1992).
23. See, inter alia, Frank Broeze, "Militancy and Pragmatism: An International Perspective on Maritime Labour, 1870-1914," International Review of Social History 36, no. 2 (1991): 165-200; Clark Kerr and Abraham Siegel, "The Inter-Industry Propensity to Strike - An International Comparison," in Arthur Komhauser, Robert Dubin, and Arthur M. Ross, eds., Industrial Conflict (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954), 189-212; Raymond Charles Miller, "The Dockworker Subculture and Some Problems in Cross-Cultural and Cross-Time Generalizations," Comparative Studies in Society & History 11 (1969): 302-14; Peter Turnbull and David Sapsford, "Hitting the Bricks: An International Comparative Study of Conflict on the Waterfront," Industrial Relations (forthcoming); Peter Turnbull, Charles Woolfson, and John Kelly, Dock Strike: Conflict and Restructuring in Britain's Ports (Aldershot, UK: Avebury, 1992).
24. See, inter alia, Frank Broeze, "Militancy and Pragmatism: An International Perspective on Maritime Labour, 1870-1914," International Review of Social History 36, no. 2 (1991): 165-200; Clark Kerr and Abraham Siegel, "The Inter-Industry Propensity to Strike - An International Comparison," in Arthur Komhauser, Robert Dubin, and Arthur M. Ross, eds., Industrial Conflict (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954), 189-212; Raymond Charles Miller, "The Dockworker Subculture and Some Problems in Cross-Cultural and Cross-Time Generalizations," Comparative Studies in Society & History 11 (1969): 302-14; Peter Turnbull and David Sapsford, "Hitting the Bricks: An International Comparative Study of Conflict on the Waterfront," Industrial Relations (forthcoming); Peter Turnbull, Charles Woolfson, and John Kelly, Dock Strike: Conflict and Restructuring in Britain's Ports (Aldershot, UK: Avebury, 1992).
25. See, inter alia, Frank Broeze, "Militancy and Pragmatism: An International Perspective on Maritime Labour, 1870-1914," International Review of Social History 36, no. 2 (1991): 165-200; Clark Kerr and Abraham Siegel, "The Inter-Industry Propensity to Strike - An International Comparison," in Arthur Komhauser, Robert Dubin, and Arthur M. Ross, eds., Industrial Conflict (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954), 189-212; Raymond Charles Miller, "The Dockworker Subculture and Some Problems in Cross-Cultural and Cross-Time Generalizations," Comparative Studies in Society & History 11 (1969): 302-14; Peter Turnbull and David Sapsford, "Hitting the Bricks: An International Comparative Study of Conflict on the Waterfront," Industrial Relations (forthcoming); Peter Turnbull, Charles Woolfson, and John Kelly, Dock Strike: Conflict and Restructuring in Britain's Ports (Aldershot, UK: Avebury, 1992).
26. Moody, Workers in a Lean World, 251.
27. See Saundry and Turnbull, "M̂ĺe on the Mersey."
28. Richard Locke and Kathleen Thelen, "Apples and Oranges Revisited: Contextualized Comparisons and the Study of Comparative Labor Politics," Politics & Society 23, no. 3 (1995): 338.
29. Ibid.
30. See Charles B. Barnes, The Longshoremen (New York: Arno, 1915), 190; and Stephen Hill, The Dockers: Class and Tradition in London (London: Heinemann, 1976), 85-86.
31. See Charles B. Barnes, The Longshoremen (New York: Arno, 1915), 190; and Stephen Hill, The Dockers: Class and Tradition in London (London: Heinemann, 1976), 85-86.
32. All major ports are "natural monopolies," to a greater or lesser extent, and shipowners in all countries have been keen to reduce or curtail the monopoly power of port authorities and dock companies. Hence, their preference to contract the un/loading of their vessels to independent stevedores or their own subsidiary companies. See Jan O. Jansson and Dan Shneerson, Port Economics (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1982), 25.
33. Colonel Robert B. Oram, The Dockers' Tragedy (London: Hutchinson, 1970), 43.
34. Ibid.
35. See, for example, A. A. Evans, Technological and Social Changes in the World's Ports (Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1969).
36. As a result, Emergency Powers legislation was invoked in several major disputes in the early postwar period, with troops deployed to handle cargo. See Peter Hain, Political Strikes: The State and Trade Unionism in Britain (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1986); Gillian Morris, Strikes in Essential Services (London: Mansell, 1986), 100-3; and Peter Weiler, "British Labour and the Cold War: The London Dock Strike of 1949," in James E. Cronin and Jonathan Schneer, eds., Social Conflict and the Political Order in Modern Britain (London: Croom Helm, 1982), 146-78.
37. As a result, Emergency Powers legislation was invoked in several major disputes in the early postwar period, with troops deployed to handle cargo. See Peter Hain, Political Strikes: The State and Trade Unionism in Britain (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1986); Gillian Morris, Strikes in Essential Services (London: Mansell, 1986), 100-3; and Peter Weiler, "British Labour and the Cold War: The London Dock Strike of 1949," in James E. Cronin and Jonathan Schneer, eds., Social Conflict and the Political Order in Modern Britain (London: Croom Helm, 1982), 146-78.
38. As a result, Emergency Powers legislation was invoked in several major disputes in the early postwar period, with troops deployed to handle cargo. See Peter Hain, Political Strikes: The State and Trade Unionism in Britain (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1986); Gillian Morris, Strikes in Essential Services (London: Mansell, 1986), 100-3; and Peter Weiler, "British Labour and the Cold War: The London Dock Strike of 1949," in James E. Cronin and Jonathan Schneer, eds., Social Conflict and the Political Order in Modern Britain (London: Croom Helm, 1982), 146-78.
39. See Gordon Phillips and Noel Whiteside, Casual Labour: The Unemployment Question in the Port Transport Industry, 1880-1970 (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1985), 65. Labor militancy at the turn of the century prompted employers in both Rotterdam and Hamburg to establish a system of labor regulation not dissimilar to labor schemes in other European ports. See Vernon H. Jenson, Hiring of Dock Workers and Employment Practices in the Ports of New York, Liverpool, London, Rotterdam and Marseilles (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), 221-36; Eric Nijhof, "Dockers and Decasualization in the Port of Rotterdam After 1880," Port Reports, Comparative International History of Dock Labour, c.1790-1970, Vol. 1, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam; Klaus Weinhauer, "Labour Market, Work Mentality and Syndicalism: Dock Labour in the United States and Hamburg," International Review of Social History 42, no. 1 (1997): 219-52.
40. See Gordon Phillips and Noel Whiteside, Casual Labour: The Unemployment Question in the Port Transport Industry, 1880-1970 (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1985), 65. Labor militancy at the turn of the century prompted employers in both Rotterdam and Hamburg to establish a system of labor regulation not dissimilar to labor schemes in other European ports. See Vernon H. Jenson, Hiring of Dock Workers and Employment Practices in the Ports of New York, Liverpool, London, Rotterdam and Marseilles (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), 221-36; Eric Nijhof, "Dockers and Decasualization in the Port of Rotterdam After 1880," Port Reports, Comparative International History of Dock Labour, c.1790-1970, Vol. 1, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam; Klaus Weinhauer, "Labour Market, Work Mentality and Syndicalism: Dock Labour in the United States and Hamburg," International Review of Social History 42, no. 1 (1997): 219-52.
41. See Gordon Phillips and Noel Whiteside, Casual Labour: The Unemployment Question in the Port Transport Industry, 1880-1970 (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1985), 65. Labor militancy at the turn of the century prompted employers in both Rotterdam and Hamburg to establish a system of labor regulation not dissimilar to labor schemes in other European ports. See Vernon H. Jenson, Hiring of Dock Workers and Employment Practices in the Ports of New York, Liverpool, London, Rotterdam and Marseilles (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), 221-36; Eric Nijhof, "Dockers and Decasualization in the Port of Rotterdam After 1880," Port Reports, Comparative International History of Dock Labour, c.1790-1970, Vol. 1, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam; Klaus Weinhauer, "Labour Market, Work Mentality and Syndicalism: Dock Labour in the United States and Hamburg," International Review of Social History 42, no. 1 (1997): 219-52.
42. See Gordon Phillips and Noel Whiteside, Casual Labour: The Unemployment Question in the Port Transport Industry, 1880-1970 (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1985), 65. Labor militancy at the turn of the century prompted employers in both Rotterdam and Hamburg to establish a system of labor regulation not dissimilar to labor schemes in other European ports. See Vernon H. Jenson, Hiring of Dock Workers and Employment Practices in the Ports of New York, Liverpool, London, Rotterdam and Marseilles (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), 221-36; Eric Nijhof, "Dockers and Decasualization in the Port of Rotterdam After 1880," Port Reports, Comparative International History of Dock Labour, c.1790-1970, Vol. 1, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam; Klaus Weinhauer, "Labour Market, Work Mentality and Syndicalism: Dock Labour in the United States and Hamburg," International Review of Social History 42, no. 1 (1997): 219-52.
43. See International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU), The ILWU Story: Six Decades of Militant Unionism (San Francisco: ILWU, 1997). The 1934 strike also established a coastwide contract to eliminate port-by-port competition and a definition of longshoring to establish work jurisdiction.