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Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 480-496

Trade unions in an elitist society: The Singapore story

(1)  Barr, Michael D a  

a NONE

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EID: 0034369484     PISSN: 00049522     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-8497.00109     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (13)

References (85)
  • 4
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    • The bud that will never flower? East Asian Trade Unions?
    • Greg Sheridan ed., Sydney: Allen & Unwin in association with Mobil Oil Australia, At the time of writing Easson was the Secretary of the NSW Trades and Labor Council
    • Michael Easson, "The Bud That Will Never Flower? East Asian Trade Unions?", in Greg Sheridan ed., Living With Dragons: Australia Confronts its Asian Destiny (Sydney: Allen & Unwin in association with Mobil Oil Australia, 1995), p. 212. At the time of writing Easson was the Secretary of the NSW Trades and Labor Council.
    • (1995) Living With Dragons: Australia Confronts its Asian Destiny , pp. 212
    • Easson, M.1
  • 5
    • 0039815631 scopus 로고
    • Singapore: McGraw-Hill, This cannot be taken as a true indication of active support of the PAP-NTUC link, but it does suggest that levels of dissatisfaction were not inordinately high. The declining levels of trade union membership throughout the 1980s indicate that although most people supported the Singapore style of unionism in principle, that support was often passive acceptance rather than active endorsement
    • According to surveys conducted from 1985 to 1987, about 72 per cent of the general public approved of the unions' close association with the government while only 10 per cent actively disapproved. See Chew Soon Beng, Trade Unionism In Singapore (Singapore: McGraw-Hill, 1991), p. 189. This cannot be taken as a true indication of active support of the PAP-NTUC link, but it does suggest that levels of dissatisfaction were not inordinately high. The declining levels of trade union membership throughout the 1980s indicate that although most people supported the Singapore style of unionism in principle, that support was often passive acceptance rather than active endorsement.
    • (1991) Trade Unionism in Singapore , pp. 189
    • Beng, C.S.1
  • 6
    • 0039814370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emergence of bureaucratic-authoritarian corporatism in labour relations
    • Ong Jin Hui, Tong Chee Kiong and Tan Ern Ser eds, Singapore: Times Academic Press
    • Frederic C. Deyo, "The Emergence of Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Corporatism in Labour Relations", in Ong Jin Hui, Tong Chee Kiong and Tan Ern Ser eds, Understanding Singapore Society (Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1997), pp. 353-62.
    • (1997) Understanding Singapore Society , pp. 353-362
    • Deyo, F.C.1
  • 7
    • 53649106139 scopus 로고
    • London and New York: Routledge
    • David Brown coined the term "inclusionary corporatism", in Brown, The State and Ethnic Politics in Southeast Asia (London and New York: Routledge, 1994), p. 89.
    • (1994) The State and Ethnic Politics in Southeast Asia , pp. 89
    • Brown1
  • 8
    • 0003987372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: Curzon Press; Washington DC: Georgetown University Press
    • For a better understanding of the rationale behind the elitism of the Singapore system, see Michael D. Barr, Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man (London: Curzon Press; Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000), pp. 97-128.
    • (2000) Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man , pp. 97-128
    • Barr, M.D.1
  • 9
    • 0039222502 scopus 로고
    • Seconded to the NTUC
    • 16 March
    • See "Seconded to the NTUC", The Sunday Times, 16 March 1980, p. 4.
    • (1980) The Sunday Times , pp. 4
  • 11
    • 0024193774 scopus 로고
    • Singapore and the recession of 1985
    • See Jonathan Rigg, "Singapore and the Recession of 1985", Asian Survey, 28, 3 (1988), pp. 342 and 343.
    • (1988) Asian Survey , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 342
    • Rigg, J.1
  • 12
  • 14
    • 0040406876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trade union growth in singapore
    • F. Deyo, "Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Corporatism in Labour Relations", p. 356; and, Lee Boon Hiok, "Trade Union Growth in Singapore", Asian Journal of Political Science, 3, 2 (1995), pp. 93 and 94.
    • (1995) Asian Journal of Political Science , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 93
    • Hiok, L.B.1
  • 15
    • 31144457040 scopus 로고
    • 21 December
    • See Far Eastern Economic Review, 21 December 1979, p. 22, and The Sunday Times, 27 January 1980. Phey was trying to set up a supermarket chain to rival that owned by the NTUC. See James Minchin, No Man is an Island: A Portrait of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1985, 1990), p. 224.
    • (1979) Far Eastern Economic Review , pp. 22
  • 16
    • 84870567199 scopus 로고
    • 27 January
    • See Far Eastern Economic Review, 21 December 1979, p. 22, and The Sunday Times, 27 January 1980. Phey was trying to set up a supermarket chain to rival that owned by the NTUC. See James Minchin, No Man is an Island: A Portrait of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1985, 1990), p. 224.
    • (1980) The Sunday Times
  • 17
    • 0142150618 scopus 로고
    • Sydney: Allen & Unwin
    • See Far Eastern Economic Review, 21 December 1979, p. 22, and The Sunday Times, 27 January 1980. Phey was trying to set up a supermarket chain to rival that owned by the NTUC. See James Minchin, No Man is an Island: A Portrait of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1985, 1990), p. 224.
    • (1985) No Man is an Island: A Portrait of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew , pp. 224
    • Minchin, J.1
  • 18
    • 84870567199 scopus 로고
    • 16 March "House" unions draw their membership from one employer only. In trade union circles they are usually considered to be overly vulnerable to pressure from employers
    • The Sunday Times, 16 March 1980. "House" unions draw their membership from one employer only. In trade union circles they are usually considered to be overly vulnerable to pressure from employers.
    • (1980) The Sunday Times
  • 21
    • 0041001013 scopus 로고
    • Learning new tasks keeps employees happy: Expert
    • 31 October
    • See, for instance, the following newspaper articles: "Learning New Tasks Keeps Employees Happy: Expert", The Sunday Times, 31 October 1982; "Starry-eyed Over Love ... Level-headed Over Marriage", ibid., 8 January 1984; "Shifting Eduction into High Gear Too", The Straits Times, 29 September 1982; "Aid That Will Do Us the Most Good: PM. Japan can tell us how to drive home the productivity message and this will have a long-lasting impact on progress of S'pore, says Lee" and "Search Must Go On ... We are looking for way out of recession tunnel, says Nakasone", both in ibid., 5 May 1983; "More Working Women Than Housewives Soon: Japanese Trend Calls for Review", ibid., 29 October 1984, "Time to Educate a New Generation: PM" with a smaller boxed quotation bearing the headline, "Wisdom of the Japanese in banning the pill", ibid., 2 March 1985; "Service in Our Stores Far Behind Japan's: QCCs can help upgrade standard, says Japanese expert", ibid., 3 September 1985; and "Why Japan's Service is So Highly Acclaimed", ibid., 14 September 1985; "PM's interview with Asahi Shimbun: We have to be bold like the Japanese", ibid., 18 November 1985; "Japan's Trade Success in China a Lesson for West", ibid., 22 November 1985.
    • (1982) The Sunday Times
  • 22
    • 0040406875 scopus 로고
    • Starry-eyed over love ... Level-headed over marriage
    • 8 January
    • See, for instance, the following newspaper articles: "Learning New Tasks Keeps Employees Happy: Expert", The Sunday Times, 31 October 1982; "Starry-eyed Over Love ... Level-headed Over Marriage", ibid., 8 January 1984; "Shifting Eduction into High Gear Too", The Straits Times, 29 September 1982; "Aid That Will Do Us the Most Good: PM. Japan can tell us how to drive home the productivity message and this will have a long-lasting impact on progress of S'pore, says Lee" and "Search Must Go On ... We are looking for way out of recession tunnel, says Nakasone", both in ibid., 5 May 1983; "More Working Women Than Housewives Soon: Japanese Trend Calls for Review", ibid., 29 October 1984, "Time to Educate a New Generation: PM" with a smaller boxed quotation bearing the headline, "Wisdom of the Japanese in banning the pill", ibid., 2 March 1985; "Service in Our Stores Far Behind Japan's: QCCs can help upgrade standard, says Japanese expert", ibid., 3 September 1985; and "Why Japan's Service is So Highly Acclaimed", ibid., 14 September 1985; "PM's interview with Asahi Shimbun: We have to be bold like the Japanese", ibid., 18 November 1985; "Japan's Trade Success in China a Lesson for West", ibid., 22 November 1985.
    • (1984) The Sunday Times
  • 23
    • 0041001014 scopus 로고
    • Shifting eduction into high gear too
    • 29 September
    • See, for instance, the following newspaper articles: "Learning New Tasks Keeps Employees Happy: Expert", The Sunday Times, 31 October 1982; "Starry-eyed Over Love ... Level-headed Over Marriage", ibid., 8 January 1984; "Shifting Eduction into High Gear Too", The Straits Times, 29 September 1982; "Aid That Will Do Us the Most Good: PM. Japan can tell us how to drive home the productivity message and this will have a long-lasting impact on progress of S'pore, says Lee" and "Search Must Go On ... We are looking for way out of recession tunnel, says Nakasone", both in ibid., 5 May 1983; "More Working Women Than Housewives Soon: Japanese Trend Calls for Review", ibid., 29 October 1984, "Time to Educate a New Generation: PM" with a smaller boxed quotation bearing the headline, "Wisdom of the Japanese in banning the pill", ibid., 2 March 1985; "Service in Our Stores Far Behind Japan's: QCCs can help upgrade standard, says Japanese expert", ibid., 3 September 1985; and "Why Japan's Service is So Highly Acclaimed", ibid., 14 September 1985; "PM's interview with Asahi Shimbun: We have to be bold like the Japanese", ibid., 18 November 1985; "Japan's Trade Success in China a Lesson for West", ibid., 22 November 1985.
    • (1982) The Straits Times
  • 24
    • 33845486443 scopus 로고
    • 5 May
    • See, for instance, the following newspaper articles: "Learning New Tasks Keeps Employees Happy: Expert", The Sunday Times, 31 October 1982; "Starry-eyed Over Love ... Level-headed Over Marriage", ibid., 8 January 1984; "Shifting Eduction into High Gear Too", The Straits Times, 29 September 1982; "Aid That Will Do Us the Most Good: PM. Japan can tell us how to drive home the productivity message and this will have a long-lasting impact on progress of S'pore, says Lee" and "Search Must Go On ... We are looking for way out of recession tunnel, says Nakasone", both in ibid., 5 May 1983; "More Working Women Than Housewives Soon: Japanese Trend Calls for Review", ibid., 29 October 1984, "Time to Educate a New Generation: PM" with a smaller boxed quotation bearing the headline, "Wisdom of the Japanese in banning the pill", ibid., 2 March 1985; "Service in Our Stores Far Behind Japan's: QCCs can help upgrade standard, says Japanese expert", ibid., 3 September 1985; and "Why Japan's Service is So Highly Acclaimed", ibid., 14 September 1985; "PM's interview with Asahi Shimbun: We have to be bold like the Japanese", ibid., 18 November 1985; "Japan's Trade Success in China a Lesson for West", ibid., 22 November 1985.
    • (1983) The Straits Times
    • Nakasone1
  • 25
    • 0040406869 scopus 로고
    • More working women than housewives soon: Japanese trend calls for review
    • 29 October
    • See, for instance, the following newspaper articles: "Learning New Tasks Keeps Employees Happy: Expert", The Sunday Times, 31 October 1982; "Starry-eyed Over Love ... Level-headed Over Marriage", ibid., 8 January 1984; "Shifting Eduction into High Gear Too", The Straits Times, 29 September 1982; "Aid That Will Do Us the Most Good: PM. Japan can tell us how to drive home the productivity message and this will have a long-lasting impact on progress of S'pore, says Lee" and "Search Must Go On ... We are looking for way out of recession tunnel, says Nakasone", both in ibid., 5 May 1983; "More Working Women Than Housewives Soon: Japanese Trend Calls for Review", ibid., 29 October 1984, "Time to Educate a New Generation: PM" with a smaller boxed quotation bearing the headline, "Wisdom of the Japanese in banning the pill", ibid., 2 March 1985; "Service in Our Stores Far Behind Japan's: QCCs can help upgrade standard, says Japanese expert", ibid., 3 September 1985; and "Why Japan's Service is So Highly Acclaimed", ibid., 14 September 1985; "PM's interview with Asahi Shimbun: We have to be bold like the Japanese", ibid., 18 November 1985; "Japan's Trade Success in China a Lesson for West", ibid., 22 November 1985.
    • (1984) The Straits Times
  • 26
    • 0040406858 scopus 로고
    • Wisdom of the Japanese in banning the pill
    • 2 March
    • See, for instance, the following newspaper articles: "Learning New Tasks Keeps Employees Happy: Expert", The Sunday Times, 31 October 1982; "Starry-eyed Over Love ... Level-headed Over Marriage", ibid., 8 January 1984; "Shifting Eduction into High Gear Too", The Straits Times, 29 September 1982; "Aid That Will Do Us the Most Good: PM. Japan can tell us how to drive home the productivity message and this will have a long-lasting impact on progress of S'pore, says Lee" and "Search Must Go On ... We are looking for way out of recession tunnel, says Nakasone", both in ibid., 5 May 1983; "More Working Women Than Housewives Soon: Japanese Trend Calls for Review", ibid., 29 October 1984, "Time to Educate a New Generation: PM" with a smaller boxed quotation bearing the headline, "Wisdom of the Japanese in banning the pill", ibid., 2 March 1985; "Service in Our Stores Far Behind Japan's: QCCs can help upgrade standard, says Japanese expert", ibid., 3 September 1985; and "Why Japan's Service is So Highly Acclaimed", ibid., 14 September 1985; "PM's interview with Asahi Shimbun: We have to be bold like the Japanese", ibid., 18 November 1985; "Japan's Trade Success in China a Lesson for West", ibid., 22 November 1985.
    • (1985) The Straits Times
  • 27
    • 0041001012 scopus 로고
    • Service in our stores far behind Japan's: QCCs can help upgrade standard, says Japanese expert
    • 3 September
    • See, for instance, the following newspaper articles: "Learning New Tasks Keeps Employees Happy: Expert", The Sunday Times, 31 October 1982; "Starry-eyed Over Love ... Level-headed Over Marriage", ibid., 8 January 1984; "Shifting Eduction into High Gear Too", The Straits Times, 29 September 1982; "Aid That Will Do Us the Most Good: PM. Japan can tell us how to drive home the productivity message and this will have a long-lasting impact on progress of S'pore, says Lee" and "Search Must Go On ... We are looking for way out of recession tunnel, says Nakasone", both in ibid., 5 May 1983; "More Working Women Than Housewives Soon: Japanese Trend Calls for Review", ibid., 29 October 1984, "Time to Educate a New Generation: PM" with a smaller boxed quotation bearing the headline, "Wisdom of the Japanese in banning the pill", ibid., 2 March 1985; "Service in Our Stores Far Behind Japan's: QCCs can help upgrade standard, says Japanese expert", ibid., 3 September 1985; and "Why Japan's Service is So Highly Acclaimed", ibid., 14 September 1985; "PM's interview with Asahi Shimbun: We have to be bold like the Japanese", ibid., 18 November 1985; "Japan's Trade Success in China a Lesson for West", ibid., 22 November 1985.
    • (1985) The Straits Times
  • 28
    • 0040406870 scopus 로고
    • Why japan's service is so highly acclaimed
    • 14 September
    • See, for instance, the following newspaper articles: "Learning New Tasks Keeps Employees Happy: Expert", The Sunday Times, 31 October 1982; "Starry-eyed Over Love ... Level-headed Over Marriage", ibid., 8 January 1984; "Shifting Eduction into High Gear Too", The Straits Times, 29 September 1982; "Aid That Will Do Us the Most Good: PM. Japan can tell us how to drive home the productivity message and this will have a long-lasting impact on progress of S'pore, says Lee" and "Search Must Go On ... We are looking for way out of recession tunnel, says Nakasone", both in ibid., 5 May 1983; "More Working Women Than Housewives Soon: Japanese Trend Calls for Review", ibid., 29 October 1984, "Time to Educate a New Generation: PM" with a smaller boxed quotation bearing the headline, "Wisdom of the Japanese in banning the pill", ibid., 2 March 1985; "Service in Our Stores Far Behind Japan's: QCCs can help upgrade standard, says Japanese expert", ibid., 3 September 1985; and "Why Japan's Service is So Highly Acclaimed", ibid., 14 September 1985; "PM's interview with Asahi Shimbun: We have to be bold like the Japanese", ibid., 18 November 1985; "Japan's Trade Success in China a Lesson for West", ibid., 22 November 1985.
    • (1985) The Straits Times
  • 29
    • 0039814368 scopus 로고
    • PM's interview with Asahi Shimbun: We have to be bold like the Japanese
    • 18 November
    • See, for instance, the following newspaper articles: "Learning New Tasks Keeps Employees Happy: Expert", The Sunday Times, 31 October 1982; "Starry-eyed Over Love ... Level-headed Over Marriage", ibid., 8 January 1984; "Shifting Eduction into High Gear Too", The Straits Times, 29 September 1982; "Aid That Will Do Us the Most Good: PM. Japan can tell us how to drive home the productivity message and this will have a long-lasting impact on progress of S'pore, says Lee" and "Search Must Go On ... We are looking for way out of recession tunnel, says Nakasone", both in ibid., 5 May 1983; "More Working Women Than Housewives Soon: Japanese Trend Calls for Review", ibid., 29 October 1984, "Time to Educate a New Generation: PM" with a smaller boxed quotation bearing the headline, "Wisdom of the Japanese in banning the pill", ibid., 2 March 1985; "Service in Our Stores Far Behind Japan's: QCCs can help upgrade standard, says Japanese expert", ibid., 3 September 1985; and "Why Japan's Service is So Highly Acclaimed", ibid., 14 September 1985; "PM's interview with Asahi Shimbun: We have to be bold like the Japanese", ibid., 18 November 1985; "Japan's Trade Success in China a Lesson for West", ibid., 22 November 1985.
    • (1985) The Straits Times
  • 30
    • 0039222484 scopus 로고
    • Japan's trade success in China a lesson for west
    • 22 November
    • See, for instance, the following newspaper articles: "Learning New Tasks Keeps Employees Happy: Expert", The Sunday Times, 31 October 1982; "Starry-eyed Over Love ... Level-headed Over Marriage", ibid., 8 January 1984; "Shifting Eduction into High Gear Too", The Straits Times, 29 September 1982; "Aid That Will Do Us the Most Good: PM. Japan can tell us how to drive home the productivity message and this will have a long-lasting impact on progress of S'pore, says Lee" and "Search Must Go On ... We are looking for way out of recession tunnel, says Nakasone", both in ibid., 5 May 1983; "More Working Women Than Housewives Soon: Japanese Trend Calls for Review", ibid., 29 October 1984, "Time to Educate a New Generation: PM" with a smaller boxed quotation bearing the headline, "Wisdom of the Japanese in banning the pill", ibid., 2 March 1985; "Service in Our Stores Far Behind Japan's: QCCs can help upgrade standard, says Japanese expert", ibid., 3 September 1985; and "Why Japan's Service is So Highly Acclaimed", ibid., 14 September 1985; "PM's interview with Asahi Shimbun: We have to be bold like the Japanese", ibid., 18 November 1985; "Japan's Trade Success in China a Lesson for West", ibid., 22 November 1985.
    • (1985) The Straits Times
  • 31
    • 0039222500 scopus 로고
    • Progress into the '80s
    • address to NTUC Seminar, 6 November 1979, December
    • Lee Kuan Yew's address to NTUC Seminar, "Progress Into the '80s", 6 November 1979, in Singapore Economic Bulletin, December 1979, p. 33.
    • (1979) Singapore Economic Bulletin , pp. 33
    • Lee Kuan, Y.1
  • 33
    • 0041000992 scopus 로고
    • 1 April Ivan Lim's report of the Delegates' Conference speeches read in part, "...some image building is necessary for the NTUC. New efforts must be made to portray the NTUC as an equal partner with the People's Action Party. One way is to get more grassroots leaders to take over top union jobs. They must be given equally important roles in the NTUC alongside the labour MPs."
    • The Straits Times, 1 April 1985. Ivan Lim's report of the Delegates' Conference speeches read in part, "...some image building is necessary for the NTUC. New efforts must be made to portray the NTUC as an equal partner with the People's Action Party. One way is to get more grassroots leaders to take over top union jobs. They must be given equally important roles in the NTUC alongside the labour MPs."
    • (1985) The Straits Times
  • 35
    • 0039222488 scopus 로고
    • To Devan, Phey could do no wrong
    • 2 February and 16 March
    • Nair has since conceded that he trusted Phey implicitly and made no effort to monitor his activities. The trust that Nair placed in Phey was well known, and captured in the unattributed epithet, "To Devan, Phey could do no wrong." See The Straits Times, 2 February and 16 March 1980.
    • (1980) The Straits Times
  • 36
    • 0005231148 scopus 로고
    • 1 May 1982, 6 October 1982, 8 September 1983, and 2 April
    • Knowledge of the crossover of MPs and NTUC Secretariat and Central Committee Members is gained from a study of The Straits Times, 1 May 1982, 6 October 1982, 8 September 1983, and 2 April 1985; the NTUC May Day Annual magazines for 1982 to 1985; lists of MPs in the Singapore Yearbook for 1981 to 1986; and e-mails from the NTUC Secretariat dated 23 and 24 May 2000. The author is grateful to the National Trades Union Congress for supplying excerpts from the May Day Annual magazines for these years.
    • (1985) The Straits Times
  • 37
    • 0039814367 scopus 로고
    • magazines for
    • Knowledge of the crossover of MPs and NTUC Secretariat and Central Committee Members is gained from a study of The Straits Times, 1 May 1982, 6 October 1982, 8 September 1983, and 2 April 1985; the NTUC May Day Annual magazines for 1982 to 1985; lists of MPs in the Singapore Yearbook for 1981 to 1986; and e-mails from the NTUC Secretariat dated 23 and 24 May 2000. The author is grateful to the National Trades Union Congress for supplying excerpts from the May Day Annual magazines for these years.
    • (1982) NTUC May Day Annual
  • 38
    • 0041001000 scopus 로고
    • Knowledge of the crossover of MPs and NTUC Secretariat and Central Committee Members is gained from a study of The Straits Times, 1 May 1982, 6 October 1982, 8 September 1983, and 2 April 1985; the NTUC May Day Annual magazines for 1982 to 1985; lists of MPs in the Singapore Yearbook for 1981 to 1986; and e-mails from the NTUC Secretariat dated 23 and 24 May 2000. The author is grateful to the National Trades Union Congress for supplying excerpts from the May Day Annual magazines for these years.
    • (1981) Singapore Yearbook
  • 39
    • 0039222487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • magazines for these years
    • Knowledge of the crossover of MPs and NTUC Secretariat and Central Committee Members is gained from a study of The Straits Times, 1 May 1982, 6 October 1982, 8 September 1983, and 2 April 1985; the NTUC May Day Annual magazines for 1982 to 1985; lists of MPs in the Singapore Yearbook for 1981 to 1986; and e-mails from the NTUC Secretariat dated 23 and 24 May 2000. The author is grateful to the National Trades Union Congress for supplying excerpts from the May Day Annual magazines for these years.
    • May Day Annual
  • 40
    • 0004011833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 14 April
    • The Straits Times, 14 April 1983. Even upon and after his retirement in 1985, Vincent was still making public statements critical of the new trade union regime of government-appointed technocrats. See ibid., 2 April and 24 September 1985.
    • (1983) The Straits Times
  • 41
    • 0005231148 scopus 로고
    • 2 April and 24 September
    • The Straits Times, 14 April 1983. Even upon and after his retirement in 1985, Vincent was still making public statements critical of the new trade union regime of government-appointed technocrats. See ibid., 2 April and 24 September 1985.
    • (1985) The Straits Times
  • 43
  • 47
    • 0004011833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 24 April 18 August 1982, and 19 January
    • See ibid., 24 April 1982, 18 August 1982, and 19 January 1983; and The Sunday Times 28 November 1982.
    • (1982) The Straits Times
  • 48
    • 0003631233 scopus 로고
    • 28 November
    • See ibid., 24 April 1982, 18 August 1982, and 19 January 1983; and The Sunday Times 28 November 1982.
    • (1982) The Sunday Times
  • 49
    • 0003631233 scopus 로고
    • 28 November
    • The Sunday Times 28 November 1982. Although such "go slow" campaigns at the national level were unprecedented, there had been instances of similar incidents and even more open expressions of dissent at lower levels of union leadership during the mid-1970s. See Noeleen Hayzer, "International Production and Social Change: An Analysis of the State, Employment and Trade Unions in Singapore", in Ong, Tong and Tan eds, Understanding Singapore Society, pp. 392 and 393.
    • (1982) The Sunday Times
  • 50
    • 0039814357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International production and social change: An analysis of the state, employment and trade unions in Singapore
    • Ong, Tong and Tan eds
    • The Sunday Times 28 November 1982. Although such "go slow" campaigns at the national level were unprecedented, there had been instances of similar incidents and even more open expressions of dissent at lower levels of union leadership during the mid-1970s. See Noeleen Hayzer, "International Production and Social Change: An Analysis of the State, Employment and Trade Unions in Singapore", in Ong, Tong and Tan eds, Understanding Singapore Society, pp. 392 and 393.
    • Understanding Singapore Society , pp. 392
    • Hayzer, N.1
  • 57
    • 0004011833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 14 April
    • See The Straits Times, 14 April 1983, and the NTUC May Day Annual magazine and the Singapore Yearbook covering the years 1982-84.
    • (1983) The Straits Times
  • 58
    • 0041000994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See The Straits Times, 14 April 1983, and the NTUC May Day Annual magazine and the Singapore Yearbook covering the years 1982-84.
    • NTUC May Day Annual Magazine
  • 59
    • 0039222499 scopus 로고
    • covering the years
    • See The Straits Times, 14 April 1983, and the NTUC May Day Annual magazine and the Singapore Yearbook covering the years 1982-84.
    • (1982) Singapore Yearbook
  • 60
    • 0004593177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 10 March
    • See report and interview in Asiaweek, 10 March 2000.
    • (2000) Asiaweek
  • 61
    • 0005231148 scopus 로고
    • 30 April which reports a significant increase in the number of "rank-and-file union leaders" elected to high office in the NTUC. Naturally this trend did not diminish the hold of PAP MPs on the critical centres of power in the NTUC Secretariat - the positions of Secretary General, Deputy Secretaries General and Assistant Secretaries General
    • See The Straits Times, 30 April 1985, which reports a significant increase in the number of "rank-and-file union leaders" elected to high office in the NTUC. Naturally this trend did not diminish the hold of PAP MPs on the critical centres of power in the NTUC Secretariat - the positions of Secretary General, Deputy Secretaries General and Assistant Secretaries General.
    • (1985) The Straits Times
  • 62
    • 33747185271 scopus 로고
    • The development of industrial relations strategy in singapore
    • Anil Verma, Thomas A. Kochan and Russell D. Lansbury eds, London and New York: Routledge
    • Chew Soon Beng and Rosalind Chew, "The Development of Industrial Relations Strategy in Singapore", in Anil Verma, Thomas A. Kochan and Russell D. Lansbury eds, Employment Relations in the Growing Asian Economies (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 71.
    • (1995) Employment Relations in the Growing Asian Economies , pp. 71
    • Beng, C.S.1    Chew, R.2
  • 63
    • 0004011833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 19 March
    • See Toh Chin Chye's suggestion in The Straits Times, 19 March 1985, and Lee Hsien Loong and Augustine Tan's repudiation of Toh in ibid., 20 March 1985.
    • (1985) The Straits Times
    • Chye, T.C.1
  • 64
    • 0005231148 scopus 로고
    • 20 March
    • See Toh Chin Chye's suggestion in The Straits Times, 19 March 1985, and Lee Hsien Loong and Augustine Tan's repudiation of Toh in ibid., 20 March 1985.
    • (1985) The Straits Times
    • Loong, L.H.1    Tan, A.2
  • 65
    • 0039222483 scopus 로고
    • 19 August 1985 and 28, 30 December 1985, 11 January
    • Ibid., 12, 19 August 1985 and 28, 30 December 1985, 11 January 1986.
    • (1986) The Straits Times , pp. 12
  • 66
    • 0005231148 scopus 로고
    • th month payments to civil servants who retire or die before December 31 in the year."
    • th month payments to civil servants who retire or die before December 31 in the year."
    • (1985) The Straits Times
  • 67
    • 0005231148 scopus 로고
    • and 9 and 19 February
    • See ibid., and 9 and 19 February 1985.
    • (1985) The Straits Times
  • 68
    • 0039814361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I had a job to do: Whether the government liked it or not, says ex-president Ong
    • interview with 10 March
    • "I Had a Job to Do: Whether the government liked it or not, says ex-president Ong", interview with Ong Teng Cheong, Asiaweek, 10 March 2000.
    • (2000) Asiaweek
    • Cheong, O.T.1
  • 69
    • 0004011833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3 and 4 January 1986
    • This interview was more revealing than the reports on the strike in The Straits Times, 3 and 4 January 1986.
    • The Straits Times
  • 71
    • 0003870703 scopus 로고
    • Routledge: London and New York
    • For an exploration of the role of Confucianism in the government's ideology during the 1980s and early 1990s, see Chua Beng Huat, Communitarian Ideology and Democracy in Singapore (Routledge: London and New York, 1995), especially pp. 35, 36, 193 and 194.
    • (1995) Communitarian Ideology and Democracy in Singapore , pp. 35
    • Huat, C.B.1
  • 73
    • 84930560889 scopus 로고
    • The Singapore state and the trade union incorporation
    • Linda Rosa, "The Singapore State and the Trade Union Incorporation", Journal of Contemporary Asia, 20, 4 (1990), p. 499.
    • (1990) Journal of Contemporary Asia , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 499
    • Rosa, L.1
  • 74
    • 0041001010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • speech by NTUC Secretary General, published 12 April 2000, sighted on 10 May
    • See speech by NTUC Secretary General at the NTUC Triennial Delegates' Conference, published 12 April 2000, at http://www.ntucworld.org.sg, sighted on 10 May 2000.
    • (2000) NTUC Triennial Delegates' Conference
  • 78
    • 0003917322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kuala Lumpur; Oxford; Singapore; New York: Oxford University Press
    • Lily Zubaidah Rahim, The Singapore Dilemma: The Political and Educational Marginality of the Malay Community (Kuala Lumpur; Oxford; Singapore; New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 59-61 and 188. Rahim supports her claim that Malay teachers accept the "cultural deficit thesis" by citing her own interviews with Malay teachers, as well as those reported in The Straits Times, 23 June 1986, and in Tania Li, Malays in Singapore: Culture, Economy and Ideology (Singapore; Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 176.
    • (1998) The Singapore Dilemma: The Political and Educational Marginality of the Malay Community , pp. 59-61
    • Rahim, L.Z.1
  • 79
    • 0039222483 scopus 로고
    • 23 June
    • Lily Zubaidah Rahim, The Singapore Dilemma: The Political and Educational Marginality of the Malay Community (Kuala Lumpur; Oxford; Singapore; New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 59-61 and 188. Rahim supports her claim that Malay teachers accept the "cultural deficit thesis" by citing her own interviews with Malay teachers, as well as those reported in The Straits Times, 23 June 1986, and in Tania Li, Malays in Singapore: Culture, Economy and Ideology (Singapore; Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 176.
    • (1986) The Straits Times
  • 80
    • 0041001009 scopus 로고
    • Singapore; Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press
    • Lily Zubaidah Rahim, The Singapore Dilemma: The Political and Educational Marginality of the Malay Community (Kuala Lumpur; Oxford; Singapore; New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 59-61 and 188. Rahim supports her claim that Malay teachers accept the "cultural deficit thesis" by citing her own interviews with Malay teachers, as well as those reported in The Straits Times, 23 June 1986, and in Tania Li, Malays in Singapore: Culture, Economy and Ideology (Singapore; Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 176.
    • (1989) Malays in Singapore: Culture, Economy and Ideology , pp. 176
    • Tania, L.1
  • 81
    • 0002012864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnic policies and political quiescence in Malaysia and Singapore
    • Michael E. Brown and Šumit Ganguly eds, Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: MIT Press
    • See for instance, Šumit Ganguly, "Ethnic Policies and Political Quiescence in Malaysia and Singapore", in Michael E. Brown and Šumit Ganguly eds, Government Policies and Ethnic Relations in Asia and the Pacific (Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: MIT Press, 1997), pp. 233-72, especially p. 238.
    • (1997) Government Policies and Ethnic Relations in Asia and the Pacific , pp. 233-272
    • Ganguly, S.1
  • 83
    • 0003917322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • her exposition of discrimination in the education system
    • Rahim, The Singapore Dilemma is the best single source on the plight of the Malays. See especially pp. 185-208 for her exposition of discrimination in the education system.
    • The Singapore Dilemma
    • Rahim1
  • 84
    • 84900759401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • which portrays the typical Chinese family as middle-class and educationally supreme, while their Malay neighbours sell satay for a living.
    • See Singaporean television programs such as Under One Roof, which portrays the typical Chinese family as middle-class and educationally supreme, while their Malay neighbours sell satay for a living.
    • Under One Roof
  • 85
    • 0005231148 scopus 로고
    • 13 September Sidek had left the NTUC Central Executive Committee only months earlier, and was still a PAP MP
    • See the report on Sidek Saniff and others establishing a new officially sanctioned Malay organisation in The Straits Times, 13 September 1985. Sidek had left the NTUC Central Executive Committee only months earlier, and was still a PAP MP.
    • (1985) The Straits Times


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.