Criminology and genocide studies: Notes on what might have been and what still could be

Crime, Law and Social Change

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 43-59

  Day, L Edward ^a   Vandiver, Margaret ^b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MEMPHIS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034369068     PISSN: 09254994     EISSN: 15730751     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1008334705016     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Herbert C. Kelman, "Violence without Moral Restraint: Reflections on the Dehumanization of Victims and Victimizers," Journal of Social Issues 1973 (29), 29.
2. George S. Yacoubian, "The (In)significance of Genocidal Behavior to the Discipline of Criminology," Crime, Law and Social Change 2000, this issue. For the exceptions to the rule, see Augustine Brannigan, "Criminology and the Holocaust: Xenophobia, Evolution, and Genocide," Crime and Delinquency 1998 (44), 257-276; Stanley Cohen, "Human Rights and Crimes of the State: The Culture of Denial," Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 1993 (26), 97-115; and Alex Alvarez, "Adjusting to Genocide: The Techniques of Neutralization and the Holocaust," Social Science History 1997 (21), 139-178.
3. George S. Yacoubian, "The (In)significance of Genocidal Behavior to the Discipline of Criminology," Crime, Law and Social Change 2000, this issue. For the exceptions to the rule, see Augustine Brannigan, "Criminology and the Holocaust: Xenophobia, Evolution, and Genocide," Crime and Delinquency 1998 (44), 257-276; Stanley Cohen, "Human Rights and Crimes of the State: The Culture of Denial," Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 1993 (26), 97-115; and Alex Alvarez, "Adjusting to Genocide: The Techniques of Neutralization and the Holocaust," Social Science History 1997 (21), 139-178.
4. George S. Yacoubian, "The (In)significance of Genocidal Behavior to the Discipline of Criminology," Crime, Law and Social Change 2000, this issue. For the exceptions to the rule, see Augustine Brannigan, "Criminology and the Holocaust: Xenophobia, Evolution, and Genocide," Crime and Delinquency 1998 (44), 257-276; Stanley Cohen, "Human Rights and Crimes of the State: The Culture of Denial," Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 1993 (26), 97-115; and Alex Alvarez, "Adjusting to Genocide: The Techniques of Neutralization and the Holocaust," Social Science History 1997 (21), 139-178.
5. George S. Yacoubian, "The (In)significance of Genocidal Behavior to the Discipline of Criminology," Crime, Law and Social Change 2000, this issue. For the exceptions to the rule, see Augustine Brannigan, "Criminology and the Holocaust: Xenophobia, Evolution, and Genocide," Crime and Delinquency 1998 (44), 257-276; Stanley Cohen, "Human Rights and Crimes of the State: The Culture of Denial," Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 1993 (26), 97-115; and Alex Alvarez, "Adjusting to Genocide: The Techniques of Neutralization and the Holocaust," Social Science History 1997 (21), 139-178.
6. James Alan Fox and Jack Levin, "Multiple Homicide: Patterns of Serial and Mass Murder," in M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 23 (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
7. Herbert C. Kelman, "Violence without Moral Restraint: Reflections on the Dehumanization of Victims and Victimizers"; Herbert C. Kelman and V Lee Hamilton, Crimes of Obedience: Toward a Social Psychology of Authority and Responsibility (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989).
8. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York: Random House, 1996).
9. R.J. Rummel, Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1992); R.J. Rummel, "Democracy, Power, Genocide, and Mass Murder," Journal of Conflict Resolution 1995 (39), 3-26; R.J. Rummel, Death by Government (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1997).
10. R.J. Rummel, Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1992); R.J. Rummel, "Democracy, Power, Genocide, and Mass Murder," Journal of Conflict Resolution 1995 (39), 3-26; R.J. Rummel, Death by Government (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1997).
11. R.J. Rummel, Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1992); R.J. Rummel, "Democracy, Power, Genocide, and Mass Murder," Journal of Conflict Resolution 1995 (39), 3-26; R.J. Rummel, Death by Government (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1997).
12. Herbert C. Kelman, "Violence without Moral Restraint: Reflections on the Dehumanization of Victims and Victimizers," 29.
13. Herbert C. Kelman, ibid., 38.
14. Herbert C. Kelman, ibid., 39.
15. Herbert C. Kelman, ibid., 44.
16. Herbert C. Kelman, ibid., 46.
17. Herbert C. Kelman, ibid., 49.
18. Helen Fein, Accounting for Genocide: National Responses and Jewish Victimization During the Holocaust (New York: Free Press, 1979).
19. Herbert C. Kelman and V. Lee Hamilton, Crimes of Obedience: Toward a Social Psychology of Authority and Responsibility, 338, quoting Richard Hammer, The Court-Martial of Lt. Calley (New York: Coward, McCann & Geogbegan, 1971).
20. Herbert C. Kelman and V. Lee Hamilton, Crimes of Obedience: Toward a Social Psychology of Authority and Responsibility, 338, quoting Richard Hammer, The Court-Martial of Lt. Calley (New York: Coward, McCann & Geogbegan, 1971).
21. Herbert C. Kelman, "Violence without Moral Restraint: Reflections on the Dehumanization of Victims and Victimizers," 51.
22. Herbert C. Kelman, ibid., 52.
23. Gresham M. Sykes and David Matza, "Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency," American Sociological Review 1957 (22), 664-670.
24. David Matza and Gresham Sykes, "Delinquency and Subterranean Values," American Sociological Review 1961 (26), 712-719; David Matza, Delinquency and Drift (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1964).
25. David Matza and Gresham Sykes, "Delinquency and Subterranean Values," American Sociological Review 1961 (26), 712-719; David Matza, Delinquency and Drift (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1964).
26. Alex Alvarez, "Adjusting to Genocide: The Techniques of Neutralization and the Holocaust."
27. For example, Travis Hirschi, Causes of Delinquency (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1969).
28. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, 43.
29. See Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, ibid., 416.
30. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, ibid., 418.
31. Austin Turk, Criminality and Legal Order (Chicago, IL: Rand McNally, 1969), 53.
32. th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)); Richard Quinney, The Social Reality of Crime (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1970); John Hagan, Structural Criminology (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989); and Edmund McGarrell and Thomas Castellano, "An Integrative Conflict Model of the Criminal Law Formulation Process," Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 1991 (28), 174-196.
33. th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)); Richard Quinney, The Social Reality of Crime (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1970); John Hagan, Structural Criminology (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989); and Edmund McGarrell and Thomas Castellano, "An Integrative Conflict Model of the Criminal Law Formulation Process," Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 1991 (28), 174-196.
34. th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)); Richard Quinney, The Social Reality of Crime (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1970); John Hagan, Structural Criminology (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989); and Edmund McGarrell and Thomas Castellano, "An Integrative Conflict Model of the Criminal Law Formulation Process," Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 1991 (28), 174-196.
35. th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)); Richard Quinney, The Social Reality of Crime (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1970); John Hagan, Structural Criminology (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989); and Edmund McGarrell and Thomas Castellano, "An Integrative Conflict Model of the Criminal Law Formulation Process," Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 1991 (28), 174-196.
36. th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)); Richard Quinney, The Social Reality of Crime (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1970); John Hagan, Structural Criminology (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989); and Edmund McGarrell and Thomas Castellano, "An Integrative Conflict Model of the Criminal Law Formulation Process," Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 1991 (28), 174-196.
37. R.J. Rummel, Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder, 84.
38. R.J. Rummel, "Democracy, Power, Genocide, and Mass Murder," 4.
39. R.J. Rummel, ibid.
40. R.J. Rummel, ibid., 25.
41. Joseph R. Gusfield, Symbolic Crusade: Status, Politics, and the American Temperance Movement (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press).
42. David Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press); for a similar argument regarding Canadian antiopium legislation, see Elizabeth Comack, "We Will Get Some Good Out of this Riot Yet: The Canadian State, Drug Legislation and Class Conflict," in S. Brickery and E. Comack (eds.), The Social Basis of Law: Critical Readings in the Sociology of Law (Toronto: Garamond, 1986).
43. David Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press); for a similar argument regarding Canadian antiopium legislation, see Elizabeth Comack, "We Will Get Some Good Out of this Riot Yet: The Canadian State, Drug Legislation and Class Conflict," in S. Brickery and E. Comack (eds.), The Social Basis of Law: Critical Readings in the Sociology of Law (Toronto: Garamond, 1986).
44. See, for example, Alan Zarembo, "Judgment Day," Harper's Magazine April, 1997 (294: 1763), 68-80;
45. Philip Gourevitch, "After the Genocide," The New Yorker December 18, 1995, 78-94;
46. Lindsey Hilsum, "Where is Kigali?" Granta 1995 (51), 145-179.
47. For a discussion of the possible relevance of childrearing practices to Rwandan authoritarianism, see David Norman Smith, "The Psychocultural Roots of Genocide: Legitimacy and Crisis in Rwanda," American Psychologist 1998 (53), 743-753.
48. Alan Zarembo, "Judgment Day," 80.
49. Mark Danner, "The U.S. and the Yugoslav Catastrophe," The New York Review of Books, November 20, 1997 (XLIV: 16), 56-64.
50. Herbert C. Kelman, "Violence without Moral Restraint: Reflections on the Dehumanization of Victims and Victimizers," 44.
51. Herbert C. Kelman, ibid., 39.
52. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, 3.
53. Philip Gourevitch, We Wish to Inform You that Tomorrow We Will be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1998).
54. Alan Zarembo, "Judgment Day."
55. See Mark Danner, "The U.S. and the Yugoslav Catastrophe," for a reconstruction of the scene from several sources; see also Jan Willem Honig and Norbert Both, Srebrenica: Record of a War Crime (New York: Penguin Books, 1997).
56. See Mark Danner, "The U.S. and the Yugoslav Catastrophe," for a reconstruction of the scene from several sources; see also Jan Willem Honig and Norbert Both, Srebrenica: Record of a War Crime (New York: Penguin Books, 1997).
57. Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990). See also Helen Fein, Accounting for Genocide: National Responses and Jewish Victimization During the Holocaust; Irving Louis Horowitz, Genocide: State Power and Mass Murder (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1976); and Leo Kuper, Genocide: Its Political Uses in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981).
58. Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990). See also Helen Fein, Accounting for Genocide: National Responses and Jewish Victimization During the Holocaust; Irving Louis Horowitz, Genocide: State Power and Mass Murder (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1976); and Leo Kuper, Genocide: Its Political Uses in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981).
59. Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990). See also Helen Fein, Accounting for Genocide: National Responses and Jewish Victimization During the Holocaust; Irving Louis Horowitz, Genocide: State Power and Mass Murder (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1976); and Leo Kuper, Genocide: Its Political Uses in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981).
60. Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990). See also Helen Fein, Accounting for Genocide: National Responses and Jewish Victimization During the Holocaust; Irving Louis Horowitz, Genocide: State Power and Mass Murder (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1976); and Leo Kuper, Genocide: Its Political Uses in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981).
61. Anthony Lewis, "War Crimes," The New Republic March 20, 1995, 29-34.
62. Lindsey Hilsum, "Where is Kigali?"; Stephen R. Shalom, "The Rwanda Genocide: The Nightmare that Happened," Z Magazine April, 1996, 25-36.
63. Lindsey Hilsum, "Where is Kigali?"; Stephen R. Shalom, "The Rwanda Genocide: The Nightmare that Happened," Z Magazine April, 1996, 25-36.
64. David Norman Smith, "The Genesis of Genocide in Rwanda: The Fatal Dialectic of Class and Ethnicity," Humanity and Society 1995 (19), 57-71.
65. Lindsey Hilsum, "Where is Kigali?"; Stephen R. Shalom, "The Rwanda Genocide: The Nightmare that Happened"; Gerard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995); Alan Zarembo, "Judgment Day."
66. Lindsey Hilsum, "Where is Kigali?"; Stephen R. Shalom, "The Rwanda Genocide: The Nightmare that Happened"; Gerard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995); Alan Zarembo, "Judgment Day."
67. Lindsey Hilsum, "Where is Kigali?"; Stephen R. Shalom, "The Rwanda Genocide: The Nightmare that Happened"; Gerard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995); Alan Zarembo, "Judgment Day."
68. Lindsey Hilsum, "Where is Kigali?"; Stephen R. Shalom, "The Rwanda Genocide: The Nightmare that Happened"; Gerard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995); Alan Zarembo, "Judgment Day."
69. Robert J. Donia and John V.A. Fine, Jr., Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1994); David Rieff, Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West (New York: Touchstone, 1995); Susan L. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War (Washington, DC: Brookings, 1995).
70. Robert J. Donia and John V.A. Fine, Jr., Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1994); David Rieff, Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West (New York: Touchstone, 1995); Susan L. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War (Washington, DC: Brookings, 1995).
71. Robert J. Donia and John V.A. Fine, Jr., Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1994); David Rieff, Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West (New York: Touchstone, 1995); Susan L. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War (Washington, DC: Brookings, 1995).
72. Robert J. Donia and John V.A. Fine, Jr., Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1994); David Rieff, Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West (New York: Touchstone, 1995); Susan L. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War (Washington, DC: Brookings, 1995).
73. For Rwandan accounts, see Fergal Keane, Season of Blood: A Rwandan Journey (London: Penguin Books, 1995).
74. Regarding Greek torturers, see Mika Haritos-Fatouros, "The Official Torturer: A Learning Model for Obedience to the Authority of Violence," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1988 (18), 1107-1120 . Regarding German Battalion 101, see Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: Harper Perennial, 1992). For a counter example, see Peter Marin, "Living in Moral Pain," Psychology Today 1988 (22), 68-80.
75. Regarding Greek torturers, see Mika Haritos-Fatouros, "The Official Torturer: A Learning Model for Obedience to the Authority of Violence," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1988 (18), 1107-1120 . Regarding German Battalion 101, see Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: Harper Perennial, 1992). For a counter example, see Peter Marin, "Living in Moral Pain," Psychology Today 1988 (22), 68-80.
76. Regarding Greek torturers, see Mika Haritos-Fatouros, "The Official Torturer: A Learning Model for Obedience to the Authority of Violence," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1988 (18), 1107-1120 . Regarding German Battalion 101, see Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: Harper Perennial, 1992). For a counter example, see Peter Marin, "Living in Moral Pain," Psychology Today 1988 (22), 68-80.
77. There is also the possibility that the apparent preventive effect of democracy is spurious, that societies which become democracies are precisely those which are unlikely for other underlying reasons to be either totalitarian or genocidal.
78. Mark Danner, "The U.S. and the Yugoslav Catastrophe"; Susan Woodward, Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War.
79. Mark Danner, "The U.S. and the Yugoslav Catastrophe"; Susan Woodward, Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War.
80. For a discussion of the connection between group violence and "difficult life circumstances," see Ervin Staub, The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989).