Antisemitic Europe and the 'third way': The ideas of Maurice Bardèche

Patterns of Prejudice

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 57-73

  Barnes, Ian R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DERBY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antisemitism; Bard che; Brasillach; Drieu la Rochelle; Fascism; France; Nazism; Neo fascism; Racism; Vichy

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034377750     PISSN: 0031322X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00313220008559140     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Two books co-authored by Bardèche and Brasillach are Histoire du cinéma (Paris: Denoël 1935) and Histoire de la guerre d'Espagne (Paris: Plon 1939).
2. Two books co-authored by Bardèche and Brasillach are Histoire du cinéma (Paris: Denoël 1935) and Histoire de la guerre d'Espagne (Paris: Plon 1939).
3. For example, Maurice Bardèche, 'Une biographie américaine de Robert Brasillach', Cahiers des amis de Robert Brasillach, no. 22, summer 1977.
4. For an elaboration of these ideas, see Ian R. Barnes, 'Fascism and technocratic elitism: the case of Maurice Bardèche', Wiener Library Bulletin, vol. 34, nos 53/54, 1981, 36-41.
5. Maurice Bardèche, Lettre à François Mauriac (Paris: La Pensée Libre 1947) and Nuremberg ou la terre promise (Paris: Les Sept Couleurs 1948).
6. Maurice Bardèche, Lettre à François Mauriac (Paris: La Pensée Libre 1947) and Nuremberg ou la terre promise (Paris: Les Sept Couleurs 1948).
7. Bardèche considered José Antonio Primo de Rivera to be part of this tradition. In November 1934 this Spanish leader of the Falange published its twenty-six-point programme, which included the call to nationalize the banking system (point 14), to eliminate vast agricultural estates (point 18) and to redistribute all arable land in order to promote family holdings (point 19). The full programme is printed in H. Thomas (ed.), José Antonio Primo de Rivera. Selected Writings (London: Jonathan Cape 1972).
8. Maurice Bardèche, 'Une idée nouvelle: l'Eurodroite', Défense de l'Occident, July-August 1978, 3.
9. Maurice Bardèche, Les Temps modernes (Paris: Les Sept Couleurs 1957).
10. For a detailed account of early post-war attempts at internationalizing fascism, see K. P. Tauber, Beyond Eagle and Swastika: German Nationalism since 1945, 2 vols (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press 1967).
11. Maurice Bardèche, Qu'est-ce que le fascisme? (Paris: Les Septs Couleurs 1961), 113.
12. Maurice Bardèche et al., 'Les fascismes inconnus', Défense de l'Occident, no. 81, April-May 1969, and 'La croisade anti-bolchevique I, II, and III', Défense de l'Occident, special issues, 1973-74.
13. Maurice Bardèche et al., 'Les fascismes inconnus', Défense de l'Occident, no. 81, April-May 1969, and 'La croisade anti-bolchevique I, II, and III', Défense de l'Occident, special issues, 1973-74.
14. For a detailed description of fascist socialism, see Maurice Bardèche, 'Socialisme fasciste I, II, and III', Défense de l'Occident, no. 146, March 1977; no. 148, May 1977; and no. 150, July-August 1977 respectively.
15. For a detailed description of fascist socialism, see Maurice Bardèche, 'Socialisme fasciste I, II, and III', Défense de l'Occident, no. 146, March 1977; no. 148, May 1977; and no. 150, July-August 1977 respectively.
16. For a detailed description of fascist socialism, see Maurice Bardèche, 'Socialisme fasciste I, II, and III', Défense de l'Occident, no. 146, March 1977; no. 148, May 1977; and no. 150, July-August 1977 respectively.
17. Bardèche, Qu'est-ce que le fascisme?, 194.
18. Maurice Bardèche, 'Progrès et chances du fascisme', Défense de l'Occident, nos 91/92, October-November 1970, 22.
19. Bardèche, 'Socialisme fasciste I', 5-6.
20. For a detailed analysis of this view, see Maurice Bardèche, 'Mémorandum pour les USA', Défense de l'Occident, December 1978. For a slightly wider view, see an earlier article, Maurice Bardèche, 'Avantages et inconvénients du rocking-chair, ' Défense de l'Occident, vol. 13, October 1965.
21. For a detailed analysis of this view, see Maurice Bardèche, 'Mémorandum pour les USA', Défense de l'Occident, December 1978. For a slightly wider view, see an earlier article, Maurice Bardèche, 'Avantages et inconvénients du rocking-chair, ' Défense de l'Occident, vol. 13, October 1965.
22. See Maurice Bardèche, 'La mazurka de Varsovie', Défense de l'Occident, no. 175, June 1980, for a discussion along these lines.
23. Per Engdahl, Västerlandets Förnyelse (Malmö: Bok och Tidskrift 1951).
24. In an article by Maurice Bardèche published in Défense de l'Occident, December 1953 (reported in 'Nationalist journals', Wiener Library Bulletin, vol. 8, nos 1/2, 1954, 10), he claimed that large numbers of French people were in favour of a military alliance between France and Russia, which would reduce France to the status of a Soviet protectorate.
25. In an article by Maurice Bardèche published in Défense de l'Occident, December 1953 (reported in 'Nationalist journals', Wiener Library Bulletin, vol. 8, nos 1/2, 1954, 10), he claimed that large numbers of French people were in favour of a military alliance between France and Russia, which would reduce France to the status of a Soviet protectorate.
26. See H. Jaeger, The Reappearance of the Swastika. Neo-Nazism and the Fascist International (London: Gamma Publications 1960), 38.
27. Maurice Bardèche, 'Théorie d'une Europe troisième force', Défense de l'Occident, no. 149, June 1977.
28. 'Finlandization' refers to Finland's standing vis-à-vis the Soviet Union after 1945. The Kremlin refrained from interfering in Finland's domestic affairs but verbally attacked Finnish social democracy. Finland adopted a pro-Soviet 'neutral' stance, refrained from joining West European military and economic organizations, apart from playing a minor role in the European Free Trade Association, and agreed to inform the Soviet Union if the Finnish government perceived any danger of invasion from the West, a code-word for Germany. Hence, Finland was chained to the USSR and its economy was managed with an emphasis on its eastern links. The Finns spent years under Presidents Paasikivi and Kekkonen loosening this chain.
29. Bardèche, 'Théorie d'une Europe troisième force', 5-6.
30. Ibid., 7.
31. Parliamentary stagnation caused by a balance of parties wherein no party can gain the upper hand, leading to few policies and the failure to address social and economic issues.
32. Maurice Bardèche, 'The real Europe', Europe (Switzerland), no. 1, 1979, 100.
33. Bardèche, 'Théorie d'une Europe troisième force', 8.
34. Bardèche, 'Socialisme fasciste II', 10.
35. Ibid., 5.
36. Ibid., 6.
37. Bardèche, 'Théorie d'une Europe troisième force', 11.
38. See Barnes, 'Fascism and technocratic elitism'.
39. Bardèche, 'Progrès et chances du fascisme', 7.
40. Ibid., 12.
41. See Maurice Bardèche, 'De la liberté au terrorisme', Défense de l'Occident, no. 152, November 1977, 3-9.
42. Maurice Bardèche, 'Wofür wir kämpfen', Nation Europa (Coburg), February 1969, 25-9.
43. Cited in Wiener Library Bulletin, nos 2-4, 1954, 23.
44. Jaume Nepote in Défense de l'Occident, January 1965, cited in Wiener Library Bulletin, no. 3, 1965, 49.
45. Jaume Nepote in Défense de l'Occident, January 1965, cited in Wiener Library Bulletin, no. 3, 1965, 49.
46. Maurice Bardèche, 'Le racisme, cet inconnu', Défense de l'Occident, September 1960, 11.
47. Georges Bernanos, La Grande Peur des bien-pensants (Paris 1931), 454.
48. Maurice Bardèche, 'Israël et quelques autres problèmes', Défense de l'Occident, September-October 1967, 9. The argument was that the right of diaspora Jews to automatic Israeli citizenship allowed Israel to influence the United States via its Jewish citizens, and thereby give the US the opportunity of intervening in the Middle East. Likewise the Soviet Union felt obliged to interfere on behalf of non-Soviet Communists wherever they might be.
49. Ibid., 10-11.
50. Bardèche, 'The real Europe', 103.
51. See 'Italians launch a Euro-right', Patterns of Prejudice, ' vol. 12, no. 3, 1978, 9-10.
52. See 'The Euro-right', Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 12, no. 4, 1978, 14.
53. See P. España, 'A Spanish demagogue. Bias Piñar's "Fuerza Nueva"', Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 6, no. 3, 1972, 25-6.
54. T. Buron and P. Gauchon (eds), Les Fascismes (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France 1979).
55. The May 1968 Paris revolution witnessed the ascent of Occident, a university-based right-wing nationalist group which combatted the left. Dissolved that year, it gave birth to the Groupe d'union et de défense (GUD), an anti-Communist and anti-anarchist student wing of Ordre Nouveau, a organization which, although banned in 1973, created the Front national.
56. See G. Pons, Les Rats noirs (Paris: Jean-Claude Simoën 1977), 75-100 for reported conversations with Gauchon.
57. 'Italians launch a Euro-right', 9-10.
58. Bardèche, 'Une idée nouvelle: l'Eurodroite', 3-4.
59. Ibid., 5.
60. Ibid., 6-7.
61. A friend of Sir Oswald Mosley, Williamson produced a fifteen-volume cycle of novels collectively known as A Chronicle of Ancient Sunlight (1951-69). A central character, Phillip Maddison, incorporates much of Williamson's personality and life; the cycle is packed with antisemitic reference and is imbued with coded references to a Jewish conspiracy theory.
62. See Ian R. Barnes, 'The pedigree of GRECE I, II', Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 14, no. 3, 1980 and no. 4, 1980, respectively.
63. See Ian R. Barnes, 'The pedigree of GRECE I, II', Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 14, no. 3, 1980 and no. 4, 1980, respectively.
64. Maurice Bardèche, 'La Nouvelle Droite', Défense de l'Occident, July-August 1979, 3-16, and Maurice Bardèche, 'Les silences de la Nouvelle Droite', Défense de l'Occident, December 1979, 12-30.
65. Maurice Bardèche, 'La Nouvelle Droite', Défense de l'Occident, July-August 1979, 3-16, and Maurice Bardèche, 'Les silences de la Nouvelle Droite', Défense de l'Occident, December 1979, 12-30.
66. For example, see Pierre Drieu la Rochelle, Genève ou Moscou. Essai politique (Piris: Gallimard 1928), L'Europe contre les patries (Paris: Gallimard 1931)
67. For example, see Pierre Drieu la Rochelle, Genève ou Moscou. Essai politique (Piris: Gallimard 1928), L'Europe contre les patries (Paris: Gallimard 1931)
68. and Socialisme fasciste (Paris: Gallimard 1934).
69. A useful commentary on Drieu la Rochelle is Jean-Marie Pérusat, Drieu la Rochelle ou le goüt du malentendu (Frankfurt 1977).
70. Bardèche, Qu'est-ce que le fascisme?, 184-5.
71. Ibid., 88.
72. This antisemitism is evaluated in Pierre Birnbaum, Antisemitism in France. A Political History from Léon Blum to the Present (Oxford: Blackwell 1992) and Michel Winock, Nationalism, Anti-Semitism, Fascism in France (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press 1998).
73. This antisemitism is evaluated in Pierre Birnbaum, Antisemitism in France. A Political History from Léon Blum to the Present (Oxford: Blackwell 1992) and Michel Winock, Nationalism, Anti-Semitism, Fascism in France (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press 1998).
74. See Steve Bastow, 'The radicalization of Front national discourse: a politics of the "third way"?', Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 32, no. 3, 1998, 55-68, and Roger Griffin, 'Net gains and GUD reactions: patterns of prejudice in a neo-fascist groupuscule', Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 33, no. 2, 1999, 31-50.
75. See Steve Bastow, 'The radicalization of Front national discourse: a politics of the "third way"?', Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 32, no. 3, 1998, 55-68, and Roger Griffin, 'Net gains and GUD reactions: patterns of prejudice in a neo-fascist groupuscule', Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 33, no. 2, 1999, 31-50.
76. Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust. The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory (Harmondsworth: Penguin 1994), 64.
77. Bardèche, Qu'est ce que le fascisme?, 12 and Barnes, 'Fascism and technocratic elitism', 38.
78. Bardèche, Qu'est ce que le fascisme?, 12 and Barnes, 'Fascism and technocratic elitism', 38.
79. Bardèche, Qu'est ce que le fascisme?, 194-5.