A network of tinkerers: The advent of the radio and television receiver industry in Japan

Technology and Culture

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 460-484

  Takahashi, Yuzo ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0034392249     PISSN: 0040165X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. On the radio craze among tinkerers in the United States, see Susan Douglas, Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899-1922 (Baltimore, 1987).
2. On the history of radio and television broadcasting in Japan, see the official histories of Nihon Hoso Kyokai (NHK): Nihon Hoso Kyokai-Shi (Tokyo, 1939); Nihon Hoso-Shi (Tokyo, 1951); and Nihon Hoso-Shi, 2 vols. (Tokyo, 1965). See also Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Hoso Gojunenshi (Fifty-year history of broadcasting) (Tokyo, 1977), which includes a supplemental volume of data and materials. See also the official history of radio broadcasting under the jurisdiction of the Japanese government, Denpakanri-Iinkai (Radio Regulatory Commission), Nihon Musenshi (History of wireless in Japan), vols. 7 and 8 (Tokyo, 1951). (Translations are the author's unless otherwise noted.)
3. On the history of radio and television broadcasting in Japan, see the official histories of Nihon Hoso Kyokai (NHK): Nihon Hoso Kyokai-Shi (Tokyo, 1939); Nihon Hoso-Shi (Tokyo, 1951); and Nihon Hoso-Shi, 2 vols. (Tokyo, 1965). See also Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Hoso Gojunenshi (Fifty-year history of broadcasting) (Tokyo, 1977), which includes a supplemental volume of data and materials. See also the official history of radio broadcasting under the jurisdiction of the Japanese government, Denpakanri-Iinkai (Radio Regulatory Commission), Nihon Musenshi (History of wireless in Japan), vols. 7 and 8 (Tokyo, 1951). (Translations are the author's unless otherwise noted.)
4. On the history of radio and television broadcasting in Japan, see the official histories of Nihon Hoso Kyokai (NHK): Nihon Hoso Kyokai-Shi (Tokyo, 1939); Nihon Hoso-Shi (Tokyo, 1951); and Nihon Hoso-Shi, 2 vols. (Tokyo, 1965). See also Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Hoso Gojunenshi (Fifty-year history of broadcasting) (Tokyo, 1977), which includes a supplemental volume of data and materials. See also the official history of radio broadcasting under the jurisdiction of the Japanese government, Denpakanri-Iinkai (Radio Regulatory Commission), Nihon Musenshi (History of wireless in Japan), vols. 7 and 8 (Tokyo, 1951). (Translations are the author's unless otherwise noted.)
5. On the history of radio and television broadcasting in Japan, see the official histories of Nihon Hoso Kyokai (NHK): Nihon Hoso Kyokai-Shi (Tokyo, 1939); Nihon Hoso-Shi (Tokyo, 1951); and Nihon Hoso-Shi, 2 vols. (Tokyo, 1965). See also Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Hoso Gojunenshi (Fifty-year history of broadcasting) (Tokyo, 1977), which includes a supplemental volume of data and materials. See also the official history of radio broadcasting under the jurisdiction of the Japanese government, Denpakanri-Iinkai (Radio Regulatory Commission), Nihon Musenshi (History of wireless in Japan), vols. 7 and 8 (Tokyo, 1951). (Translations are the author's unless otherwise noted.)
6. On the history of radio and television broadcasting in Japan, see the official histories of Nihon Hoso Kyokai (NHK): Nihon Hoso Kyokai-Shi (Tokyo, 1939); Nihon Hoso-Shi (Tokyo, 1951); and Nihon Hoso-Shi, 2 vols. (Tokyo, 1965). See also Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Hoso Gojunenshi (Fifty-year history of broadcasting) (Tokyo, 1977), which includes a supplemental volume of data and materials. See also the official history of radio broadcasting under the jurisdiction of the Japanese government, Denpakanri-Iinkai (Radio Regulatory Commission), Nihon Musenshi (History of wireless in Japan), vols. 7 and 8 (Tokyo, 1951). (Translations are the author's unless otherwise noted.)
7. Some tinkerers built transmitters and became ham radio operators. Amateur wireless stations were authorized in Japan in 1927. The number of ham radios in prewar Japan was small, approximately three hundred. On the history of amateur wireless in Japan, see Tsugio Okamato, Amachua no Rajio Cijutsushi (Amateurs' history of radio engineering) (Tokyo, 1963); Nihon Amachua Musen Renmei (Japanese Amateur Radio League), Amachua-Mosen no Ayumi: Nihon Amachua Musen Renmei 50 Nenshi (The development of amateur radio: A fifty-year history of the Japan Amateur Radio League) (Tokyo, 1976).
8. Some tinkerers built transmitters and became ham radio operators. Amateur wireless stations were authorized in Japan in 1927. The number of ham radios in prewar Japan was small, approximately three hundred. On the history of amateur wireless in Japan, see Tsugio Okamato, Amachua no Rajio Cijutsushi (Amateurs' history of radio engineering) (Tokyo, 1963); Nihon Amachua Musen Renmei (Japanese Amateur Radio League), Amachua-Mosen no Ayumi: Nihon Amachua Musen Renmei 50 Nenshi (The development of amateur radio: A fifty-year history of the Japan Amateur Radio League) (Tokyo, 1976).
9. On the numbers of radio listeners and tinkerers, see Mitsugu Tomabeji, "Sogyo zengo no kaiko: Shutoshite amachua no tachiba kara" (Recollection of the beginnings of broadcasting: Mainly from amateurs' point of view), Denkitsushin (Telecommunications), July 1940, 96-97; Denpakanri-Iinkai, Nihon Musenshi, 7:7. Tomabeji was the founder of Musen to Jikken (Radio experimenter's magazine), one of the earliest and most influential radio magazines. He later became an officer of Nihon Hoso Kyokai.
10. On the numbers of radio listeners and tinkerers, see Mitsugu Tomabeji, "Sogyo zengo no kaiko: Shutoshite amachua no tachiba kara" (Recollection of the beginnings of broadcasting: Mainly from amateurs' point of view), Denkitsushin (Telecommunications), July 1940, 96-97; Denpakanri-Iinkai, Nihon Musenshi, 7:7. Tomabeji was the founder of Musen to Jikken (Radio experimenter's magazine), one of the earliest and most influential radio magazines. He later became an officer of Nihon Hoso Kyokai.
11. On the numbers of radio listeners and tinkerers, see Mitsugu Tomabeji, "Sogyo zengo no kaiko: Shutoshite amachua no tachiba kara" (Recollection of the beginnings of broadcasting: Mainly from amateurs' point of view), Denkitsushin (Telecommunications), July 1940, 96-97; Denpakanri-Iinkai, Nihon Musenshi, 7:7. Tomabeji was the founder of Musen to Jikken (Radio experimenter's magazine), one of the earliest and most influential radio magazines. He later became an officer of Nihon Hoso Kyokai.
12. Denpakanri-Iinkai, Nihon Musenshi, 7:5.
13. On the ban of all-wave receivers, see Denpakanri-Iinkai, Nikon Musenshi, 4:548-53; Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Hoso Gojunenshi, suppl., 61-62. All-wave receivers are, generally speaking, receivers that can tune frequencies in many bands: i.e., short wave (SW), long wave (LW), and medium wave (MW, 550 kHz-1,500 kHz, approximately). In this article (for Japan), I will use the term "all-wave" to mean radios with a short wave band in addition to the medium wave band.
14. On the ban of all-wave receivers, see Denpakanri-Iinkai, Nikon Musenshi, 4:548-53; Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Hoso Gojunenshi, suppl., 61-62. All-wave receivers are, generally speaking, receivers that can tune frequencies in many bands: i.e., short wave (SW), long wave (LW), and medium wave (MW, 550 kHz-1,500 kHz, approximately). In this article (for Japan), I will use the term "all-wave" to mean radios with a short wave band in addition to the medium wave band.
15. Haraguchi Musendenki Kenkyubu (Research Department of Haraguchi Wireless Electric Co.), "Shingata kokubo jushinki yon-shu no kaisetu" (Introduction of four new receivers of national defense type), Musen to Jikken, May 1938, 59-65, and June 1938, 63-76.
16. A tuned radio frequency (TRF) receiver is often accompanied by regeneration, the increased amplification achieved by augmenting the input signal of an amplifier with part of the output signal. Superheterodyne is also a generic name for receivers, but one generally used for more sophisticated examples. In a superheterodyne receiver, the difference in frequencies between the wave to be received and another wave generated in the receiver is picked up and amplified. The amplification of the difference (the difference is called the intermediate frequency) is far easier than amplification of the original frequency. Although superheterodyne has a number of advantages (good selectivity, for example) over regenerative TRF, it is more complicated and expensive, since more vacuum tubes and special components are necessary. See the glossary in David Rutland, Behind the Front Panel: The Design and Development of 1920s Radios (Philomath, 1994).
17. The German Volksempfänger was the model for the Japanese wartime receiver. During the war, the German government promoted production of a simple and inexpensive regenerative TRF receiver. It was said that the German and Japanese receivers were designed in response to the shortage of materials. Doubtless the German and Japanese governments intended, however, to keep their citizens from listening to foreign broadcasting. I maintain that the types of de facto standard receivers in a country will be determined not only by technological and economic factors but also by geographical, cultural, and political ones. Examples of this process can be found in other countries besides Japan and Germany; this is a topic open to further study.
18. Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Rajio Nenkan (Radio yearbook), 1947, 124-34, states that in 1943-44 subscribers numbered about 7.3 million, of whom 1.3 million lived in Tokyo, and that 49.5 percent of Japanese households had radio sets. The Japanese population was approximately 72 million at that time. On radio listeners and the radio industry in prewar and wartime Japan, see Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Rajio Nenkan, 1931-38, 1940-43, and 1947 editions; Tokyo-shi Sangyokyoku Shomuka (Section of General Affairs, Department of Industry, Tokyo Metropolitan Government), Rajio Shokogyo Chosa Gaiyo (Summary of the state of the arts in the radio industry and commerce) (Tokyo, 1938); Musen Godoshinbunsha (United Wireless Newspaper Co.), Rajio Sangyo Nijunenshi (Twenty-year history of the radio industry) (Tokyo, 1949); Denpakanri-Iinkai, Nihon Musenshi (n. 2 above), vol. 11. On the condition of radio sets in wartime, see, for example, Fumio Mikuma and Kenso Cho, "Kubakuka ni okeru jusinki no kosho to taisaku" (Breakdown of receivers under air raid and the countermeasure), Denpa Kagaku (Radio technique and science), March 1945, 12-15.
19. Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Rajio Nenkan (Radio yearbook), 1947, 124-34, states that in 1943-44 subscribers numbered about 7.3 million, of whom 1.3 million lived in Tokyo, and that 49.5 percent of Japanese households had radio sets. The Japanese population was approximately 72 million at that time. On radio listeners and the radio industry in prewar and wartime Japan, see Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Rajio Nenkan, 1931-38, 1940-43, and 1947 editions; Tokyo-shi Sangyokyoku Shomuka (Section of General Affairs, Department of Industry, Tokyo Metropolitan Government), Rajio Shokogyo Chosa Gaiyo (Summary of the state of the arts in the radio industry and commerce) (Tokyo, 1938); Musen Godoshinbunsha (United Wireless Newspaper Co.), Rajio Sangyo Nijunenshi (Twenty-year history of the radio industry) (Tokyo, 1949); Denpakanri-Iinkai, Nihon Musenshi (n. 2 above), vol. 11. On the condition of radio sets in wartime, see, for example, Fumio Mikuma and Kenso Cho, "Kubakuka ni okeru jusinki no kosho to taisaku" (Breakdown of receivers under air raid and the countermeasure), Denpa Kagaku (Radio technique and science), March 1945, 12-15.
20. Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Rajio Nenkan (Radio yearbook), 1947, 124-34, states that in 1943-44 subscribers numbered about 7.3 million, of whom 1.3 million lived in Tokyo, and that 49.5 percent of Japanese households had radio sets. The Japanese population was approximately 72 million at that time. On radio listeners and the radio industry in prewar and wartime Japan, see Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Rajio Nenkan, 1931-38, 1940-43, and 1947 editions; Tokyo-shi Sangyokyoku Shomuka (Section of General Affairs, Department of Industry, Tokyo Metropolitan Government), Rajio Shokogyo Chosa Gaiyo (Summary of the state of the arts in the radio industry and commerce) (Tokyo, 1938); Musen Godoshinbunsha (United Wireless Newspaper Co.), Rajio Sangyo Nijunenshi (Twenty-year history of the radio industry) (Tokyo, 1949); Denpakanri-Iinkai, Nihon Musenshi (n. 2 above), vol. 11. On the condition of radio sets in wartime, see, for example, Fumio Mikuma and Kenso Cho, "Kubakuka ni okeru jusinki no kosho to taisaku" (Breakdown of receivers under air raid and the countermeasure), Denpa Kagaku (Radio technique and science), March 1945, 12-15.
21. Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Rajio Nenkan (Radio yearbook), 1947, 124-34, states that in 1943-44 subscribers numbered about 7.3 million, of whom 1.3 million lived in Tokyo, and that 49.5 percent of Japanese households had radio sets. The Japanese population was approximately 72 million at that time. On radio listeners and the radio industry in prewar and wartime Japan, see Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Rajio Nenkan, 1931-38, 1940-43, and 1947 editions; Tokyo-shi Sangyokyoku Shomuka (Section of General Affairs, Department of Industry, Tokyo Metropolitan Government), Rajio Shokogyo Chosa Gaiyo (Summary of the state of the arts in the radio industry and commerce) (Tokyo, 1938); Musen Godoshinbunsha (United Wireless Newspaper Co.), Rajio Sangyo Nijunenshi (Twenty-year history of the radio industry) (Tokyo, 1949); Denpakanri-Iinkai, Nihon Musenshi (n. 2 above), vol. 11. On the condition of radio sets in wartime, see, for example, Fumio Mikuma and Kenso Cho, "Kubakuka ni okeru jusinki no kosho to taisaku" (Breakdown of receivers under air raid and the countermeasure), Denpa Kagaku (Radio technique and science), March 1945, 12-15.
22. Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Rajio Nenkan (Radio yearbook), 1947, 124-34, states that in 1943-44 subscribers numbered about 7.3 million, of whom 1.3 million lived in Tokyo, and that 49.5 percent of Japanese households had radio sets. The Japanese population was approximately 72 million at that time. On radio listeners and the radio industry in prewar and wartime Japan, see Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Rajio Nenkan, 1931-38, 1940-43, and 1947 editions; Tokyo-shi Sangyokyoku Shomuka (Section of General Affairs, Department of Industry, Tokyo Metropolitan Government), Rajio Shokogyo Chosa Gaiyo (Summary of the state of the arts in the radio industry and commerce) (Tokyo, 1938); Musen Godoshinbunsha (United Wireless Newspaper Co.), Rajio Sangyo Nijunenshi (Twenty-year history of the radio industry) (Tokyo, 1949); Denpakanri-Iinkai, Nihon Musenshi (n. 2 above), vol. 11. On the condition of radio sets in wartime, see, for example, Fumio Mikuma and Kenso Cho, "Kubakuka ni okeru jusinki no kosho to taisaku" (Breakdown of receivers under air raid and the countermeasure), Denpa Kagaku (Radio technique and science), March 1945, 12-15.
23. Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Rajio Nenkan (Radio yearbook), 1947, 124-34, states that in 1943-44 subscribers numbered about 7.3 million, of whom 1.3 million lived in Tokyo, and that 49.5 percent of Japanese households had radio sets. The Japanese population was approximately 72 million at that time. On radio listeners and the radio industry in prewar and wartime Japan, see Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Rajio Nenkan, 1931-38, 1940-43, and 1947 editions; Tokyo-shi Sangyokyoku Shomuka (Section of General Affairs, Department of Industry, Tokyo Metropolitan Government), Rajio Shokogyo Chosa Gaiyo (Summary of the state of the arts in the radio industry and commerce) (Tokyo, 1938); Musen Godoshinbunsha (United Wireless Newspaper Co.), Rajio Sangyo Nijunenshi (Twenty-year history of the radio industry) (Tokyo, 1949); Denpakanri-Iinkai, Nihon Musenshi (n. 2 above), vol. 11. On the condition of radio sets in wartime, see, for example, Fumio Mikuma and Kenso Cho, "Kubakuka ni okeru jusinki no kosho to taisaku" (Breakdown of receivers under air raid and the countermeasure), Denpa Kagaku (Radio technique and science), March 1945, 12-15.
24. See, for example, the 1 January 1944 issues of the newspapers Mainichi, Asahi, and Yomiuri-Hochi, which carried many advertisements for such training schools. Short and intensive training of wireless and communications engineers and technicians was also common in Western countries. On the mobilization of women in this sector of the work-force, see "Joshi boku teishintai" (Women's Air Defence Force), Musen to Jikken, April 1943, picture page; Hisako Watanabe, "Joshi boku teishintai-in to narite" (Serving in the Women's Air Defence Force), Musen to Jikken, May 1943, 8; Musen to Jikken, August 1944, cover photo of a female wireless operator; "Gakko kojo de shinkukan wo tsukuru senretsu no joshi gakuto" (Girl students engaged in the manufacturing of vacuum tubes in a wartime school-factory), Musen to Jikken, October 1944, cover and picture pages; Yoshiko Hasegawa, "Gakko kojo no taiken" (Experience in a school-factory) Musen to Jikken, October 1944, 11-12; "Gyogyomusen ni teishinsuru joshi tsushinshi" (Women operators devoting themselves to fishery wireless), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 6; Hisao Sumino, "Joshi no denpasen shinshutsu" (Women joining as workforce for wartime wireless), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 26; "Musentsushin he susumu josei" (Women working for wireless communications), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 27-30.
25. See, for example, the 1 January 1944 issues of the newspapers Mainichi, Asahi, and Yomiuri-Hochi, which carried many advertisements for such training schools. Short and intensive training of wireless and communications engineers and technicians was also common in Western countries. On the mobilization of women in this sector of the work-force, see "Joshi boku teishintai" (Women's Air Defence Force), Musen to Jikken, April 1943, picture page; Hisako Watanabe, "Joshi boku teishintai-in to narite" (Serving in the Women's Air Defence Force), Musen to Jikken, May 1943, 8; Musen to Jikken, August 1944, cover photo of a female wireless operator; "Gakko kojo de shinkukan wo tsukuru senretsu no joshi gakuto" (Girl students engaged in the manufacturing of vacuum tubes in a wartime school-factory), Musen to Jikken, October 1944, cover and picture pages; Yoshiko Hasegawa, "Gakko kojo no taiken" (Experience in a school-factory) Musen to Jikken, October 1944, 11-12; "Gyogyomusen ni teishinsuru joshi tsushinshi" (Women operators devoting themselves to fishery wireless), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 6; Hisao Sumino, "Joshi no denpasen shinshutsu" (Women joining as workforce for wartime wireless), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 26; "Musentsushin he susumu josei" (Women working for wireless communications), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 27-30.
26. See, for example, the 1 January 1944 issues of the newspapers Mainichi, Asahi, and Yomiuri-Hochi, which carried many advertisements for such training schools. Short and intensive training of wireless and communications engineers and technicians was also common in Western countries. On the mobilization of women in this sector of the work-force, see "Joshi boku teishintai" (Women's Air Defence Force), Musen to Jikken, April 1943, picture page; Hisako Watanabe, "Joshi boku teishintai-in to narite" (Serving in the Women's Air Defence Force), Musen to Jikken, May 1943, 8; Musen to Jikken, August 1944, cover photo of a female wireless operator; "Gakko kojo de shinkukan wo tsukuru senretsu no joshi gakuto" (Girl students engaged in the manufacturing of vacuum tubes in a wartime school-factory), Musen to Jikken, October 1944, cover and picture pages; Yoshiko Hasegawa, "Gakko kojo no taiken" (Experience in a school-factory) Musen to Jikken, October 1944, 11-12; "Gyogyomusen ni teishinsuru joshi tsushinshi" (Women operators devoting themselves to fishery wireless), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 6; Hisao Sumino, "Joshi no denpasen shinshutsu" (Women joining as workforce for wartime wireless), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 26; "Musentsushin he susumu josei" (Women working for wireless communications), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 27-30.
27. See, for example, the 1 January 1944 issues of the newspapers Mainichi, Asahi, and Yomiuri-Hochi, which carried many advertisements for such training schools. Short and intensive training of wireless and communications engineers and technicians was also common in Western countries. On the mobilization of women in this sector of the work-force, see "Joshi boku teishintai" (Women's Air Defence Force), Musen to Jikken, April 1943, picture page; Hisako Watanabe, "Joshi boku teishintai-in to narite" (Serving in the Women's Air Defence Force), Musen to Jikken, May 1943, 8; Musen to Jikken, August 1944, cover photo of a female wireless operator; "Gakko kojo de shinkukan wo tsukuru senretsu no joshi gakuto" (Girl students engaged in the manufacturing of vacuum tubes in a wartime school-factory), Musen to Jikken, October 1944, cover and picture pages; Yoshiko Hasegawa, "Gakko kojo no taiken" (Experience in a school-factory) Musen to Jikken, October 1944, 11-12; "Gyogyomusen ni teishinsuru joshi tsushinshi" (Women operators devoting themselves to fishery wireless), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 6; Hisao Sumino, "Joshi no denpasen shinshutsu" (Women joining as workforce for wartime wireless), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 26; "Musentsushin he susumu josei" (Women working for wireless communications), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 27-30.
28. See, for example, the 1 January 1944 issues of the newspapers Mainichi, Asahi, and Yomiuri-Hochi, which carried many advertisements for such training schools. Short and intensive training of wireless and communications engineers and technicians was also common in Western countries. On the mobilization of women in this sector of the work-force, see "Joshi boku teishintai" (Women's Air Defence Force), Musen to Jikken, April 1943, picture page; Hisako Watanabe, "Joshi boku teishintai-in to narite" (Serving in the Women's Air Defence Force), Musen to Jikken, May 1943, 8; Musen to Jikken, August 1944, cover photo of a female wireless operator; "Gakko kojo de shinkukan wo tsukuru senretsu no joshi gakuto" (Girl students engaged in the manufacturing of vacuum tubes in a wartime school-factory), Musen to Jikken, October 1944, cover and picture pages; Yoshiko Hasegawa, "Gakko kojo no taiken" (Experience in a school-factory) Musen to Jikken, October 1944, 11-12; "Gyogyomusen ni teishinsuru joshi tsushinshi" (Women operators devoting themselves to fishery wireless), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 6; Hisao Sumino, "Joshi no denpasen shinshutsu" (Women joining as workforce for wartime wireless), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 26; "Musentsushin he susumu josei" (Women working for wireless communications), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 27-30.
29. See, for example, the 1 January 1944 issues of the newspapers Mainichi, Asahi, and Yomiuri-Hochi, which carried many advertisements for such training schools. Short and intensive training of wireless and communications engineers and technicians was also common in Western countries. On the mobilization of women in this sector of the work-force, see "Joshi boku teishintai" (Women's Air Defence Force), Musen to Jikken, April 1943, picture page; Hisako Watanabe, "Joshi boku teishintai-in to narite" (Serving in the Women's Air Defence Force), Musen to Jikken, May 1943, 8; Musen to Jikken, August 1944, cover photo of a female wireless operator; "Gakko kojo de shinkukan wo tsukuru senretsu no joshi gakuto" (Girl students engaged in the manufacturing of vacuum tubes in a wartime school-factory), Musen to Jikken, October 1944, cover and picture pages; Yoshiko Hasegawa, "Gakko kojo no taiken" (Experience in a school-factory) Musen to Jikken, October 1944, 11-12; "Gyogyomusen ni teishinsuru joshi tsushinshi" (Women operators devoting themselves to fishery wireless), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 6; Hisao Sumino, "Joshi no denpasen shinshutsu" (Women joining as workforce for wartime wireless), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 26; "Musentsushin he susumu josei" (Women working for wireless communications), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 27-30.
30. See, for example, the 1 January 1944 issues of the newspapers Mainichi, Asahi, and Yomiuri-Hochi, which carried many advertisements for such training schools. Short and intensive training of wireless and communications engineers and technicians was also common in Western countries. On the mobilization of women in this sector of the work-force, see "Joshi boku teishintai" (Women's Air Defence Force), Musen to Jikken, April 1943, picture page; Hisako Watanabe, "Joshi boku teishintai-in to narite" (Serving in the Women's Air Defence Force), Musen to Jikken, May 1943, 8; Musen to Jikken, August 1944, cover photo of a female wireless operator; "Gakko kojo de shinkukan wo tsukuru senretsu no joshi gakuto" (Girl students engaged in the manufacturing of vacuum tubes in a wartime school-factory), Musen to Jikken, October 1944, cover and picture pages; Yoshiko Hasegawa, "Gakko kojo no taiken" (Experience in a school-factory) Musen to Jikken, October 1944, 11-12; "Gyogyomusen ni teishinsuru joshi tsushinshi" (Women operators devoting themselves to fishery wireless), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 6; Hisao Sumino, "Joshi no denpasen shinshutsu" (Women joining as workforce for wartime wireless), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 26; "Musentsushin he susumu josei" (Women working for wireless communications), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 27-30.
31. See, for example, the 1 January 1944 issues of the newspapers Mainichi, Asahi, and Yomiuri-Hochi, which carried many advertisements for such training schools. Short and intensive training of wireless and communications engineers and technicians was also common in Western countries. On the mobilization of women in this sector of the work-force, see "Joshi boku teishintai" (Women's Air Defence Force), Musen to Jikken, April 1943, picture page; Hisako Watanabe, "Joshi boku teishintai-in to narite" (Serving in the Women's Air Defence Force), Musen to Jikken, May 1943, 8; Musen to Jikken, August 1944, cover photo of a female wireless operator; "Gakko kojo de shinkukan wo tsukuru senretsu no joshi gakuto" (Girl students engaged in the manufacturing of vacuum tubes in a wartime school-factory), Musen to Jikken, October 1944, cover and picture pages; Yoshiko Hasegawa, "Gakko kojo no taiken" (Experience in a school-factory) Musen to Jikken, October 1944, 11-12; "Gyogyomusen ni teishinsuru joshi tsushinshi" (Women operators devoting themselves to fishery wireless), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 6; Hisao Sumino, "Joshi no denpasen shinshutsu" (Women joining as workforce for wartime wireless), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 26; "Musentsushin he susumu josei" (Women working for wireless communications), Musen to Jikken, November 1944, 27-30.
32. For an overview of the postwar Japanese radio industry, see Nihon Hoso Kyokai Rajio Nenkan (radio yearbooks), 1947-1958; Rajiosangyo-Tsushinsha (Radio Industry News Co.), Zen Rajio Sangyokai Meikan (Directory of the radio industry) (Tokyo, 1952). See also Denshikikai Kogyokai (Electronics Industry Association), Denshikogyo 20 Nenshi (Twenty years of electronics industry) (Tokyo, 1968); Y uzo Takahashi, "Progress in the Electronic Components Industry in Japan after World War II," in Technological Competitiveness: Contemporary and Historical Perspectives on the Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Industries, ed. William Aspray (New York, 1993), 37-52.
33. For an overview of the postwar Japanese radio industry, see Nihon Hoso Kyokai Rajio Nenkan (radio yearbooks), 1947-1958; Rajiosangyo-Tsushinsha (Radio Industry News Co.), Zen Rajio Sangyokai Meikan (Directory of the radio industry) (Tokyo, 1952). See also Denshikikai Kogyokai (Electronics Industry Association), Denshikogyo 20 Nenshi (Twenty years of electronics industry) (Tokyo, 1968); Y uzo Takahashi, "Progress in the Electronic Components Industry in Japan after World War II," in Technological Competitiveness: Contemporary and Historical Perspectives on the Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Industries, ed. William Aspray (New York, 1993), 37-52.
34. For an overview of the postwar Japanese radio industry, see Nihon Hoso Kyokai Rajio Nenkan (radio yearbooks), 1947-1958; Rajiosangyo-Tsushinsha (Radio Industry News Co.), Zen Rajio Sangyokai Meikan (Directory of the radio industry) (Tokyo, 1952). See also Denshikikai Kogyokai (Electronics Industry Association), Denshikogyo 20 Nenshi (Twenty years of electronics industry) (Tokyo, 1968); Y uzo Takahashi, "Progress in the Electronic Components Industry in Japan after World War II," in Technological Competitiveness: Contemporary and Historical Perspectives on the Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Industries, ed. William Aspray (New York, 1993), 37-52.
35. For an overview of the postwar Japanese radio industry, see Nihon Hoso Kyokai Rajio Nenkan (radio yearbooks), 1947-1958; Rajiosangyo-Tsushinsha (Radio Industry News Co.), Zen Rajio Sangyokai Meikan (Directory of the radio industry) (Tokyo, 1952). See also Denshikikai Kogyokai (Electronics Industry Association), Denshikogyo 20 Nenshi (Twenty years of electronics industry) (Tokyo, 1968); Y uzo Takahashi, "Progress in the Electronic Components Industry in Japan after World War II," in Technological Competitiveness: Contemporary and Historical Perspectives on the Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Industries, ed. William Aspray (New York, 1993), 37-52.
36. Broadcasting, like newspapers and other printed media, was strictly censored by the occupation force.
37. For example, Toyota produced home radio sets. The bulletin of the Joint Association of Electrical Communications Industries of Japan reported that the company was allocated (distribution of receiving tubes was controlled due to their short supply) 3,550 receiving tubes for the production of 700 radio sets from October to December 1948 (Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 1 October 1948, 4) and 3,850 tubes to produce 770 sets from January to March 1949 (15 January 1949, 3).
38. The ratio was 3.4 in 1946, 0.70 in 1947, 0.85 in 1947, 1.06 in 1948, 1.55 in 1949, 3.07 in 1950, 1.36 in 1951, 0.33 in 1952, 0.32 in 1953, and 0.12 in 1954.
39. Susumu Kitano, interview by the author, Yokohama, 31 January 1996. For purposes of comparison: The starting monthly salary for an officer in the national government with a university degree was ¥540 in 1946, ¥2,300 in 1948; statistics for government salaries in 1947 are not available, but the starting salary in 1947 must have been well below ¥1,500.
40. Commodity taxation was introduced in 1937 to provide funds for the Sino-Japanese War: see Buppinzei Konwakai, Buppinzei Konwakai 30 Nenshi (Thirty-year history of the Commodity Tax Association) (Tokyo, 1989). On the taxation of radios built by small-scale manufacturers, semiprofessionals, and tinkerers, see "Kokuzeicho ni saido moshi-ire: Autosaida, rajio jushinki no buppinzei choshu hoho ni tsuite" (The association repeated the request to National Tax Administration Agency on the method of collecting tax on radio sets constructed by outsiders), Nittsuren Sokuho (Newsletter of the Joint Association of Electrical Communications Industries of Japan), 21 August 1950, 1. See also "Amachua ni kazei no mondai" (On taxation of amateurs), Denpa Kagaku, June 1951, 53; "S. T.," letter to the editor, Denpa Kagaku, April 1951, 55 ; "Gyosha to ama heno hanbaikakaku" (Difference in prices of components sold to assemblers and amateurs), Denpa Kagaku, August 1953, 91.
41. Commodity taxation was introduced in 1937 to provide funds for the Sino-Japanese War: see Buppinzei Konwakai, Buppinzei Konwakai 30 Nenshi (Thirty-year history of the Commodity Tax Association) (Tokyo, 1989). On the taxation of radios built by small-scale manufacturers, semiprofessionals, and tinkerers, see "Kokuzeicho ni saido moshi-ire: Autosaida, rajio jushinki no buppinzei choshu hoho ni tsuite" (The association repeated the request to National Tax Administration Agency on the method of collecting tax on radio sets constructed by outsiders), Nittsuren Sokuho (Newsletter of the Joint Association of Electrical Communications Industries of Japan), 21 August 1950, 1. See also "Amachua ni kazei no mondai" (On taxation of amateurs), Denpa Kagaku, June 1951, 53; "S. T.," letter to the editor, Denpa Kagaku, April 1951, 55 ; "Gyosha to ama heno hanbaikakaku" (Difference in prices of components sold to assemblers and amateurs), Denpa Kagaku, August 1953, 91.
42. Commodity taxation was introduced in 1937 to provide funds for the Sino-Japanese War: see Buppinzei Konwakai, Buppinzei Konwakai 30 Nenshi (Thirty-year history of the Commodity Tax Association) (Tokyo, 1989). On the taxation of radios built by small-scale manufacturers, semiprofessionals, and tinkerers, see "Kokuzeicho ni saido moshi-ire: Autosaida, rajio jushinki no buppinzei choshu hoho ni tsuite" (The association repeated the request to National Tax Administration Agency on the method of collecting tax on radio sets constructed by outsiders), Nittsuren Sokuho (Newsletter of the Joint Association of Electrical Communications Industries of Japan), 21 August 1950, 1. See also "Amachua ni kazei no mondai" (On taxation of amateurs), Denpa Kagaku, June 1951, 53; "S. T.," letter to the editor, Denpa Kagaku, April 1951, 55 ; "Gyosha to ama heno hanbaikakaku" (Difference in prices of components sold to assemblers and amateurs), Denpa Kagaku, August 1953, 91.
43. Commodity taxation was introduced in 1937 to provide funds for the Sino-Japanese War: see Buppinzei Konwakai, Buppinzei Konwakai 30 Nenshi (Thirty-year history of the Commodity Tax Association) (Tokyo, 1989). On the taxation of radios built by small-scale manufacturers, semiprofessionals, and tinkerers, see "Kokuzeicho ni saido moshi-ire: Autosaida, rajio jushinki no buppinzei choshu hoho ni tsuite" (The association repeated the request to National Tax Administration Agency on the method of collecting tax on radio sets constructed by outsiders), Nittsuren Sokuho (Newsletter of the Joint Association of Electrical Communications Industries of Japan), 21 August 1950, 1. See also "Amachua ni kazei no mondai" (On taxation of amateurs), Denpa Kagaku, June 1951, 53; "S. T.," letter to the editor, Denpa Kagaku, April 1951, 55 ; "Gyosha to ama heno hanbaikakaku" (Difference in prices of components sold to assemblers and amateurs), Denpa Kagaku, August 1953, 91.
44. Commodity taxation was introduced in 1937 to provide funds for the Sino-Japanese War: see Buppinzei Konwakai, Buppinzei Konwakai 30 Nenshi (Thirty-year history of the Commodity Tax Association) (Tokyo, 1989). On the taxation of radios built by small-scale manufacturers, semiprofessionals, and tinkerers, see "Kokuzeicho ni saido moshi-ire: Autosaida, rajio jushinki no buppinzei choshu hoho ni tsuite" (The association repeated the request to National Tax Administration Agency on the method of collecting tax on radio sets constructed by outsiders), Nittsuren Sokuho (Newsletter of the Joint Association of Electrical Communications Industries of Japan), 21 August 1950, 1. See also "Amachua ni kazei no mondai" (On taxation of amateurs), Denpa Kagaku, June 1951, 53; "S. T.," letter to the editor, Denpa Kagaku, April 1951, 55 ; "Gyosha to ama heno hanbaikakaku" (Difference in prices of components sold to assemblers and amateurs), Denpa Kagaku, August 1953, 91.
45. Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Rajio Nenkan, 1948, 246-58; 1950, 376-79. Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 15 February 1949, 2.
46. Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Rajio Nenkan, 1948, 246-58; 1950, 376-79. Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 15 February 1949, 2.
47. Yoshikawa Denki, DELTA 30 Nen no Ayumi (Thirty years of DELTA) (Tokyo, 1978), 11.
48. In the United States the era of superheterodyne sets had begun around 1930. Japan lagged behind almost twenty years. Political reasons partly account for the comparatively low technological level of radio receivers in Japan; see n. 9.
49. For a superheterodyne receiver, at least two high-frequency coils and two variable capacitors are necessary. Usually a gang capacitor is used for the capacitor. Two intermediate frequency transformers are necessary to amplify the intermediate frequency; see n. 8.
50. Yoshikawa Denki and Kasuga Musen (Kenwood) were leaders of the CLD Association. Fuji Seisakusho was the president of the Star Line group.
51. On rules for technical instruction by the NHK research laboratory, see "NHK Gijutsukenkyusho no bugai ni taisuru gijutsu shido" (Technical instruction by the NHK Research Laboratory for manufacturers), Denpa Kagaku, December 1946, 31.
52. For an example of school radio clubs, see Teruo Hibino, "Nobiyuku Konaihoso" (School broadcasting expands), Shoho no Rajio (Beginner's radio), September 1951, 36-37, on the radio club of the Itabashi Third Junior High School in Tokyo.
53. Yuzo Takahashi, "Correspondence Education of Radio Engineering in Japan after W.W. II: A History of an Unofficial Training of Engineers/Technicians," ICON (forth-coming).
54. The Hamamatsu Technical High School became the engineering faculty of Sizuoka University. Takayanagi's students played the leading role in the development of television technology in pre- and postwar Japan. On the life and work of Takayanagi, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Terebi Kotohajime (Tokyo, 1986; published in English translation as Pioneering Television: The Autobiography of Kenjiro Takayanagi [San Francisco, 1993]), and Hamamatsu-Denshikogaku-Shoreikai (Association for the Promotion of Electronics in Hamamatsu), Sizuoka Daigaku Terebijon-Gijutsushi (History of television technology at Sizuoka University) (Hamamatsu, 1987). On the prewar prototype television receivers, see Shuzo Ito and Tei Kimura, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki no kansei" (A home television receiver is developed), Musenshiryo (Wireless record) 4 (September 1939): 306-12; Shigetaro Chiba, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a home television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 19-26; Hisao Kuno, "Shisaku terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a prototype television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 27-34; Juichi Osawa, Yoshio Moriwaki, and Yoshio Tanaka, "Nihon Denki shiki terebijon juzoki" (The television receiver developed by Nippon Electric), Musen to Jikken, May 1940, 19-27; Takashi Yamazaki and Ri Yugen, "Nippon Koromubia shiki terebijon juzoki" (A television receiver of Nippon Columbia), parts 1 and 2, Musen to Jikken, September 1940, 9-12, and October 1940, 25-28; Toshio Ishibashi and Eifu Yo, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a television receiver for home use), Musen to Jikken, February 1941, 7-16; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype television receiver), Rajio no Nippon (Radio Nippon), February 1941, 36-42; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Kogata terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype small television receiver), Rajio no Nippon, November 1941, 26-28. On television in prewar Japan, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Shigetaro Chiba, and Masatsugu Kobayashi, eds., Saishin Tertebijon Kogaku (The latest television engineering), 5 vols. (Tokyo, 1940-41).
55. The Hamamatsu Technical High School became the engineering faculty of Sizuoka University. Takayanagi's students played the leading role in the development of television technology in pre- and postwar Japan. On the life and work of Takayanagi, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Terebi Kotohajime (Tokyo, 1986; published in English translation as Pioneering Television: The Autobiography of Kenjiro Takayanagi [San Francisco, 1993]), and Hamamatsu-Denshikogaku-Shoreikai (Association for the Promotion of Electronics in Hamamatsu), Sizuoka Daigaku Terebijon-Gijutsushi (History of television technology at Sizuoka University) (Hamamatsu, 1987). On the prewar prototype television receivers, see Shuzo Ito and Tei Kimura, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki no kansei" (A home television receiver is developed), Musenshiryo (Wireless record) 4 (September 1939): 306-12; Shigetaro Chiba, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a home television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 19-26; Hisao Kuno, "Shisaku terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a prototype television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 27-34; Juichi Osawa, Yoshio Moriwaki, and Yoshio Tanaka, "Nihon Denki shiki terebijon juzoki" (The television receiver developed by Nippon Electric), Musen to Jikken, May 1940, 19-27; Takashi Yamazaki and Ri Yugen, "Nippon Koromubia shiki terebijon juzoki" (A television receiver of Nippon Columbia), parts 1 and 2, Musen to Jikken, September 1940, 9-12, and October 1940, 25-28; Toshio Ishibashi and Eifu Yo, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a television receiver for home use), Musen to Jikken, February 1941, 7-16; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype television receiver), Rajio no Nippon (Radio Nippon), February 1941, 36-42; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Kogata terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype small television receiver), Rajio no Nippon, November 1941, 26-28. On television in prewar Japan, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Shigetaro Chiba, and Masatsugu Kobayashi, eds., Saishin Tertebijon Kogaku (The latest television engineering), 5 vols. (Tokyo, 1940-41).
56. The Hamamatsu Technical High School became the engineering faculty of Sizuoka University. Takayanagi's students played the leading role in the development of television technology in pre- and postwar Japan. On the life and work of Takayanagi, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Terebi Kotohajime (Tokyo, 1986; published in English translation as Pioneering Television: The Autobiography of Kenjiro Takayanagi [San Francisco, 1993]), and Hamamatsu-Denshikogaku-Shoreikai (Association for the Promotion of Electronics in Hamamatsu), Sizuoka Daigaku Terebijon-Gijutsushi (History of television technology at Sizuoka University) (Hamamatsu, 1987). On the prewar prototype television receivers, see Shuzo Ito and Tei Kimura, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki no kansei" (A home television receiver is developed), Musenshiryo (Wireless record) 4 (September 1939): 306-12; Shigetaro Chiba, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a home television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 19-26; Hisao Kuno, "Shisaku terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a prototype television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 27-34; Juichi Osawa, Yoshio Moriwaki, and Yoshio Tanaka, "Nihon Denki shiki terebijon juzoki" (The television receiver developed by Nippon Electric), Musen to Jikken, May 1940, 19-27; Takashi Yamazaki and Ri Yugen, "Nippon Koromubia shiki terebijon juzoki" (A television receiver of Nippon Columbia), parts 1 and 2, Musen to Jikken, September 1940, 9-12, and October 1940, 25-28; Toshio Ishibashi and Eifu Yo, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a television receiver for home use), Musen to Jikken, February 1941, 7-16; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype television receiver), Rajio no Nippon (Radio Nippon), February 1941, 36-42; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Kogata terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype small television receiver), Rajio no Nippon, November 1941, 26-28. On television in prewar Japan, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Shigetaro Chiba, and Masatsugu Kobayashi, eds., Saishin Tertebijon Kogaku (The latest television engineering), 5 vols. (Tokyo, 1940-41).
57. The Hamamatsu Technical High School became the engineering faculty of Sizuoka University. Takayanagi's students played the leading role in the development of television technology in pre- and postwar Japan. On the life and work of Takayanagi, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Terebi Kotohajime (Tokyo, 1986; published in English translation as Pioneering Television: The Autobiography of Kenjiro Takayanagi [San Francisco, 1993]), and Hamamatsu-Denshikogaku-Shoreikai (Association for the Promotion of Electronics in Hamamatsu), Sizuoka Daigaku Terebijon-Gijutsushi (History of television technology at Sizuoka University) (Hamamatsu, 1987). On the prewar prototype television receivers, see Shuzo Ito and Tei Kimura, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki no kansei" (A home television receiver is developed), Musenshiryo (Wireless record) 4 (September 1939): 306-12; Shigetaro Chiba, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a home television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 19-26; Hisao Kuno, "Shisaku terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a prototype television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 27-34; Juichi Osawa, Yoshio Moriwaki, and Yoshio Tanaka, "Nihon Denki shiki terebijon juzoki" (The television receiver developed by Nippon Electric), Musen to Jikken, May 1940, 19-27; Takashi Yamazaki and Ri Yugen, "Nippon Koromubia shiki terebijon juzoki" (A television receiver of Nippon Columbia), parts 1 and 2, Musen to Jikken, September 1940, 9-12, and October 1940, 25-28; Toshio Ishibashi and Eifu Yo, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a television receiver for home use), Musen to Jikken, February 1941, 7-16; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype television receiver), Rajio no Nippon (Radio Nippon), February 1941, 36-42; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Kogata terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype small television receiver), Rajio no Nippon, November 1941, 26-28. On television in prewar Japan, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Shigetaro Chiba, and Masatsugu Kobayashi, eds., Saishin Tertebijon Kogaku (The latest television engineering), 5 vols. (Tokyo, 1940-41).
58. The Hamamatsu Technical High School became the engineering faculty of Sizuoka University. Takayanagi's students played the leading role in the development of television technology in pre- and postwar Japan. On the life and work of Takayanagi, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Terebi Kotohajime (Tokyo, 1986; published in English translation as Pioneering Television: The Autobiography of Kenjiro Takayanagi [San Francisco, 1993]), and Hamamatsu-Denshikogaku-Shoreikai (Association for the Promotion of Electronics in Hamamatsu), Sizuoka Daigaku Terebijon-Gijutsushi (History of television technology at Sizuoka University) (Hamamatsu, 1987). On the prewar prototype television receivers, see Shuzo Ito and Tei Kimura, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki no kansei" (A home television receiver is developed), Musenshiryo (Wireless record) 4 (September 1939): 306-12; Shigetaro Chiba, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a home television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 19-26; Hisao Kuno, "Shisaku terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a prototype television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 27-34; Juichi Osawa, Yoshio Moriwaki, and Yoshio Tanaka, "Nihon Denki shiki terebijon juzoki" (The television receiver developed by Nippon Electric), Musen to Jikken, May 1940, 19-27; Takashi Yamazaki and Ri Yugen, "Nippon Koromubia shiki terebijon juzoki" (A television receiver of Nippon Columbia), parts 1 and 2, Musen to Jikken, September 1940, 9-12, and October 1940, 25-28; Toshio Ishibashi and Eifu Yo, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a television receiver for home use), Musen to Jikken, February 1941, 7-16; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype television receiver), Rajio no Nippon (Radio Nippon), February 1941, 36-42; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Kogata terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype small television receiver), Rajio no Nippon, November 1941, 26-28. On television in prewar Japan, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Shigetaro Chiba, and Masatsugu Kobayashi, eds., Saishin Tertebijon Kogaku (The latest television engineering), 5 vols. (Tokyo, 1940-41).
59. The Hamamatsu Technical High School became the engineering faculty of Sizuoka University. Takayanagi's students played the leading role in the development of television technology in pre- and postwar Japan. On the life and work of Takayanagi, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Terebi Kotohajime (Tokyo, 1986; published in English translation as Pioneering Television: The Autobiography of Kenjiro Takayanagi [San Francisco, 1993]), and Hamamatsu-Denshikogaku-Shoreikai (Association for the Promotion of Electronics in Hamamatsu), Sizuoka Daigaku Terebijon-Gijutsushi (History of television technology at Sizuoka University) (Hamamatsu, 1987). On the prewar prototype television receivers, see Shuzo Ito and Tei Kimura, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki no kansei" (A home television receiver is developed), Musenshiryo (Wireless record) 4 (September 1939): 306-12; Shigetaro Chiba, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a home television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 19-26; Hisao Kuno, "Shisaku terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a prototype television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 27-34; Juichi Osawa, Yoshio Moriwaki, and Yoshio Tanaka, "Nihon Denki shiki terebijon juzoki" (The television receiver developed by Nippon Electric), Musen to Jikken, May 1940, 19-27; Takashi Yamazaki and Ri Yugen, "Nippon Koromubia shiki terebijon juzoki" (A television receiver of Nippon Columbia), parts 1 and 2, Musen to Jikken, September 1940, 9-12, and October 1940, 25-28; Toshio Ishibashi and Eifu Yo, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a television receiver for home use), Musen to Jikken, February 1941, 7-16; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype television receiver), Rajio no Nippon (Radio Nippon), February 1941, 36-42; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Kogata terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype small television receiver), Rajio no Nippon, November 1941, 26-28. On television in prewar Japan, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Shigetaro Chiba, and Masatsugu Kobayashi, eds., Saishin Tertebijon Kogaku (The latest television engineering), 5 vols. (Tokyo, 1940-41).
60. The Hamamatsu Technical High School became the engineering faculty of Sizuoka University. Takayanagi's students played the leading role in the development of television technology in pre- and postwar Japan. On the life and work of Takayanagi, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Terebi Kotohajime (Tokyo, 1986; published in English translation as Pioneering Television: The Autobiography of Kenjiro Takayanagi [San Francisco, 1993]), and Hamamatsu-Denshikogaku-Shoreikai (Association for the Promotion of Electronics in Hamamatsu), Sizuoka Daigaku Terebijon-Gijutsushi (History of television technology at Sizuoka University) (Hamamatsu, 1987). On the prewar prototype television receivers, see Shuzo Ito and Tei Kimura, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki no kansei" (A home television receiver is developed), Musenshiryo (Wireless record) 4 (September 1939): 306-12; Shigetaro Chiba, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a home television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 19-26; Hisao Kuno, "Shisaku terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a prototype television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 27-34; Juichi Osawa, Yoshio Moriwaki, and Yoshio Tanaka, "Nihon Denki shiki terebijon juzoki" (The television receiver developed by Nippon Electric), Musen to Jikken, May 1940, 19-27; Takashi Yamazaki and Ri Yugen, "Nippon Koromubia shiki terebijon juzoki" (A television receiver of Nippon Columbia), parts 1 and 2, Musen to Jikken, September 1940, 9-12, and October 1940, 25-28; Toshio Ishibashi and Eifu Yo, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a television receiver for home use), Musen to Jikken, February 1941, 7-16; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype television receiver), Rajio no Nippon (Radio Nippon), February 1941, 36-42; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Kogata terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype small television receiver), Rajio no Nippon, November 1941, 26-28. On television in prewar Japan, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Shigetaro Chiba, and Masatsugu Kobayashi, eds., Saishin Tertebijon Kogaku (The latest television engineering), 5 vols. (Tokyo, 1940-41).
61. The Hamamatsu Technical High School became the engineering faculty of Sizuoka University. Takayanagi's students played the leading role in the development of television technology in pre- and postwar Japan. On the life and work of Takayanagi, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Terebi Kotohajime (Tokyo, 1986; published in English translation as Pioneering Television: The Autobiography of Kenjiro Takayanagi [San Francisco, 1993]), and Hamamatsu-Denshikogaku-Shoreikai (Association for the Promotion of Electronics in Hamamatsu), Sizuoka Daigaku Terebijon-Gijutsushi (History of television technology at Sizuoka University) (Hamamatsu, 1987). On the prewar prototype television receivers, see Shuzo Ito and Tei Kimura, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki no kansei" (A home television receiver is developed), Musenshiryo (Wireless record) 4 (September 1939): 306-12; Shigetaro Chiba, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a home television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 19-26; Hisao Kuno, "Shisaku terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a prototype television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 27-34; Juichi Osawa, Yoshio Moriwaki, and Yoshio Tanaka, "Nihon Denki shiki terebijon juzoki" (The television receiver developed by Nippon Electric), Musen to Jikken, May 1940, 19-27; Takashi Yamazaki and Ri Yugen, "Nippon Koromubia shiki terebijon juzoki" (A television receiver of Nippon Columbia), parts 1 and 2, Musen to Jikken, September 1940, 9-12, and October 1940, 25-28; Toshio Ishibashi and Eifu Yo, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a television receiver for home use), Musen to Jikken, February 1941, 7-16; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype television receiver), Rajio no Nippon (Radio Nippon), February 1941, 36-42; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Kogata terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype small television receiver), Rajio no Nippon, November 1941, 26-28. On television in prewar Japan, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Shigetaro Chiba, and Masatsugu Kobayashi, eds., Saishin Tertebijon Kogaku (The latest television engineering), 5 vols. (Tokyo, 1940-41).
62. The Hamamatsu Technical High School became the engineering faculty of Sizuoka University. Takayanagi's students played the leading role in the development of television technology in pre- and postwar Japan. On the life and work of Takayanagi, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Terebi Kotohajime (Tokyo, 1986; published in English translation as Pioneering Television: The Autobiography of Kenjiro Takayanagi [San Francisco, 1993]), and Hamamatsu-Denshikogaku-Shoreikai (Association for the Promotion of Electronics in Hamamatsu), Sizuoka Daigaku Terebijon-Gijutsushi (History of television technology at Sizuoka University) (Hamamatsu, 1987). On the prewar prototype television receivers, see Shuzo Ito and Tei Kimura, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki no kansei" (A home television receiver is developed), Musenshiryo (Wireless record) 4 (September 1939): 306-12; Shigetaro Chiba, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a home television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 19-26; Hisao Kuno, "Shisaku terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a prototype television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 27-34; Juichi Osawa, Yoshio Moriwaki, and Yoshio Tanaka, "Nihon Denki shiki terebijon juzoki" (The television receiver developed by Nippon Electric), Musen to Jikken, May 1940, 19-27; Takashi Yamazaki and Ri Yugen, "Nippon Koromubia shiki terebijon juzoki" (A television receiver of Nippon Columbia), parts 1 and 2, Musen to Jikken, September 1940, 9-12, and October 1940, 25-28; Toshio Ishibashi and Eifu Yo, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a television receiver for home use), Musen to Jikken, February 1941, 7-16; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype television receiver), Rajio no Nippon (Radio Nippon), February 1941, 36-42; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Kogata terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype small television receiver), Rajio no Nippon, November 1941, 26-28. On television in prewar Japan, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Shigetaro Chiba, and Masatsugu Kobayashi, eds., Saishin Tertebijon Kogaku (The latest television engineering), 5 vols. (Tokyo, 1940-41).
63. The Hamamatsu Technical High School became the engineering faculty of Sizuoka University. Takayanagi's students played the leading role in the development of television technology in pre- and postwar Japan. On the life and work of Takayanagi, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Terebi Kotohajime (Tokyo, 1986; published in English translation as Pioneering Television: The Autobiography of Kenjiro Takayanagi [San Francisco, 1993]), and Hamamatsu-Denshikogaku-Shoreikai (Association for the Promotion of Electronics in Hamamatsu), Sizuoka Daigaku Terebijon-Gijutsushi (History of television technology at Sizuoka University) (Hamamatsu, 1987). On the prewar prototype television receivers, see Shuzo Ito and Tei Kimura, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki no kansei" (A home television receiver is developed), Musenshiryo (Wireless record) 4 (September 1939): 306-12; Shigetaro Chiba, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a home television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 19-26; Hisao Kuno, "Shisaku terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a prototype television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 27-34; Juichi Osawa, Yoshio Moriwaki, and Yoshio Tanaka, "Nihon Denki shiki terebijon juzoki" (The television receiver developed by Nippon Electric), Musen to Jikken, May 1940, 19-27; Takashi Yamazaki and Ri Yugen, "Nippon Koromubia shiki terebijon juzoki" (A television receiver of Nippon Columbia), parts 1 and 2, Musen to Jikken, September 1940, 9-12, and October 1940, 25-28; Toshio Ishibashi and Eifu Yo, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a television receiver for home use), Musen to Jikken, February 1941, 7-16; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype television
64. The Hamamatsu Technical High School became the engineering faculty of Sizuoka University. Takayanagi's students played the leading role in the development of television technology in pre- and postwar Japan. On the life and work of Takayanagi, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Terebi Kotohajime (Tokyo, 1986; published in English translation as Pioneering Television: The Autobiography of Kenjiro Takayanagi [San Francisco, 1993]), and Hamamatsu-Denshikogaku-Shoreikai (Association for the Promotion of Electronics in Hamamatsu), Sizuoka Daigaku Terebijon-Gijutsushi (History of television technology at Sizuoka University) (Hamamatsu, 1987). On the prewar prototype television receivers, see Shuzo Ito and Tei Kimura, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki no kansei" (A home television receiver is developed), Musenshiryo (Wireless record) 4 (September 1939): 306-12; Shigetaro Chiba, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a home television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 19-26; Hisao Kuno, "Shisaku terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a prototype television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 27-34; Juichi Osawa, Yoshio Moriwaki, and Yoshio Tanaka, "Nihon Denki shiki terebijon juzoki" (The television receiver developed by Nippon Electric), Musen to Jikken, May 1940, 19-27; Takashi Yamazaki and Ri Yugen, "Nippon Koromubia shiki terebijon juzoki" (A television receiver of Nippon Columbia), parts 1 and 2, Musen to Jikken, September 1940, 9-12, and October 1940, 25-28; Toshio Ishibashi and Eifu Yo, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a television receiver for home use), Musen to Jikken, February 1941, 7-16; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype television receiver), Rajio no Nippon (Radio Nippon), February 1941, 36-42; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Kogata terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype small television receiver), Rajio no Nippon, November 1941, 26-28. On television in prewar Japan, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Shigetaro Chiba, and Masatsugu Kobayashi, eds., Saishin Tertebijon Kogaku (The latest television engineering), 5 vols. (Tokyo, 1940-41).
65. The Hamamatsu Technical High School became the engineering faculty of Sizuoka University. Takayanagi's students played the leading role in the development of television technology in pre- and postwar Japan. On the life and work of Takayanagi, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Terebi Kotohajime (Tokyo, 1986; published in English translation as Pioneering Television: The Autobiography of Kenjiro Takayanagi [San Francisco, 1993]), and Hamamatsu-Denshikogaku-Shoreikai (Association for the Promotion of Electronics in Hamamatsu), Sizuoka Daigaku Terebijon-Gijutsushi (History of television technology at Sizuoka University) (Hamamatsu, 1987). On the prewar prototype television receivers, see Shuzo Ito and Tei Kimura, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki no kansei" (A home television receiver is developed), Musenshiryo (Wireless record) 4 (September 1939): 306-12; Shigetaro Chiba, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a home television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 19-26; Hisao Kuno, "Shisaku terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a prototype television receiver), Musen to Jikken, November 1939, 27-34; Juichi Osawa, Yoshio Moriwaki, and Yoshio Tanaka, "Nihon Denki shiki terebijon juzoki" (The television receiver developed by Nippon Electric), Musen to Jikken, May 1940, 19-27; Takashi Yamazaki and Ri Yugen, "Nippon Koromubia shiki terebijon juzoki" (A television receiver of Nippon Columbia), parts 1 and 2, Musen to Jikken, September 1940, 9-12, and October 1940, 25-28; Toshio Ishibashi and Eifu Yo, "Kateiyo terebijon juzoki ni tsuite" (On a television receiver for home use), Musen to Jikken, February 1941, 7-16; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype television receiver), Rajio no Nippon (Radio Nippon), February 1941, 36-42; Tatsuichi Shiromi, "Kogata terebijon juzoki no shisaku" (Construction of a prototype small television receiver), Rajio no Nippon, November 1941, 26-28. On television in prewar Japan, see Kenjiro Takayanagi, Shigetaro Chiba, and Masatsugu Kobayashi, eds., Saishin Tertebijon Kogaku (The latest television engineering), 5 vols. (Tokyo, 1940-41).
66. Konosuke Matsushita of Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. was unwilling to develop home television sets hurriedly. Masao Hattori, interview by the author, Osaka, 23 August 1995, and Watashi no kiroku, No. 1: Shapu no terebi kansei mode (My record, No. 1: Up to the completion of Sharp television) (printed privately by Hattori, 1989), 18. Hattori was a television engineer with Hayakawa Electric.
67. For a comprehensive overview of the history of Japanese television technology and the Japanese television industry, see Terebijon Gakukai (Institute of Television Engineers of Japan), Terebijon-Gijutsushi (History of television technology) (Tokyo, 1971). and Terebi-Rajio Sinbunsha, Nippon no Terebijon 20 Nen (Twenty years of Japanese television) (Tokyo, 1974). Atsushi Hiramoto, Nihon no Terebi Sangyo (The Japanese television industry) (Tokyo, 1994) provides a good analysis of the growth of Japanese television industry.
68. For a comprehensive overview of the history of Japanese television technology and the Japanese television industry, see Terebijon Gakukai (Institute of Television Engineers of Japan), Terebijon-Gijutsushi (History of television technology) (Tokyo, 1971). and Terebi-Rajio Sinbunsha, Nippon no Terebijon 20 Nen (Twenty years of Japanese television) (Tokyo, 1974). Atsushi Hiramoto, Nihon no Terebi Sangyo (The Japanese television industry) (Tokyo, 1994) provides a good analysis of the growth of Japanese television industry.
69. For a comprehensive overview of the history of Japanese television technology and the Japanese television industry, see Terebijon Gakukai (Institute of Television Engineers of Japan), Terebijon-Gijutsushi (History of television technology) (Tokyo, 1971). and Terebi-Rajio Sinbunsha, Nippon no Terebijon 20 Nen (Twenty years of Japanese television) (Tokyo, 1974). Atsushi Hiramoto, Nihon no Terebi Sangyo (The Japanese television industry) (Tokyo, 1994) provides a good analysis of the growth of Japanese television industry.
70. A tuner is self-explanatory. A deflection coil (deflection yoke), mounted on the neck of the picture tube, creates changing magnetic fields that deflect an electron beam in the tube. The deflected beam writes a moving bright spot on the fluorescent screen of the picture tube. For a picture tube of larger screen and wider deflection angle (meaning that the tube becomes comparatively short in depth), a more sophisticated winding is necessary. A flyback transformer generates the high voltage (approximately ten kilovolts) required to accelerate the electron beam.
71. One can find a number of short reports and articles on the JAT in radio magazines of 1950-53: see, for example, "Rajio to terebijon: Henshubu dayori" (Radio and television: From the editor), Denpa Kagaku, May 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai" (First meeting of the JAT), June 1950, 6; 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai (Starting meeting of the JAT)", ibid, June 1950, 6; "JAT News sokuho" (Latest news of the JAT), May 1951, 85; Koichi Kasahara, "JAT no shinpatsu ni saishite" (On the occasion of JAT's founding), Musen to Jikken, June 1950, 29; JAT, "Terebi juzoki jisaku no taiken wo kataru" (Experience of home construction of television receivers: A symposium), Musen to Jikken, September 1950, 7 and 50-55; "Amachua TV konkuru," (Amateur television contest), Musen to Jikken, July 1951, 6; "Amachua Terebijon Kenkyukai dai-yonkai koenkai hokoku" (Report of the 4th lecture meeting of JAT), Rajio to Jikken (Experimental Radio), July 1950, 11; "Mi wo musunda amachua no terebi" (Amateur television is realized), Rajio Gijutsu (Radio-craft monthly), July 1951, 1-3. On the JAT's distant reception experiments, see Denpa Kagaku, September 1953, picture page; "Fuji sancho no terebijon jikken" (Experiment of television reception on the summit of Mt. Fuji), Musen to Jikken, September 1953, picture page and 81; Terebi Rajio Shinbunsha (Television and Radio News Co.), Terebi Rajio Nenkan (Television and radio yearbook), 1955 edition (Tokyo, 1954), picture page. On the JAT as a member of the Terebijon Fukyu Kyogikai, see "Dai kyu-kai musen yakuinkai giji" (Minutes of the 9th meeting of directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 25 March 1953, 2. See also Koichi Kasahara, "Arekara 10 nen" (Ten years have passed), Terebijon (Television [the journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan]) 15 (1961), 257; Terebijon Gakukai, Terebijon-Gijutsushi, 174.
72. One can find a number of short reports and articles on the JAT in radio magazines of 1950-53: see, for example, "Rajio to terebijon: Henshubu dayori" (Radio and television: From the editor), Denpa Kagaku, May 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai" (First meeting of the JAT), June 1950, 6; 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai (Starting meeting of the JAT)", ibid, June 1950, 6; "JAT News sokuho" (Latest news of the JAT), May 1951, 85; Koichi Kasahara, "JAT no shinpatsu ni saishite" (On the occasion of JAT's founding), Musen to Jikken, June 1950, 29; JAT, "Terebi juzoki jisaku no taiken wo kataru" (Experience of home construction of television receivers: A symposium), Musen to Jikken, September 1950, 7 and 50-55; "Amachua TV konkuru," (Amateur television contest), Musen to Jikken, July 1951, 6; "Amachua Terebijon Kenkyukai dai-yonkai koenkai hokoku" (Report of the 4th lecture meeting of JAT), Rajio to Jikken (Experimental Radio), July 1950, 11; "Mi wo musunda amachua no terebi" (Amateur television is realized), Rajio Gijutsu (Radio-craft monthly), July 1951, 1-3. On the JAT's distant reception experiments, see Denpa Kagaku, September 1953, picture page; "Fuji sancho no terebijon jikken" (Experiment of television reception on the summit of Mt. Fuji), Musen to Jikken, September 1953, picture page and 81; Terebi Rajio Shinbunsha (Television and Radio News Co.), Terebi Rajio Nenkan (Television and radio yearbook), 1955 edition (Tokyo, 1954), picture page. On the JAT as a member of the Terebijon Fukyu Kyogikai, see "Dai kyu-kai musen yakuinkai giji" (Minutes of the 9th meeting of directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 25 March 1953, 2. See also Koichi Kasahara, "Arekara 10 nen" (Ten years have passed), Terebijon (Television [the journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan]) 15 (1961), 257; Terebijon Gakukai, Terebijon-Gijutsushi, 174.
73. One can find a number of short reports and articles on the JAT in radio magazines of 1950-53: see, for example, "Rajio to terebijon: Henshubu dayori" (Radio and television: From the editor), Denpa Kagaku, May 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai" (First meeting of the JAT), June 1950, 6; 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai (Starting meeting of the JAT)", ibid, June 1950, 6; "JAT News sokuho" (Latest news of the JAT), May 1951, 85; Koichi Kasahara, "JAT no shinpatsu ni saishite" (On the occasion of JAT's founding), Musen to Jikken, June 1950, 29; JAT, "Terebi juzoki jisaku no taiken wo kataru" (Experience of home construction of television receivers: A symposium), Musen to Jikken, September 1950, 7 and 50-55; "Amachua TV konkuru," (Amateur television contest), Musen to Jikken, July 1951, 6; "Amachua Terebijon Kenkyukai dai-yonkai koenkai hokoku" (Report of the 4th lecture meeting of JAT), Rajio to Jikken (Experimental Radio), July 1950, 11; "Mi wo musunda amachua no terebi" (Amateur television is realized), Rajio Gijutsu (Radio-craft monthly), July 1951, 1-3. On the JAT's distant reception experiments, see Denpa Kagaku, September 1953, picture page; "Fuji sancho no terebijon jikken" (Experiment of television reception on the summit of Mt. Fuji), Musen to Jikken, September 1953, picture page and 81; Terebi Rajio Shinbunsha (Television and Radio News Co.), Terebi Rajio Nenkan (Television and radio yearbook), 1955 edition (Tokyo, 1954), picture page. On the JAT as a member of the Terebijon Fukyu Kyogikai, see "Dai kyu-kai musen yakuinkai giji" (Minutes of the 9th meeting of directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 25 March 1953, 2. See also Koichi Kasahara, "Arekara 10 nen" (Ten years have passed), Terebijon (Television [the journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan]) 15 (1961), 257; Terebijon Gakukai, Terebijon-Gijutsushi, 174.
74. One can find a number of short reports and articles on the JAT in radio magazines of 1950-53: see, for example, "Rajio to terebijon: Henshubu dayori" (Radio and television: From the editor), Denpa Kagaku, May 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai" (First meeting of the JAT), June 1950, 6; 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai (Starting meeting of the JAT)", ibid, June 1950, 6; "JAT News sokuho" (Latest news of the JAT), May 1951, 85; Koichi Kasahara, "JAT no shinpatsu ni saishite" (On the occasion of JAT's founding), Musen to Jikken, June 1950, 29; JAT, "Terebi juzoki jisaku no taiken wo kataru" (Experience of home construction of television receivers: A symposium), Musen to Jikken, September 1950, 7 and 50-55; "Amachua TV konkuru," (Amateur television contest), Musen to Jikken, July 1951, 6; "Amachua Terebijon Kenkyukai dai-yonkai koenkai hokoku" (Report of the 4th lecture meeting of JAT), Rajio to Jikken (Experimental Radio), July 1950, 11; "Mi wo musunda amachua no terebi" (Amateur television is realized), Rajio Gijutsu (Radio-craft monthly), July 1951, 1-3. On the JAT's distant reception experiments, see Denpa Kagaku, September 1953, picture page; "Fuji sancho no terebijon jikken" (Experiment of television reception on the summit of Mt. Fuji), Musen to Jikken, September 1953, picture page and 81; Terebi Rajio Shinbunsha (Television and Radio News Co.), Terebi Rajio Nenkan (Television and radio yearbook), 1955 edition (Tokyo, 1954), picture page. On the JAT as a member of the Terebijon Fukyu Kyogikai, see "Dai kyu-kai musen yakuinkai giji" (Minutes of the 9th meeting of directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 25 March 1953, 2. See also Koichi Kasahara, "Arekara 10 nen" (Ten years have passed), Terebijon (Television [the journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan]) 15 (1961), 257; Terebijon Gakukai, Terebijon-Gijutsushi, 174.
75. One can find a number of short reports and articles on the JAT in radio magazines of 1950-53: see, for example, "Rajio to terebijon: Henshubu dayori" (Radio and television: From the editor), Denpa Kagaku, May 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai" (First meeting of the JAT), June 1950, 6; 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai (Starting meeting of the JAT)", ibid, June 1950, 6; "JAT News sokuho" (Latest news of the JAT), May 1951, 85; Koichi Kasahara, "JAT no shinpatsu ni saishite" (On the occasion of JAT's founding), Musen to Jikken, June 1950, 29; JAT, "Terebi juzoki jisaku no taiken wo kataru" (Experience of home construction of television receivers: A symposium), Musen to Jikken, September 1950, 7 and 50-55; "Amachua TV konkuru," (Amateur television contest), Musen to Jikken, July 1951, 6; "Amachua Terebijon Kenkyukai dai-yonkai koenkai hokoku" (Report of the 4th lecture meeting of JAT), Rajio to Jikken (Experimental Radio), July 1950, 11; "Mi wo musunda amachua no terebi" (Amateur television is realized), Rajio Gijutsu (Radio-craft monthly), July 1951, 1-3. On the JAT's distant reception experiments, see Denpa Kagaku, September 1953, picture page; "Fuji sancho no terebijon jikken" (Experiment of television reception on the summit of Mt. Fuji), Musen to Jikken, September 1953, picture page and 81; Terebi Rajio Shinbunsha (Television and Radio News Co.), Terebi Rajio Nenkan (Television and radio yearbook), 1955 edition (Tokyo, 1954), picture page. On the JAT as a member of the Terebijon Fukyu Kyogikai, see "Dai kyu-kai musen yakuinkai giji" (Minutes of the 9th meeting of directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 25 March 1953, 2. See also Koichi Kasahara, "Arekara 10 nen" (Ten years have passed), Terebijon (Television [the journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan]) 15 (1961), 257; Terebijon Gakukai, Terebijon-Gijutsushi, 174.
76. One can find a number of short reports and articles on the JAT in radio magazines of 1950-53: see, for example, "Rajio to terebijon: Henshubu dayori" (Radio and television: From the editor), Denpa Kagaku, May 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai" (First meeting of the JAT), June 1950, 6; 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai (Starting meeting of the JAT)", ibid, June 1950, 6; "JAT News sokuho" (Latest news of the JAT), May 1951, 85; Koichi Kasahara, "JAT no shinpatsu ni saishite" (On the occasion of JAT's founding), Musen to Jikken, June 1950, 29; JAT, "Terebi juzoki jisaku no taiken wo kataru" (Experience of home construction of television receivers: A symposium), Musen to Jikken, September 1950, 7 and 50-55; "Amachua TV konkuru," (Amateur television contest), Musen to Jikken, July 1951, 6; "Amachua Terebijon Kenkyukai dai-yonkai koenkai hokoku" (Report of the 4th lecture meeting of JAT), Rajio to Jikken (Experimental Radio), July 1950, 11; "Mi wo musunda amachua no terebi" (Amateur television is realized), Rajio Gijutsu (Radio-craft monthly), July 1951, 1-3. On the JAT's distant reception experiments, see Denpa Kagaku, September 1953, picture page; "Fuji sancho no terebijon jikken" (Experiment of television reception on the summit of Mt. Fuji), Musen to Jikken, September 1953, picture page and 81; Terebi Rajio Shinbunsha (Television and Radio News Co.), Terebi Rajio Nenkan (Television and radio yearbook), 1955 edition (Tokyo, 1954), picture page. On the JAT as a member of the Terebijon Fukyu Kyogikai, see "Dai kyu-kai musen yakuinkai giji" (Minutes of the 9th meeting of directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 25 March 1953, 2. See also Koichi Kasahara, "Arekara 10 nen" (Ten years have passed), Terebijon (Television [the journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan]) 15 (1961), 257; Terebijon Gakukai, Terebijon-Gijutsushi, 174.
77. One can find a number of short reports and articles on the JAT in radio magazines of 1950-53: see, for example, "Rajio to terebijon: Henshubu dayori" (Radio and television: From the editor), Denpa Kagaku, May 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai" (First meeting of the JAT), June 1950, 6; 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai (Starting meeting of the JAT)", ibid, June 1950, 6; "JAT News sokuho" (Latest news of the JAT), May 1951, 85; Koichi Kasahara, "JAT no shinpatsu ni saishite" (On the occasion of JAT's founding), Musen to Jikken, June 1950, 29; JAT, "Terebi juzoki jisaku no taiken wo kataru" (Experience of home construction of television receivers: A symposium), Musen to Jikken, September 1950, 7 and 50-55; "Amachua TV konkuru," (Amateur television contest), Musen to Jikken, July 1951, 6; "Amachua Terebijon Kenkyukai dai-yonkai koenkai hokoku" (Report of the 4th lecture meeting of JAT), Rajio to Jikken (Experimental Radio), July 1950, 11; "Mi wo musunda amachua no terebi" (Amateur television is realized), Rajio Gijutsu (Radio-craft monthly), July 1951, 1-3. On the JAT's distant reception experiments, see Denpa Kagaku, September 1953, picture page; "Fuji sancho no terebijon jikken" (Experiment of television reception on the summit of Mt. Fuji), Musen to Jikken, September 1953, picture page and 81; Terebi Rajio Shinbunsha (Television and Radio News Co.), Terebi Rajio Nenkan (Television and radio yearbook), 1955 edition (Tokyo, 1954), picture page. On the JAT as a member of the Terebijon Fukyu Kyogikai, see "Dai kyu-kai musen yakuinkai giji" (Minutes of the 9th meeting of directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 25 March 1953, 2. See also Koichi Kasahara, "Arekara 10 nen" (Ten years have passed), Terebijon (Television [the journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan]) 15 (1961), 257; Terebijon Gakukai, Terebijon-Gijutsushi, 174.
78. One can find a number of short reports and articles on the JAT in radio magazines of 1950-53: see, for example, "Rajio to terebijon: Henshubu dayori" (Radio and television: From the editor), Denpa Kagaku, May 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai" (First meeting of the JAT), June 1950, 6; 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai (Starting meeting of the JAT)", ibid, June 1950, 6; "JAT News sokuho" (Latest news of the JAT), May 1951, 85; Koichi Kasahara, "JAT no shinpatsu ni saishite" (On the occasion of JAT's founding), Musen to Jikken, June 1950, 29; JAT, "Terebi juzoki jisaku no taiken wo kataru" (Experience of home construction of television receivers: A symposium), Musen to Jikken, September 1950, 7 and 50-55; "Amachua TV konkuru," (Amateur television contest), Musen to Jikken, July 1951, 6; "Amachua Terebijon Kenkyukai dai-yonkai koenkai hokoku" (Report of the 4th lecture meeting of JAT), Rajio to Jikken (Experimental Radio), July 1950, 11; "Mi wo musunda amachua no terebi" (Amateur television is realized), Rajio Gijutsu (Radio-craft monthly), July 1951, 1-3. On the JAT's distant reception experiments, see Denpa Kagaku, September 1953, picture page; "Fuji sancho no terebijon jikken" (Experiment of television reception on the summit of Mt. Fuji), Musen to Jikken, September 1953, picture page and 81; Terebi Rajio Shinbunsha (Television and Radio News Co.), Terebi Rajio Nenkan (Television and radio yearbook), 1955 edition (Tokyo, 1954), picture page. On the JAT as a member of the Terebijon Fukyu Kyogikai, see "Dai kyu-kai musen yakuinkai giji" (Minutes of the 9th meeting of directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 25 March 1953, 2. See also Koichi Kasahara, "Arekara 10 nen" (Ten years have passed), Terebijon (Television [the journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan]) 15 (1961), 257; Terebijon Gakukai, Terebijon-Gijutsushi, 174.
79. One can find a number of short reports and articles on the JAT in radio magazines of 1950-53: see, for example, "Rajio to terebijon: Henshubu dayori" (Radio and television: From the editor), Denpa Kagaku, May 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai" (First meeting of the JAT), June 1950, 6; 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai (Starting meeting of the JAT)", ibid, June 1950, 6; "JAT News sokuho" (Latest news of the JAT), May 1951, 85; Koichi Kasahara, "JAT no shinpatsu ni saishite" (On the occasion of JAT's founding), Musen to Jikken, June 1950, 29; JAT, "Terebi juzoki jisaku no taiken wo kataru" (Experience of home construction of television receivers: A symposium), Musen to Jikken, September 1950, 7 and 50-55; "Amachua TV konkuru," (Amateur television contest), Musen to Jikken, July 1951, 6; "Amachua Terebijon Kenkyukai dai-yonkai koenkai hokoku" (Report of the 4th lecture meeting of JAT), Rajio to Jikken (Experimental Radio), July 1950, 11; "Mi wo musunda amachua no terebi" (Amateur television is realized), Rajio Gijutsu (Radio-craft monthly), July 1951, 1-3. On the JAT's distant reception experiments, see Denpa Kagaku, September 1953, picture page; "Fuji sancho no terebijon jikken" (Experiment of television reception on the summit of Mt. Fuji), Musen to Jikken, September 1953, picture page and 81; Terebi Rajio Shinbunsha (Television and Radio News Co.), Terebi Rajio Nenkan (Television and radio yearbook), 1955 edition (Tokyo, 1954), picture page. On the JAT as a member of the Terebijon Fukyu Kyogikai, see "Dai kyu-kai musen yakuinkai giji" (Minutes of the 9th meeting of directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 25 March 1953, 2. See also Koichi Kasahara, "Arekara 10 nen" (Ten years have passed), Terebijon (Television [the journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan]) 15 (1961), 257; Terebijon Gakukai, Terebijon-Gijutsushi, 174.
80. One can find a number of short reports and articles on the JAT in radio magazines of 1950-53: see, for example, "Rajio to terebijon: Henshubu dayori" (Radio and television: From the editor), Denpa Kagaku, May 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai" (First meeting of the JAT), June 1950, 6; 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai (Starting meeting of the JAT)", ibid, June 1950, 6; "JAT News sokuho" (Latest news of the JAT), May 1951, 85; Koichi Kasahara, "JAT no shinpatsu ni saishite" (On the occasion of JAT's founding), Musen to Jikken, June 1950, 29; JAT, "Terebi juzoki jisaku no taiken wo kataru" (Experience of home construction of television receivers: A symposium), Musen to Jikken, September 1950, 7 and 50-55; "Amachua TV konkuru," (Amateur television contest), Musen to Jikken, July 1951, 6; "Amachua Terebijon Kenkyukai dai-yonkai koenkai hokoku" (Report of the 4th lecture meeting of JAT), Rajio to Jikken (Experimental Radio), July 1950, 11; "Mi wo musunda amachua no terebi" (Amateur television is realized), Rajio Gijutsu (Radio-craft monthly), July 1951, 1-3. On the JAT's distant reception experiments, see Denpa Kagaku, September 1953, picture page; "Fuji sancho no terebijon jikken" (Experiment of television reception on the summit of Mt. Fuji), Musen to Jikken, September 1953, picture page and 81; Terebi Rajio Shinbunsha (Television and Radio News Co.), Terebi Rajio Nenkan (Television and radio yearbook), 1955 edition (Tokyo, 1954), picture page. On the JAT as a member of the Terebijon Fukyu Kyogikai, see "Dai kyu-kai musen yakuinkai giji" (Minutes of the 9th meeting of directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 25 March 1953, 2. See also Koichi Kasahara, "Arekara 10 nen" (Ten years have passed), Terebijon (Television [the journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan]) 15 (1961), 257; Terebijon Gakukai, Terebijon-Gijutsushi, 174.
81. One can find a number of short reports and articles on the JAT in radio magazines of 1950-53: see, for example, "Rajio to terebijon: Henshubu dayori" (Radio and television: From the editor), Denpa Kagaku, May 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai" (First meeting of the JAT), June 1950, 6; 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai (Starting meeting of the JAT)", ibid, June 1950, 6; "JAT News sokuho" (Latest news of the JAT), May 1951, 85; Koichi Kasahara, "JAT no shinpatsu ni saishite" (On the occasion of JAT's founding), Musen to Jikken, June 1950, 29; JAT, "Terebi juzoki jisaku no taiken wo kataru" (Experience of home construction of television receivers: A symposium), Musen to Jikken, September 1950, 7 and 50-55; "Amachua TV konkuru," (Amateur television contest), Musen to Jikken, July 1951, 6; "Amachua Terebijon Kenkyukai dai-yonkai koenkai hokoku" (Report of the 4th lecture meeting of JAT), Rajio to Jikken (Experimental Radio), July 1950, 11; "Mi wo musunda amachua no terebi" (Amateur television is realized), Rajio Gijutsu (Radio-craft monthly), July 1951, 1-3. On the JAT's distant reception experiments, see Denpa Kagaku, September 1953, picture page; "Fuji sancho no terebijon jikken" (Experiment of television reception on the summit of Mt. Fuji), Musen to Jikken, September 1953, picture page and 81; Terebi Rajio Shinbunsha (Television and Radio News Co.), Terebi Rajio Nenkan (Television and radio yearbook), 1955 edition (Tokyo, 1954), picture page. On the JAT as a member of the Terebijon Fukyu Kyogikai, see "Dai kyu-kai musen yakuinkai giji" (Minutes of the 9th meeting of directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 25 March 1953, 2. See also Koichi Kasahara, "Arekara 10 nen" (Ten years have passed), Terebijon (Television [the journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan]) 15 (1961), 257; Terebijon Gakukai, Terebijon-Gijutsushi, 174.
82. One can find a number of short reports and articles on the JAT in radio magazines of 1950-53: see, for example, "Rajio to terebijon: Henshubu dayori" (Radio and television: From the editor), Denpa Kagaku, May 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai" (First meeting of the JAT), June 1950, 6; 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai (Starting meeting of the JAT)", ibid, June 1950, 6; "JAT News sokuho" (Latest news of the JAT), May 1951, 85; Koichi Kasahara, "JAT no shinpatsu ni saishite" (On the occasion of JAT's founding), Musen to Jikken, June 1950, 29; JAT, "Terebi juzoki jisaku no taiken wo kataru" (Experience of home construction of television receivers: A symposium), Musen to Jikken, September 1950, 7 and 50-55; "Amachua TV konkuru," (Amateur television contest), Musen to Jikken, July 1951, 6; "Amachua Terebijon Kenkyukai dai-yonkai koenkai hokoku" (Report of the 4th lecture meeting of JAT), Rajio to Jikken (Experimental Radio), July 1950, 11; "Mi wo musunda amachua no terebi" (Amateur television is realized), Rajio Gijutsu (Radio-craft monthly), July 1951, 1-3. On the JAT's distant reception experiments, see Denpa Kagaku, September 1953, picture page; "Fuji sancho no terebijon jikken" (Experiment of television reception on the summit of Mt. Fuji), Musen to Jikken, September 1953, picture page and 81; Terebi Rajio Shinbunsha (Television and Radio News Co.), Terebi Rajio Nenkan (Television and radio yearbook), 1955 edition (Tokyo, 1954), picture page. On the JAT as a member of the Terebijon Fukyu Kyogikai, see "Dai kyu-kai musen yakuinkai giji" (Minutes of the 9th meeting of directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 25 March 1953, 2. See also Koichi Kasahara, "Arekara 10 nen" (Ten years have passed), Terebijon (Television [the journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan]) 15 (1961), 257; Terebijon Gakukai, Terebijon-Gijutsushi, 174.
83. One can find a number of short reports and articles on the JAT in radio magazines of 1950-53: see, for example, "Rajio to terebijon: Henshubu dayori" (Radio and television: From the editor), Denpa Kagaku, May 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai" (First meeting of the JAT), June 1950, 6; 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai (Starting meeting of the JAT)", ibid, June 1950, 6; "JAT News sokuho" (Latest news of the JAT), May 1951, 85; Koichi Kasahara, "JAT no shinpatsu ni saishite" (On the occasion of JAT's founding), Musen to Jikken, June 1950, 29; JAT, "Terebi juzoki jisaku no taiken wo kataru" (Experience of home construction of television receivers: A symposium), Musen to Jikken, September 1950, 7 and 50-55; "Amachua TV konkuru," (Amateur television contest), Musen to Jikken, July 1951, 6; "Amachua Terebijon Kenkyukai dai-yonkai koenkai hokoku" (Report of the 4th lecture meeting of JAT), Rajio to Jikken (Experimental Radio), July 1950, 11; "Mi wo musunda amachua no terebi" (Amateur television is realized), Rajio Gijutsu (Radio-craft monthly), July 1951, 1-3. On the JAT's distant reception experiments, see Denpa Kagaku, September 1953, picture page; "Fuji sancho no terebijon jikken" (Experiment of television reception on the summit of Mt. Fuji), Musen to Jikken, September 1953, picture page and 81; Terebi Rajio Shinbunsha (Television and Radio News Co.), Terebi Rajio Nenkan (Television and radio yearbook), 1955 edition (Tokyo, 1954), picture page. On the JAT as a member of the Terebijon Fukyu Kyogikai, see "Dai kyu-kai musen yakuinkai giji" (Minutes of the 9th meeting of directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 25 March 1953, 2. See also Koichi Kasahara, "Arekara 10 nen" (Ten years have passed), Terebijon (Television [the journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan]) 15 (1961), 257; Terebijon Gakukai, Terebijon-Gijutsushi, 174.
84. One can find a number of short reports and articles on the JAT in radio magazines of 1950-53: see, for example, "Rajio to terebijon: Henshubu dayori" (Radio and television: From the editor), Denpa Kagaku, May 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai" (First meeting of the JAT), June 1950, 6; 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai (Starting meeting of the JAT)", ibid, June 1950, 6; "JAT News sokuho" (Latest news of the JAT), May 1951, 85; Koichi Kasahara, "JAT no shinpatsu ni saishite" (On the occasion of JAT's founding), Musen to Jikken, June 1950, 29; JAT, "Terebi juzoki jisaku no taiken wo kataru" (Experience of home construction of television receivers: A symposium), Musen to Jikken, September 1950, 7 and 50-55; "Amachua TV konkuru," (Amateur television contest), Musen to Jikken, July 1951, 6; "Amachua Terebijon Kenkyukai dai-yonkai koenkai hokoku" (Report of the 4th lecture meeting of JAT), Rajio to Jikken (Experimental Radio), July 1950, 11; "Mi wo musunda amachua no terebi" (Amateur television is realized), Rajio Gijutsu (Radio-craft monthly), July 1951, 1-3. On the JAT's distant reception experiments, see Denpa Kagaku, September 1953, picture page; "Fuji sancho no terebijon jikken" (Experiment of television reception on the summit of Mt. Fuji), Musen to Jikken, September 1953, picture page and 81; Terebi Rajio Shinbunsha (Television and Radio News Co.), Terebi Rajio Nenkan (Television and radio yearbook), 1955 edition (Tokyo, 1954), picture page. On the JAT as a member of the Terebijon Fukyu Kyogikai, see "Dai kyu-kai musen yakuinkai giji" (Minutes of the 9th meeting of directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 25 March 1953, 2. See also Koichi Kasahara, "Arekara 10 nen" (Ten years have passed), Terebijon (Television [the journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan]) 15 (1961), 257; Terebijon Gakukai, Terebijon-Gijutsushi, 174.
85. One can find a number of short reports and articles on the JAT in radio magazines of 1950-53: see, for example, "Rajio to terebijon: Henshubu dayori" (Radio and television: From the editor), Denpa Kagaku, May 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai" (First meeting of the JAT), June 1950, 6; 1950, 63; "JAT no hakkai (Starting meeting of the JAT)", ibid, June 1950, 6; "JAT News sokuho" (Latest news of the JAT), May 1951, 85; Koichi Kasahara, "JAT no shinpatsu ni saishite" (On the occasion of JAT's founding), Musen to Jikken, June 1950, 29; JAT, "Terebi juzoki jisaku no taiken wo kataru" (Experience of home construction of television receivers: A symposium), Musen to Jikken, September 1950, 7 and 50-55; "Amachua TV konkuru," (Amateur television contest), Musen to Jikken, July 1951, 6; "Amachua Terebijon Kenkyukai dai-yonkai koenkai hokoku" (Report of the 4th lecture meeting of JAT), Rajio to Jikken (Experimental Radio), July 1950, 11; "Mi wo musunda amachua no terebi" (Amateur television is realized), Rajio Gijutsu (Radio-craft monthly), July 1951, 1-3. On the JAT's distant reception experiments, see Denpa Kagaku, September 1953, picture page; "Fuji sancho no terebijon jikken" (Experiment of television reception on the summit of Mt. Fuji), Musen to Jikken, September 1953, picture page and 81; Terebi Rajio Shinbunsha (Television and Radio News Co.), Terebi Rajio Nenkan (Television and radio yearbook), 1955 edition (Tokyo, 1954), picture page. On the JAT as a member of the Terebijon Fukyu Kyogikai, see "Dai kyu-kai musen yakuinkai giji" (Minutes of the 9th meeting of directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 25 March 1953, 2. See also Koichi Kasahara, "Arekara 10 nen" (Ten years have passed), Terebijon (Television [the journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan]) 15 (1961), 257; Terebijon Gakukai, Terebijon-Gijutsushi, 174.
86. The estimation is based on the assumption that a Japanese radio receiver would break down once in several months. The importance of reliability of components cannot be overemphasized. Later, in the early years of color television, it was said in Japan that a color set would break down two weeks after one bought it. The frequent need for repairs impeded the popularization of color television.
87. Sumio Soda and Joji Yoshioka, "Sengo no terebijon juzoki gijutsushi" (History of postwar television receiver technology), Proceedings of the Joint Study Meeting on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation/History of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (Tokyo, 1993).
88. Minutes of the second general meeting of the Terebijon Buhin Kenkyukai, NHK Research Laboratory, January 1952, 2 February 1952; rules and member list, undated, private collection of Sumio Soda, former president of Chuo Musen. See also Soda and Yoshioka; Toshio Ishibashi, "NHK ni okeru terebi juzoki no kenkyushi" (History of television research at NHK), Proceedings of the Study Meeting on History of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (Tokyo, 1993).
89. Minutes of the second general meeting of the Terebijon Buhin Kenkyukai, NHK Research Laboratory, January 1952, 2 February 1952; rules and member list, undated, private collection of Sumio Soda, former president of Chuo Musen. See also Soda and Yoshioka; Toshio Ishibashi, "NHK ni okeru terebi juzoki no kenkyushi" (History of television research at NHK), Proceedings of the Study Meeting on History of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (Tokyo, 1993).
90. On the appreciation of television by the industrial association, see "Musen-Tshushinkikai Kogyokai Showa nijurokunendo jigyohokoku" (Business report for fiscal year 1951 of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 30 May 1952, 5; "Dai-ikkai musen yakuinkai" (First meeting of the directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 15 July 1953, 3. On Sato's election, see "Dai-yonkai musen teiji sokai giji" (Minutes of the fourth general meeting of the Association of Wireless Communications Industries), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 1 June 1951, 3.
91. On the appreciation of television by the industrial association, see "Musen-Tshushinkikai Kogyokai Showa nijurokunendo jigyohokoku" (Business report for fiscal year 1951 of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 30 May 1952, 5; "Dai-ikkai musen yakuinkai" (First meeting of the directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 15 July 1953, 3. On Sato's election, see "Dai-yonkai musen teiji sokai giji" (Minutes of the fourth general meeting of the Association of Wireless Communications Industries), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 1 June 1951, 3.
92. On the appreciation of television by the industrial association, see "Musen-Tshushinkikai Kogyokai Showa nijurokunendo jigyohokoku" (Business report for fiscal year 1951 of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 30 May 1952, 5; "Dai-ikkai musen yakuinkai" (First meeting of the directors of the Association of Wireless Communications Industry), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 15 July 1953, 3. On Sato's election, see "Dai-yonkai musen teiji sokai giji" (Minutes of the fourth general meeting of the Association of Wireless Communications Industries), Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho, 1 June 1951, 3.
93. Study Committee on Imported Machinery, Department of Commerce and Industry, Osaka Prefectural Government, Showa 26 Nendo Musentsushinki Bukai Kenkyuhokokusho, 1953. More than fifty people, including members of the committee and its working groups, cooperated. The report also contained results of a study of radio sets made by Hallicrafters, and of a speaker made by Jensen.
94. On the TVK-II, see Terebijon Buhin Kenkyukai, NHK Sekkei TVK-II Gata 7 Inch: Juzoki (TVK-II seven-inch receiver designed by NHK) (Tokyo, 1952); advertisements for the TVK Association and for Fuji Seisakusho, Musen to Jikken, December 1952, 115 and 48. On the later kits, see, for example, Rajio Gijutsu, December 1956, special television kits issue. See also Soda and Yoshioka, Ishibashi.
95. On the TVK-II, see Terebijon Buhin Kenkyukai, NHK Sekkei TVK-II Gata 7 Inch: Juzoki (TVK-II seven-inch receiver designed by NHK) (Tokyo, 1952); advertisements for the TVK Association and for Fuji Seisakusho, Musen to Jikken, December 1952, 115 and 48. On the later kits, see, for example, Rajio Gijutsu, December 1956, special television kits issue. See also Soda and Yoshioka, Ishibashi.
96. On the TVK-II, see Terebijon Buhin Kenkyukai, NHK Sekkei TVK-II Gata 7 Inch: Juzoki (TVK-II seven-inch receiver designed by NHK) (Tokyo, 1952); advertisements for the TVK Association and for Fuji Seisakusho, Musen to Jikken, December 1952, 115 and 48. On the later kits, see, for example, Rajio Gijutsu, December 1956, special television kits issue. See also Soda and Yoshioka, Ishibashi.
97. Official statistics on production of television sets and kits in 1953 were: in January, 277 and 656; February, 333 and 394; March, 414 and 652; April, 541 and 817; May, 756 and 521; June, 1,035 and 366; July, 1,417 and 504; August, 1,723 and 494; September, 1,608 and 323; October, 2,140 and 200; November, 2,171 and 213; December, 2,286 and 147. See Nippon Denki Tsushinkogyo Rengokai (Joint Association of Electrical Communications Industries of Japan), Tsushinkogyokaiho (Bulletin of the Association of Communications Industries; this publication succeeded Nippon Denkitsushinkogyo Rengokaiho), September 1953, 27; October 1953, 34; November 1953, 24; December 1953, 20; January 1954, 28; February 1954, 34; March 1954, 33. The numbers printed in the source were corrected by the authority afterwards; here the corrected numbers are shown. Supposedly, substantial numbers of kits were used by set manufactutuers such as Hayakawa Electric for training service technicians.
98. Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Denshikogyo Nenkan (Yearbook of the electronics industry) (Tokyo, 1962), 264.
99. Masaaki Egawa, interview by author, Tokyo, 4 April 1996.
100. Nihon Seisansei Honbu, Denkitsushin-Kikai Kagyo Senmon Shisatsudan Hokokukai Shiryo (Material for the open meeting to report on the visit of the electrical communications manufacturers), 1957, archives of the Shakai Seisansei Honbu (Japan Productivity Center for Socio-Economic Development, the successor to Nihon Seisansei Honbu); Nihon Seisansei Honbu, Jigyohokokusho (Annual business report), 1957, Shakai Seisansei Honbu archives, 12-15, 36;
101. Nihon Seisansei Honbu, Denkitsushin-Kikai Kagyo Senmon Shisatsudan Hokokukai Shiryo (Material for the open meeting to report on the visit of the electrical communications manufacturers), 1957, archives of the Shakai Seisansei Honbu (Japan Productivity Center for Socio-Economic Development, the successor to Nihon Seisansei Honbu); Nihon Seisansei Honbu, Jigyohokokusho (Annual business report), 1957, Shakai Seisansei Honbu archives, 12-15, 36; Nihon Seisansei Honbu Tsushinkogyo Senmon Shisatsudan (Visiting Group to Observe Telecommunications Industries, Japan Productivity Center), "Amerika sanken" (Brief visit to America), Denpa Kagaku, September 1957, 135-38. See also Nozomu Matsumoto's autobiography, Kaiko to Zenshin (Retrospect and progress), 2 vols. (Denpa-Shinbunsha, Tokyo, 1976), 389-406.
102. Nihon Seisansei Honbu, Denkitsushin-Kikai Kagyo Senmon Shisatsudan Hokokukai Shiryo (Material for the open meeting to report on the visit of the electrical communications manufacturers), 1957, archives of the Shakai Seisansei Honbu (Japan Productivity Center for Socio-Economic Development, the successor to Nihon Seisansei Honbu); Nihon Seisansei Honbu, Jigyohokokusho (Annual business report), 1957, Shakai Seisansei Honbu archives, 12-15, 36; Nihon Seisansei Honbu Tsushinkogyo Senmon Shisatsudan (Visiting Group to Observe Telecommunications Industries, Japan Productivity Center), "Amerika sanken" (Brief visit to America), Denpa Kagaku, September 1957, 135-38. See also Nozomu Matsumoto's autobiography, Kaiko to Zenshin (Retrospect and progress), 2 vols. (Denpa-Shinbunsha, Tokyo, 1976), 389-406.
103. Nihon Seisansei Honbu, Denkitsushin-Kikai Kagyo Senmon Shisatsudan Hokokukai Shiryo (Material for the open meeting to report on the visit of the electrical communications manufacturers), 1957, archives of the Shakai Seisansei Honbu (Japan Productivity Center for Socio-Economic Development, the successor to Nihon Seisansei Honbu); Nihon Seisansei Honbu, Jigyohokokusho (Annual business report), 1957, Shakai Seisansei Honbu archives, 12-15, 36; Nihon Seisansei Honbu Tsushinkogyo Senmon Shisatsudan (Visiting Group to Observe Telecommunications Industries, Japan Productivity Center), "Amerika sanken" (Brief visit to America), Denpa Kagaku, September 1957, 135-38. See also Nozomu Matsumoto's autobiography, Kaiko to Zenshin (Retrospect and progress), 2 vols. (Denpa-Shinbunsha, Tokyo, 1976), 389-406.
104. In the Tokyo area, Kanto Terebi Kitto Kogyokai (Kanto Association of Television Kit Manufacturers) was founded by Fuji Seisakusho (STAR), Rocket, Toei Musen, Chuo Musen (QQQ), Yutaka Denki, and others. A similar association was founded in the Osaka area. On taxation of television receivers, see Tsushosangyosho Jukogyokyoku Denkitsushinka (Division of Electric Machine and Communications Equipment, Bureau of Heavy Industries, MITI), Nippon no Katei Denki (Home electrical appliances in Japan), Kogyoshuppansha, Tokyo, 16-35. See also Denshikogya 20 Nenshi (n. 12 above), 325-35.
105. In the Tokyo area, Kanto Terebi Kitto Kogyokai (Kanto Association of Television Kit Manufacturers) was founded by Fuji Seisakusho (STAR), Rocket, Toei Musen, Chuo Musen (QQQ), Yutaka Denki, and others. A similar association was founded in the Osaka area. On taxation of television receivers, see Tsushosangyosho Jukogyokyoku Denkitsushinka (Division of Electric Machine and Communications Equipment, Bureau of Heavy Industries, MITI), Nippon no Katei Denki (Home electrical appliances in Japan), Kogyoshuppansha, Tokyo, 16-35. See also Denshikogya 20 Nenshi (n. 12 above), 325-35.
106. On the new television technology, see Soda and Yoshioka (n. 31 above), Ishibashi (n. 32 above).
107. Nippon Denshi Kogakuin Sanjunenshi (Thirty years of the Nippon Electronics Engineering College) (Tokyo, 1977), 267. Today the schools stress computer technology.
108. "Kyokaijigyo 10 Nen no Ayumi" (Ten years of business of the association), Denpagijutsukyokai-Ho (Bulletin of the Radio Engineering and Electronics Association), no. 17, 1967, 15-20; Denpagijutsukyokai 20 Nenshi (Twenty years of the Radio Engineering and Electronics Association) (Tokyo, 1972); Denpagijutsukyokai 30 Nenshi (Thirty years of the Radio Engineering and Electronics Association) (Tokyo, 1983).
109. "Kyokaijigyo 10 Nen no Ayumi" (Ten years of business of the association), Denpagijutsukyokai-Ho (Bulletin of the Radio Engineering and Electronics Association), no. 17, 1967, 15-20; Denpagijutsukyokai 20 Nenshi (Twenty years of the Radio Engineering and Electronics Association) (Tokyo, 1972); Denpagijutsukyokai 30 Nenshi (Thirty years of the Radio Engineering and Electronics Association) (Tokyo, 1983).
110. "Kyokaijigyo 10 Nen no Ayumi" (Ten years of business of the association), Denpagijutsukyokai-Ho (Bulletin of the Radio Engineering and Electronics Association), no. 17, 1967, 15-20; Denpagijutsukyokai 20 Nenshi (Twenty years of the Radio Engineering and Electronics Association) (Tokyo, 1972); Denpagijutsukyokai 30 Nenshi (Thirty years of the Radio Engineering and Electronics Association) (Tokyo, 1983).
111. Intracompany training of television repair technicians should be discussed in detail elsewhere, also in connection with the Vocational Skill Olympics: see, for example, Hirohisa Endo, "The Training Philosophy of Vocational Skill Olympics: Radio and Television Repairing," Proceedings of the Study Meeting on History of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (Tokyo, 1996).
112. Vincent A. LaFrance, "The United States Television Receiver Industry: United States versus Japan," (Ph.D diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1985), 431-37, 307-10, 406-11.
113. One can find some advertisements for television kits (not completely wired) in American radio journals in the postwar period: see, for example, Radio and Television News, May 1950, 19, 162. On British tinkering and radio and television kits, see Jonathan Hill, Radio! Radio! (Bampton, Devon, 1986); Gordon Bussey, Wireless, the Crucial Decade: History of the British Wireless Industry, 1924-34 (London, 1990), esp. chap. 7; Keith Geddes and Gordon Bussey, The Setmakers: A History of the Radio and Television Industry (London, 1991 ); P. R. Morris, "A Review of the Development of the British Thermionic Valve Industry", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 65 (1994): 57-73; K. G. Beauchamp, Exhibiting Electricity (London, 1997), 216-218, 267. For German examples, see Wolfgang Menzel, SABA: Die Produktion von 1924-1949 (Kelkheim, 1995), 22-39.
114. One can find some advertisements for television kits (not completely wired) in American radio journals in the postwar period: see, for example, Radio and Television News, May 1950, 19, 162. On British tinkering and radio and television kits, see Jonathan Hill, Radio! Radio! (Bampton, Devon, 1986); Gordon Bussey, Wireless, the Crucial Decade: History of the British Wireless Industry, 1924-34 (London, 1990), esp. chap. 7; Keith Geddes and Gordon Bussey, The Setmakers: A History of the Radio and Television Industry (London, 1991 ); P. R. Morris, "A Review of the Development of the British Thermionic Valve Industry", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 65 (1994): 57-73; K. G. Beauchamp, Exhibiting Electricity (London, 1997), 216-218, 267. For German examples, see Wolfgang Menzel, SABA: Die Produktion von 1924-1949 (Kelkheim, 1995), 22-39.
115. One can find some advertisements for television kits (not completely wired) in American radio journals in the postwar period: see, for example, Radio and Television News, May 1950, 19, 162. On British tinkering and radio and television kits, see Jonathan Hill, Radio! Radio! (Bampton, Devon, 1986); Gordon Bussey, Wireless, the Crucial Decade: History of the British Wireless Industry, 1924-34 (London, 1990), esp. chap. 7; Keith Geddes and Gordon Bussey, The Setmakers: A History of the Radio and Television Industry (London, 1991 ); P. R. Morris, "A Review of the Development of the British Thermionic Valve Industry", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 65 (1994): 57-73; K. G. Beauchamp, Exhibiting Electricity (London, 1997), 216-218, 267. For German examples, see Wolfgang Menzel, SABA: Die Produktion von 1924-1949 (Kelkheim, 1995), 22-39.
116. One can find some advertisements for television kits (not completely wired) in American radio journals in the postwar period: see, for example, Radio and Television News, May 1950, 19, 162. On British tinkering and radio and television kits, see Jonathan Hill, Radio! Radio! (Bampton, Devon, 1986); Gordon Bussey, Wireless, the Crucial Decade: History of the British Wireless Industry, 1924-34 (London, 1990), esp. chap. 7; Keith Geddes and Gordon Bussey, The Setmakers: A History of the Radio and Television Industry (London, 1991 ); P. R. Morris, "A Review of the Development of the British Thermionic Valve Industry", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 65 (1994): 57-73; K. G. Beauchamp, Exhibiting Electricity (London, 1997), 216-218, 267. For German examples, see Wolfgang Menzel, SABA: Die Produktion von 1924-1949 (Kelkheim, 1995), 22-39.
117. One can find some advertisements for television kits (not completely wired) in American radio journals in the postwar period: see, for example, Radio and Television News, May 1950, 19, 162. On British tinkering and radio and television kits, see Jonathan Hill, Radio! Radio! (Bampton, Devon, 1986); Gordon Bussey, Wireless, the Crucial Decade: History of the British Wireless Industry, 1924-34 (London, 1990), esp. chap. 7; Keith Geddes and Gordon Bussey, The Setmakers: A History of the Radio and Television Industry (London, 1991 ); P. R. Morris, "A Review of the Development of the British Thermionic Valve Industry", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 65 (1994): 57-73; K. G. Beauchamp, Exhibiting Electricity (London, 1997), 216-218, 267. For German examples, see Wolfgang Menzel, SABA: Die Produktion von 1924-1949 (Kelkheim, 1995), 22-39.
118. One can find some advertisements for television kits (not completely wired) in American radio journals in the postwar period: see, for example, Radio and Television News, May 1950, 19, 162. On British tinkering and radio and television kits, see Jonathan Hill, Radio! Radio! (Bampton, Devon, 1986); Gordon Bussey, Wireless, the Crucial Decade: History of the British Wireless Industry, 1924-34 (London, 1990), esp. chap. 7; Keith Geddes and Gordon Bussey, The Setmakers: A History of the Radio and Television Industry (London, 1991 ); P. R. Morris, "A Review of the Development of the British Thermionic Valve Industry", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 65 (1994): 57-73; K. G. Beauchamp, Exhibiting Electricity (London, 1997), 216-218, 267. For German examples, see Wolfgang Menzel, SABA: Die Produktion von 1924-1949 (Kelkheim, 1995), 22-39.
119. One can find some advertisements for television kits (not completely wired) in American radio journals in the postwar period: see, for example, Radio and Television News, May 1950, 19, 162. On British tinkering and radio and television kits, see Jonathan Hill, Radio! Radio! (Bampton, Devon, 1986); Gordon Bussey, Wireless, the Crucial Decade: History of the British Wireless Industry, 1924-34 (London, 1990), esp. chap. 7; Keith Geddes and Gordon Bussey, The Setmakers: A History of the Radio and Television Industry (London, 1991 ); P. R. Morris, "A Review of the Development of the British Thermionic Valve Industry", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 65 (1994): 57-73; K. G. Beauchamp, Exhibiting Electricity (London, 1997), 216-218, 267. For German examples, see Wolfgang Menzel, SABA: Die Produktion von 1924-1949 (Kelkheim, 1995), 22-39.
120. Although this article has analyzed factors characteristic of Japan, the author believes that the histories of the Japanese and Western radio and television industries have much in common. The economic depression of the 1930s, for example, affected the popularization of radios in the United States. The culture of radio and television tinkering has had a powerful impact on society and the economy. This is a topic that would reward further study.