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Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 240-274

"Sodomitical sins are threefold": Typologies of bestiality, masturbation, and homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950

(1)  Rydström, Jens a  

a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 0034366020     PISSN: 10434070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (13)

References (148)
  • 1
    • 0040990496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Jag har drömt sjätte budet. Jag är trolös mot brottet. Men jag kan inte skriva vad betyder rätt. Men jag är rädd för människorna." Umeå Tingsrätt (UTR). (Nysätra tingslags [tgls] Häradsrätt [HR]. Vårtinget [VT] 1930 §132). This adolescent was caught in the stables twice. When asked to explain his crime, he wrote down these words on a piece of paper, his deafness contributing to the Kaspar Hauserian quality of the language.
  • 2
    • 0040990497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • I would like to thank the following for their assistance: Anders Berge, Marika Hedin, Urban Lundberg, Maija Runcis, and Mattias Tydén at Stockholm University; the members of the Queer Seminar, in particular Don Kulick, at Stockholm University; Theo van der Meer at San Francisco State University; Neville Hoad at the University of Chicago; and Matthew Roy at the University of Washington.
  • 3
    • 0039804000 scopus 로고
    • nr 4
    • Skellefteå tingsrätt (SkTR). (Skellefteå Rådhusrätt [RR]. Särskild dombok 1944 nr 4).
    • (1944) Särskild Dombok
  • 6
    • 0039803992 scopus 로고
    • Stockholm
    • Birgitta Svensson, Bortom all ära och redlighet. Tattarnas spel med rättvisan (Stockholm, 1993); Jonas Frykman, Horan i bondesamhället (Lund, 1977), and "Sexual Intercourse and Social Norms: A Study of Illegitimate Births in Sweden 1831-1933," Ethnologia Scandinavica (1975): 110-50.
    • (1993) Bortom All ära och Redlighet. Tattarnas Spel Med Rättvisan
    • Svensson, B.1
  • 7
    • 0042714485 scopus 로고
    • Lund
    • Birgitta Svensson, Bortom all ära och redlighet. Tattarnas spel med rättvisan (Stockholm, 1993); Jonas Frykman, Horan i bondesamhället (Lund, 1977), and "Sexual Intercourse and Social Norms: A Study of Illegitimate Births in Sweden 1831-1933," Ethnologia Scandinavica (1975): 110-50.
    • (1977) Horan i Bondesamhället
    • Frykman, J.1
  • 8
    • 0008393597 scopus 로고
    • Sexual intercourse and social norms: A study of illegitimate births in Sweden 1831-1933
    • Birgitta Svensson, Bortom all ära och redlighet. Tattarnas spel med rättvisan (Stockholm, 1993); Jonas Frykman, Horan i bondesamhället (Lund, 1977), and "Sexual Intercourse and Social Norms: A Study of Illegitimate Births in Sweden 1831-1933," Ethnologia Scandinavica (1975): 110-50.
    • (1975) Ethnologia Scandinavica , pp. 110-150
  • 9
    • 0040990488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fra expansion til krise. Udforskning af velfærdsstatens udvikling efter 1945
    • For a good discussion of Scandinavian welfare state research see Klaus Petersen, "Fra expansion til krise. Udforskning af velfærdsstatens udvikling efter 1945," Historisk Tidsskrift (København) 97 (1997): 356-75. For criticism of welfare state intervention see Yvonne Hirdman, Att lägga livet till rätta. Studier i svensk folkhemspolitik (Stockholm, 1990). For criticism of this perspective see Bo Rothstein, "Svensk välfärdspolitik och det civila samhället," in Civilt samhälle kontra offentlig sektor, ed. Lars Trägärdh (Stockholm, 1995), 95-98; and Sven E. Olsson, Social Policy and Welfare State in Sweden (Stockholm, 1990).
    • (1997) Historisk Tidsskrift (København) , vol.97 , pp. 356-375
    • Petersen, K.1
  • 10
    • 0003490431 scopus 로고
    • Stockholm
    • For a good discussion of Scandinavian welfare state research see Klaus Petersen, "Fra expansion til krise. Udforskning af velfærdsstatens udvikling efter 1945," Historisk Tidsskrift (København) 97 (1997): 356-75. For criticism of welfare state intervention see Yvonne Hirdman, Att lägga livet till rätta. Studier i svensk folkhemspolitik (Stockholm, 1990). For criticism of this perspective see Bo Rothstein, "Svensk välfärdspolitik och det civila samhället," in Civilt samhälle kontra offentlig sektor, ed. Lars Trägärdh (Stockholm, 1995), 95-98; and Sven E. Olsson, Social Policy and Welfare State in Sweden (Stockholm, 1990).
    • (1990) Att Lägga Livet Till Rätta. Studier i Svensk Folkhemspolitik
    • Hirdman, Y.1
  • 11
    • 0040396406 scopus 로고
    • Svensk välfärdspolitik och det civila samhället
    • ed. Lars Trägärdh Stockholm
    • For a good discussion of Scandinavian welfare state research see Klaus Petersen, "Fra expansion til krise. Udforskning af velfærdsstatens udvikling efter 1945," Historisk Tidsskrift (København) 97 (1997): 356-75. For criticism of welfare state intervention see Yvonne Hirdman, Att lägga livet till rätta. Studier i svensk folkhemspolitik (Stockholm, 1990). For criticism of this perspective see Bo Rothstein, "Svensk välfärdspolitik och det civila samhället," in Civilt samhälle kontra offentlig sektor, ed. Lars Trägärdh (Stockholm, 1995), 95-98; and Sven E. Olsson, Social Policy and Welfare State in Sweden (Stockholm, 1990).
    • (1995) Civilt Samhälle Kontra Offentlig Sektor , pp. 95-98
    • Rothstein, B.1
  • 12
    • 0003535899 scopus 로고
    • Stockholm
    • For a good discussion of Scandinavian welfare state research see Klaus Petersen, "Fra expansion til krise. Udforskning af velfærdsstatens udvikling efter 1945," Historisk Tidsskrift (København) 97 (1997): 356-75. For criticism of welfare state intervention see Yvonne Hirdman, Att lägga livet till rätta. Studier i svensk folkhemspolitik (Stockholm, 1990). For criticism of this perspective see Bo Rothstein, "Svensk välfärdspolitik och det civila samhället," in Civilt samhälle kontra offentlig sektor, ed. Lars Trägärdh (Stockholm, 1995), 95-98; and Sven E. Olsson, Social Policy and Welfare State in Sweden (Stockholm, 1990).
    • (1990) Social Policy and Welfare State in Sweden
    • Olsson, S.E.1
  • 14
    • 0039803997 scopus 로고
    • Oslo
    • Carl-Axel Gemzell, Om politikens förvetenskapligande och vetenskapens politisering. Kring välfärdsstatens uppkomst i England, Del I-III (København, 1989-1993); Anne-Lise Seip, Veiene til velferdsstaten. Norsk sosialpolitikk 1920-1970 (Oslo, 1994). For a discussion of the functionalistic nature of the Swedish welfare state, see Bernd Henningsen, Der Wohlfahrtstaat Schweden (Baden-Baden, 1986).
    • (1994) Veiene Til Velferdsstaten. Norsk Sosialpolitikk 1920-1970
    • Seip, A.-L.1
  • 15
    • 0038055458 scopus 로고
    • Baden-Baden
    • Carl-Axel Gemzell, Om politikens förvetenskapligande och vetenskapens politisering. Kring välfärdsstatens uppkomst i England, Del I-III (København, 1989-1993); Anne-Lise Seip, Veiene til velferdsstaten. Norsk sosialpolitikk 1920-1970 (Oslo, 1994). For a discussion of the functionalistic nature of the Swedish welfare state, see Bernd Henningsen, Der Wohlfahrtstaat Schweden (Baden-Baden, 1986).
    • (1986) Der Wohlfahrtstaat Schweden
    • Henningsen, B.1
  • 16
    • 0039211946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • While preparing the proposal for new Swedish Law, one legislator explicitly claimed that "sodomitical sins are threefold" (sodomitiska synder äro trenne slag). Minutes of the Law Commission (November 17, 1699)
    • While preparing the proposal for new Swedish Law, one legislator explicitly claimed that "sodomitical sins are threefold" (sodomitiska synder äro trenne slag). Minutes of the Law Commission (November 17, 1699), in Förarbetena till Sveriges Rikes Lag 1686-1736 (Uppsala, 1901), 160.
  • 17
    • 0039803996 scopus 로고
    • Uppsala
    • While preparing the proposal for new Swedish Law, one legislator explicitly claimed that "sodomitical sins are threefold" (sodomitiska synder äro trenne slag). Minutes of the Law Commission (November 17, 1699), in Förarbetena till Sveriges Rikes Lag 1686-1736 (Uppsala, 1901), 160.
    • (1901) Förarbetena Till Sveriges Rikes Lag 1686-1736 , pp. 160
  • 18
    • 0039211936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Chapter 18, Section 10 of the Penal Code (18:10 Strafflagen) reads: "If anyone with another person commits fornication, which is against nature, or if anyone commits fornication with animals; be punished to hard labor maximum two years." (Övar någon med annan person otukt, som emot naturen är, eller övar någon otukt med djur; varde dömd till straffarbete i högst två år.)
  • 19
    • 0039211937 scopus 로고
    • Serie Brottsligheten
    • The female presence in the discourse of bestiality, masturbation, and homosexuality is almost nonexistent. In Liliequist's study of bestiality in pre-modern Sweden, only nine of more than 1,200 accused persons were women. In the twentieth century no female perpetrators of bestiality were brought to court. Even if masturbation among girls was discussed, the campaigns against it concentrated on young boys. With regard to homosexuality, of more than 1,500 persons charged for "unnatural fornication" between 1913 and 1950, only eleven were women, and lesbian sexuality played a very tangential role in the discourse around homosexuality. (See Sveriges Officiella Statistik, Serie Brottsligheten [1913-1950]). Criminal statistics are not detailed enough between 1878 and 1912 to assess the number of people then accused of this crime.
    • (1913) Sveriges Officiella Statistik
  • 20
    • 0013502094 scopus 로고
    • Göteborg
    • The laws to which I refer are Lag om homosexuella sambor (1987:813); Lag om registrerat partnerskap (1994:1117); Lag om förbud mot diskriminering i arbetslivet på grund av sexuell läggning (1999:133); Lag om s.k. bastuklubbar (1987:375); Smittskyddslag (1988:1412); see Benny Henriksson, Risk Factor Love: Homosexuality, Sexual Interaction and HIV Prevention (Göteborg, 1995).
    • (1995) Risk Factor Love: Homosexuality, Sexual Interaction and HIV Prevention
    • Henriksson, B.1
  • 21
    • 24444469922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Queer teori och historia
    • My sources will largely consist of court records, articles from legal and medical journals, and law texts. I will thus use the discourse of power to analyse that same power, which will demand new readings of the texts. From the position of, and loyal to, the dominated, I will analyse the heteronormative mechanisms deployed by discursive power in its efforts to define and diagnose sexual deviance. See my essay on queer theory and history, "Queer teori och historia," Lambda Nordica no. 3-4 (1996): 81-100; Jennifer Terry, "Theorizing Deviant Historiography," Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 3 (1991): 55-74.
    • (1996) Lambda Nordica , vol.3-4 , pp. 81-100
  • 22
    • 84933458744 scopus 로고
    • Theorizing deviant historiography
    • My sources will largely consist of court records, articles from legal and medical journals, and law texts. I will thus use the discourse of power to analyse that same power, which will demand new readings of the texts. From the position of, and loyal to, the dominated, I will analyse the heteronormative mechanisms deployed by discursive power in its efforts to define and diagnose sexual deviance. See my essay on queer theory and history, "Queer teori och historia," Lambda Nordica no. 3-4 (1996): 81-100; Jennifer Terry, "Theorizing Deviant Historiography," Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 3 (1991): 55-74.
    • (1991) Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies , vol.3 , pp. 55-74
    • Terry, J.1
  • 23
    • 0040990484 scopus 로고
    • This use of the word, however, does not correspond to Krafft-Ebing's distinction between "zoophilia" and "zooerasty. See below. The first recorded use of the word tidelag in Swedish print is in Bidrag till Finlands historia [Contribution to the History of Finland] (1538); of the word tidelagare in Schultzes ordbok [Schultze's Dictionary] (ca. 1755) Archive of The Swedish Academy's Dictionary. The word zoofili or zoophili is not recorded in printed text, but I have registered its first use in my material in a forensic report from 1935. Rättspsykiatriska Centralarkivet (RCA) (35-46): 21.
    • (1538) Bidrag Till Finlands Historia [contribution to the History of Finland]
  • 24
    • 0040396409 scopus 로고
    • ca.
    • This use of the word, however, does not correspond to Krafft-Ebing's distinction between "zoophilia" and "zooerasty. See below. The first recorded use of the word tidelag in Swedish print is in Bidrag till Finlands historia [Contribution to the History of Finland] (1538); of the word tidelagare in Schultzes ordbok [Schultze's Dictionary] (ca. 1755) Archive of The Swedish Academy's Dictionary. The word zoofili or zoophili is not recorded in printed text, but I have registered its first use in my material in a forensic report from 1935. Rättspsykiatriska Centralarkivet (RCA) (35-46): 21.
    • (1755) Tidelagare in Schultzes Ordbok [schultze's Dictionary]
  • 25
    • 0039803987 scopus 로고
    • Rättspsykiatriska Centralarkivet (RCA) (35-46)
    • This use of the word, however, does not correspond to Krafft-Ebing's distinction between "zoophilia" and "zooerasty. See below. The first recorded use of the word tidelag in Swedish print is in Bidrag till Finlands historia [Contribution to the History of Finland] (1538); of the word tidelagare in Schultzes ordbok [Schultze's Dictionary] (ca. 1755) Archive of The Swedish Academy's Dictionary. The word zoofili or zoophili is not recorded in printed text, but I have registered its first use in my material in a forensic report from 1935. Rättspsykiatriska Centralarkivet (RCA) (35-46): 21.
    • (1935) The Swedish Academy's Dictionary , pp. 21
  • 27
    • 0003190901 scopus 로고
    • Drei abhandlungen zur sexualtheorie
    • London
    • Sigmund Freud, "Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie" (1905), in Gesammelte Werke 5 (London, 1942):47-48.
    • (1905) Gesammelte Werke , vol.5 , pp. 47-48
    • Freud, S.1
  • 29
    • 0040396423 scopus 로고
    • Stockholm, my translation
    • "Vi hade två kor och en ung kviga som var knappt två år. Jag kunde inte släppa tanken på att den ystra och smidiga kvigan på något sätt var 'min.' Jag såg alltid till att hon fick det bästa fodret att äta. Jag ryktade henne alltid särskilt väl. Värmen och de hettande kroppsångorna från djuren i lagårn om mornarna under ryktningstimmen, då jag var ensam därinne, blev mig ofta till något övermäktigt. Med den ena armen om kvigans manke och hals och andra handen smekande mig själv, hade jag för första gången fått känna värmen av en annan levande varelse. . . . Jag smekte försiktigt, och djuret lyfte på svansen, som det tycktes för att jag skulle komma åt bättre. Lustans brunn öppnade sig för mig svullen och blekröd. Strax invid hade fastnat en tunn tråd av brun spillning. Inte ens det var något särskilt motbjudande." Ivar Lo-Johansson, Pubertet (Stockholm, 1978), 301-303, my translation.
    • (1978) Pubertet , pp. 301-303
    • Lo-Johansson, I.1
  • 30
    • 0004314813 scopus 로고
    • Philadelphia
    • Kinsey did report a high number of incidents: 17 percent of the unmarried rural male population in his sample had had sexual experiences with animals at least once, and 3.6 percent of the adult women. But unlike the older sexologists, Kinsey never attempted to explain the behavior he described. See Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, and Clyde E. Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Philadelphia, 1948), 671; Alfred Kinsey et al., Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Philadelphia, 1953), 505.
    • (1948) Sexual Behavior in the Human Male , pp. 671
    • Kinsey, A.C.1    Pomeroy, W.B.2    Martin, C.E.3
  • 31
    • 0004314813 scopus 로고
    • Philadelphia
    • Kinsey did report a high number of incidents: 17 percent of the unmarried rural male population in his sample had had sexual experiences with animals at least once, and 3.6 percent of the adult women. But unlike the older sexologists, Kinsey never attempted to explain the behavior he described. See Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, and Clyde E. Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Philadelphia, 1948), 671; Alfred Kinsey et al., Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Philadelphia, 1953), 505.
    • (1953) Sexual Behavior in the Human Female , pp. 505
    • Kinsey, A.1
  • 32
    • 0039211935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "med aga i hemmet rättas . . . råkat i dåligt sällskap, hvarigenom sonen förledts till ifrågavarande brottsliga gerningar." Stockholms Stadsarkiv (SSA). (Stockholms RR. 1902 avd 3 nr 370). When not otherwise indicated, the references are to criminal case books.
  • 33
    • 0040396417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • According to the Probation Act of 1918, a preparatory investigation of the defendant's character was to be made if the court considered delivering a suspended sentence: "varit synnerligen i behov av en sådan." Härnösands Tingsrätt (HäTR). (Ångermanlands s:a domsagas [dgs] HR. Urtima ting [UT] Sept 2, 1927 §1).
  • 34
    • 0039803991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Sundsvalls Tingsrätt (SuTR). (Medelpads v:a dgs HR. Höstetinget [HT] Sept 14, 1942 avd 2, §116).
  • 35
    • 0040396420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • UTR. (Nysätra tgls HR. VT 1930 §132); "de dövstumma äro synnerligen sexuella." (Umeå dgs HR. UT Oct 7, 1931 §9).
  • 36
    • 0040396416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • A repeated crime counted as one if committed on the same individual. "Härav har man dragit den slutsatsen att de sexuella förvillelser den tilltalade gjort sig skyldig till, icke skulle tyda på sjukliga anlag utan utgöra uttryck för den tilltalades råhet och snuskiga vanor. En sådan slutsats torde emellertid vara förhastad, enär det understundom finnes beträffande den sexuella driftens föremål en medfödd tveksamhet, så att känslobegäret omväxlande riktar sig mot än det ena och än det andra könet. Man talar då om psykisk hermafroditism." Uppsala Landsarkiv (ULA). (Malungs tgls HR. VT 1935 §3).
  • 37
    • 0040990495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "hade legat på marken en bit därifrån och skrattat åt kamraterna" Örebro TR, Glanshammars o Örebro HR 1932, VT §119.
  • 38
    • 0040396415 scopus 로고
    • Stockholm
    • After 1864, there was no longer any requirement to kill the animal, even if there are examples that the killing of the animal was ruled by the court even after that (e.g., Vadstena Landsarkiv [VaLA]. Östbo HR 1895 VT §20). "Den skyldige dömes till två års straffarbete och djuret dödas . . . Just så!" Quoted from Olof Lagercrantz, August Strindberg (Stockholm, 1979), 232. See ibid., trans. Anselm Hollo (New York, 1984), 195.
    • (1979) August Strindberg , pp. 232
    • Lagercrantz, O.1
  • 39
    • 0040396426 scopus 로고
    • trans. New York
    • After 1864, there was no longer any requirement to kill the animal, even if there are examples that the killing of the animal was ruled by the court even after that (e.g., Vadstena Landsarkiv [VaLA]. Östbo HR 1895 VT §20). "Den skyldige dömes till två års straffarbete och djuret dödas . . . Just så!" Quoted from Olof Lagercrantz, August Strindberg (Stockholm, 1979), 232. See ibid., trans. Anselm Hollo (New York, 1984), 195.
    • (1984) August Strindberg , pp. 195
    • Hollo, A.1
  • 41
    • 62449091738 scopus 로고
    • München
    • Cf. Wilfried Daim, Der Mann, der Hitler die Ideen gab (München, 1958), 101-109. I am indebted to Matthew Roy for making me aware of this link between Strindberg and Germanic racist discourse.
    • (1958) Der Mann, der Hitler die Ideen Gab , pp. 101-109
    • Daim, W.1
  • 42
    • 84939795954 scopus 로고
    • (pseud. J. Lanz von Liebenfels), Wien
    • "Was das Weib heute ist, ist es durch das Schwert und die Kraft des Mannes. Der Mann hat das Weib den Sodomsaffen abgerungen, dafür ist es sein Eigenthum!" Josef Lanz (pseud. J. Lanz von Liebenfels), Theozoologie oder die Kunde von den Sodoms-Äfflingen und dem Götter-Elektron. Eine Einführung in die älteste und neueste Weltanschauung und eine Rechtfertigung des Fürstentums und des Adels (Wien, 1904), 152. Quoted in August Strindberg, En blå bok. (Stockholm, 1907-1912), 261; "äfflingarnes störste skald har skrifvit en klagodikt öfver lögnens förfall, samt utgifvit en hjältedikt i sex sånger kallad Pederastens lofsång," Strindberg, En blå bok, 257. The newspaper Dagens Nyheter even mentioned a "Wilde-fever" in the Swedish capital in 1907. Greger Eman, "1907: Det homosexuella genombrottet," in Sympatiens hemlighetsfulla makt. Stockholms homosexuella 1860-1960 (Stockholm, 1999), 149-164.
    • (1904) Theozoologie Oder die Kunde von den Sodoms-äfflingen und dem Götter-elektron. Eine Einführung in die Älteste und Neueste Weltanschauung und Eine Rechtfertigung des Fürstentums und des Adels , pp. 152
    • Lanz, J.1
  • 43
    • 0040990492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stockholm
    • "Was das Weib heute ist, ist es durch das Schwert und die Kraft des Mannes. Der Mann hat das Weib den Sodomsaffen abgerungen, dafür ist es sein Eigenthum!" Josef Lanz (pseud. J. Lanz von Liebenfels), Theozoologie oder die Kunde von den Sodoms-Äfflingen und dem Götter-Elektron. Eine Einführung in die älteste und neueste Weltanschauung und eine Rechtfertigung des Fürstentums und des Adels (Wien, 1904), 152. Quoted in August Strindberg, En blå bok. (Stockholm, 1907-1912), 261; "äfflingarnes störste skald har skrifvit en klagodikt öfver lögnens förfall, samt utgifvit en hjältedikt i sex sånger kallad Pederastens lofsång," Strindberg, En blå bok, 257. The newspaper Dagens Nyheter even mentioned a "Wilde-fever" in the Swedish capital in 1907. Greger Eman, "1907: Det homosexuella genombrottet," in Sympatiens hemlighetsfulla makt. Stockholms homosexuella 1860-1960 (Stockholm, 1999), 149-164.
    • (1907) En Blå Bok. , pp. 261
    • Strindberg, A.1
  • 44
    • 0040990492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Was das Weib heute ist, ist es durch das Schwert und die Kraft des Mannes. Der Mann hat das Weib den Sodomsaffen abgerungen, dafür ist es sein Eigenthum!" Josef Lanz (pseud. J. Lanz von Liebenfels), Theozoologie oder die Kunde von den Sodoms-Äfflingen und dem Götter-Elektron. Eine Einführung in die älteste und neueste Weltanschauung und eine Rechtfertigung des Fürstentums und des Adels (Wien, 1904), 152. Quoted in August Strindberg, En blå bok. (Stockholm, 1907-1912), 261; "äfflingarnes störste skald har skrifvit en klagodikt öfver lögnens förfall, samt utgifvit en hjältedikt i sex sånger kallad Pederastens lofsång," Strindberg, En blå bok, 257. The newspaper Dagens Nyheter even mentioned a "Wilde-fever" in the Swedish capital in 1907. Greger Eman, "1907: Det homosexuella genombrottet," in Sympatiens hemlighetsfulla makt. Stockholms homosexuella 1860-1960 (Stockholm, 1999), 149-164.
    • En Blå Bok , pp. 257
    • Strindberg1
  • 45
    • 0039211940 scopus 로고
    • Wilde-fever
    • "Was das Weib heute ist, ist es durch das Schwert und die Kraft des Mannes. Der Mann hat das Weib den Sodomsaffen abgerungen, dafür ist es sein Eigenthum!" Josef Lanz (pseud. J. Lanz von Liebenfels), Theozoologie oder die Kunde von den Sodoms-Äfflingen und dem Götter-Elektron. Eine Einführung in die älteste und neueste Weltanschauung und eine Rechtfertigung des Fürstentums und des Adels (Wien, 1904), 152. Quoted in August Strindberg, En blå bok. (Stockholm, 1907-1912), 261; "äfflingarnes störste skald har skrifvit en klagodikt öfver lögnens förfall, samt utgifvit en hjältedikt i sex sånger kallad Pederastens lofsång," Strindberg, En blå bok, 257. The newspaper Dagens Nyheter even mentioned a "Wilde-fever" in the Swedish capital in 1907. Greger Eman, "1907: Det homosexuella genombrottet," in Sympatiens hemlighetsfulla makt. Stockholms homosexuella 1860-1960 (Stockholm, 1999), 149-164.
    • (1907) Dagens Nyheter
  • 46
    • 0039803988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1907: Det homosexuella genombrottet
    • Stockholm
    • "Was das Weib heute ist, ist es durch das Schwert und die Kraft des Mannes. Der Mann hat das Weib den Sodomsaffen abgerungen, dafür ist es sein Eigenthum!" Josef Lanz (pseud. J. Lanz von Liebenfels), Theozoologie oder die Kunde von den Sodoms-Äfflingen und dem Götter-Elektron. Eine Einführung in die älteste und neueste Weltanschauung und eine Rechtfertigung des Fürstentums und des Adels (Wien, 1904), 152. Quoted in August Strindberg, En blå bok. (Stockholm, 1907-1912), 261; "äfflingarnes störste skald har skrifvit en klagodikt öfver lögnens förfall, samt utgifvit en hjältedikt i sex sånger kallad Pederastens lofsång," Strindberg, En blå bok, 257. The newspaper Dagens Nyheter even mentioned a "Wilde-fever" in the Swedish capital in 1907. Greger Eman, "1907: Det homosexuella genombrottet," in Sympatiens hemlighetsfulla makt. Stockholms homosexuella 1860-1960 (Stockholm, 1999), 149-164.
    • (1999) Sympatiens Hemlighetsfulla Makt. Stockholms Homosexuella 1860-1960 , pp. 149-164
    • Eman, G.1
  • 50
    • 0039803990 scopus 로고
    • Kriminologiska centralarkivet. Ett unikt svenskt forskningsarkiv
    • Rättspsykiatriska Centralarkivet (RCA). There are two forensic reports written after bestiality was decriminalized. In both these cases the person was prosecuted for other charges, but examined because he had committed bestiality. The RCA was founded in 1934. It contains a complete collection of all forensic psychiatric reports made in Sweden from 1934 until the present. Cf. Lars Lidberg and Nils Wiklund, "Kriminologiska Centralarkivet. Ett unikt svenskt forskningsarkiv," Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab (1988):131-35.
    • (1988) Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab , pp. 131-135
    • Lidberg, L.1    Wiklund, N.2
  • 51
    • 0039803998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "[K]an expl. likväl icke hänföras till den vanliga tidelagsförbrytarens typ. Han låter sig omöjligen ställas i paritet med den undermålige kreatursskötaren, för vilken de honom anförtrodda djuren äro ungefär lika "normala" sexualobjekt som människor av det motsatta könet och vilka han utan skrupler tillgriper när kvinnorna avvisa honom eller ej finnas nog nära till hands," RCA. (35-137 p. 51).
  • 52
    • 0040396412 scopus 로고
    • (35-416, p. 21). Leipzig
    • "Det synes mig här vara fråga om ett fall av äkta zoophili, där alltså djur utgöra det egentliga sexualmålet. Enl. Kafka innebär en sådan drift bevis för ett sjukligt anlag i centrala nervsystemet. Vanligen är det ju frågan om imbecilla eller senilt dementa personer men även alkoholister och höggradigt psykopata personligheter ha zoophila böjelser." RCA. (35-416, p. 21). The book referred to is Victor Kafka, Sexualpathologie für Mediziner, Juristen und Psychologen (Leipzig, 1932), 99.
    • (1932) Sexualpathologie für Mediziner, Juristen und Psychologen , pp. 99
    • Kafka, V.1
  • 53
    • 0039803993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "Erfarenheten har även givit vid handen att personer, som göra sig skyldig till otukt med djur, i det övervägande flertalet äro imbecilla." RCA. (36-461 ); "sexuell klåfingrighet hos en i viss mån psykopatisk personlighet med slapp sexualmoral." RCA. (36-236).
  • 54
    • 0039211945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stockholm
    • For a discussion of intelligence as a ground for categorization, see Maija Runcis, Steriliseringar i Folkhemmet (Stockholm, 1998); Mattias Tydén, Från politik till praktik. De svenska steriliseringslagarna 1935-1975 (Stockholm, 2000); Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York, 1981).
    • (1998) Steriliseringar i Folkhemmet
    • Runcis, M.1
  • 55
  • 56
    • 0003979290 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • For a discussion of intelligence as a ground for categorization, see Maija Runcis, Steriliseringar i Folkhemmet (Stockholm, 1998); Mattias Tydén, Från politik till praktik. De svenska steriliseringslagarna 1935-1975 (Stockholm, 2000); Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York, 1981).
    • (1981) The Mismeasure of Man
    • Gould, S.J.1
  • 57
    • 0039211942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SOU 1941:32
    • SOU 1941:32.
  • 58
    • 0040396419 scopus 로고
    • Jönköping
    • E.g., Anonymous, Om ungdomens förrädare. Ett ord i sinom tid. Af en ungdomens wän (Jönköping, 1875); Herman Aspling, Ungdomens farligaste fiende. Föredrag hållna i Norrköping (Kristinehamn, 1880); E. J. Ekman, Den smygande fienden. Ett ord till ungdom, föräldrar och uppfostrare (Stockholm, 1887).
    • (1875) Om Ungdomens Förrädare. Ett Ord i Sinom Tid. Af en Ungdomens Wän
  • 59
    • 0040990486 scopus 로고
    • Kristinehamn
    • E.g., Anonymous, Om ungdomens förrädare. Ett ord i sinom tid. Af en ungdomens wän (Jönköping, 1875); Herman Aspling, Ungdomens farligaste fiende. Föredrag hållna i Norrköping (Kristinehamn, 1880); E. J. Ekman, Den smygande fienden. Ett ord till ungdom, föräldrar och uppfostrare (Stockholm, 1887).
    • (1880) Ungdomens Farligaste Fiende. Föredrag Hållna i Norrköping
    • Aspling, H.1
  • 60
    • 0040396421 scopus 로고
    • Stockholm
    • E.g., Anonymous, Om ungdomens förrädare. Ett ord i sinom tid. Af en ungdomens wän (Jönköping, 1875); Herman Aspling, Ungdomens farligaste fiende. Föredrag hållna i Norrköping (Kristinehamn, 1880); E. J. Ekman, Den smygande fienden. Ett ord till ungdom, föräldrar och uppfostrare (Stockholm, 1887).
    • (1887) Den Smygande Fienden. Ett Ord Till Ungdom, Föräldrar Och Uppfostrare
    • Ekman, E.J.1
  • 61
    • 0040990485 scopus 로고
    • Onanins historia. 'Stundom inträder sinnessjukdom - Särskilt fånighet,'
    • For a discussion of this, see Lena Lennerhed, "Onanins historia. 'Stundom inträder sinnessjukdom - särskilt fånighet,'" Ottar no. 1 (1987): 60-68.
    • (1987) Ottar , vol.1 , pp. 60-68
    • Lennerhed, L.1
  • 64
    • 0040990489 scopus 로고
    • København
    • Henrik Ibsen, Et dukkehjem (København, 1879); August Strindberg, Fröken Julie (Stockholm, 1888).
    • (1879) Et Dukkehjem
    • Ibsen, H.1
  • 65
    • 60949449309 scopus 로고
    • Stockholm
    • Henrik Ibsen, Et dukkehjem (København, 1879); August Strindberg, Fröken Julie (Stockholm, 1888).
    • (1888) Fröken Julie
    • Strindberg, A.1
  • 66
    • 0039211938 scopus 로고
    • The reward of virtue
    • trans. by Mary Sandbach New York
    • Strindberg, "The Reward of Virtue," in Getting Married, trans. by Mary Sandbach (New York, 1972). "Ögonen lupo över sidorna utan att våga stanna. Knäna skallrade, blodet försvann från ansiktet, pulsarne fröso. - Han var sålunda dömd till döden eller vansinnet vid tjugofem års ålder. Hans ryggrad och hjärna skulle rinna bort, hans ansikte bli som en dödskalles, hans hår falla av, händerna darra - det var fasligt. Och botemedlet? Jesus! Men Jesus kunde icke bota kroppen, endast själen. Kroppen var dömd till döden - vid tjugofem år - återstod endast att rädda själen från evig fördömelse." August Strindberg, "Tjänstekvinnans son (1886)" in Skrifter, vol. 7, p. 65; translated by Claud Field as The Son of a Servant (London, 1913), 105-106. Strindberg reported that the booklet was written by "Dr. Krafft," but he was probably referring to the translation of a German pamphlet by Sixt Karl Kapff, Sjelfbefläckelsen, dess följder, botning och förebyggande (Stockholm, 1860). (Engl. trans., Admonitions of a Friend to Youth, 6th improved German ed. [Philadelphia, 1858].)
    • (1972) Getting Married
    • Strindberg1
  • 67
    • 0039211939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tjänstekvinnans son (1886)
    • Strindberg, "The Reward of Virtue," in Getting Married, trans. by Mary Sandbach (New York, 1972). "Ögonen lupo över sidorna utan att våga stanna. Knäna skallrade, blodet försvann från ansiktet, pulsarne fröso. - Han var sålunda dömd till döden eller vansinnet vid tjugofem års ålder. Hans ryggrad och hjärna skulle rinna bort, hans ansikte bli som en dödskalles, hans hår falla av, händerna darra - det var fasligt. Och botemedlet? Jesus! Men Jesus kunde icke bota kroppen, endast själen. Kroppen var dömd till döden -vid tjugofem år - återstod endast att rädda själen från evig fördömelse." August Strindberg, "Tjänstekvinnans son (1886)" in Skrifter, vol. 7, p. 65; translated by Claud Field as The Son of a Servant (London, 1913), 105-106. Strindberg reported that the booklet was written by "Dr. Krafft," but he was probably referring to the translation of a German pamphlet by Sixt Karl Kapff, Sjelfbefläckelsen, dess följder, botning och förebyggande (Stockholm, 1860). (Engl. trans., Admonitions of a Friend to Youth, 6th improved German ed. [Philadelphia, 1858].)
    • Skrifter , vol.7 , pp. 65
    • Strindberg, A.1
  • 68
    • 0040396422 scopus 로고
    • translated by London
    • Strindberg, "The Reward of Virtue," in Getting Married, trans. by Mary Sandbach (New York, 1972). "Ögonen lupo över sidorna utan att våga stanna. Knäna skallrade, blodet försvann från ansiktet, pulsarne fröso. - Han var sålunda dömd till döden eller vansinnet vid tjugofem års ålder. Hans ryggrad och hjärna skulle rinna bort, hans ansikte bli som en dödskalles, hans hår falla av, händerna darra - det var fasligt. Och botemedlet? Jesus! Men Jesus kunde icke bota kroppen, endast själen. Kroppen var dömd till döden - vid tjugofem år - återstod endast att rädda själen från evig fördömelse." August Strindberg, "Tjänstekvinnans son (1886)" in Skrifter, vol. 7, p. 65; translated by Claud Field as The Son of a Servant (London, 1913), 105-106. Strindberg reported that the booklet was written by "Dr. Krafft," but he was probably referring to the translation of a German pamphlet by Sixt Karl Kapff, Sjelfbefläckelsen, dess följder, botning och förebyggande (Stockholm, 1860). (Engl. trans., Admonitions of a Friend to Youth, 6th improved German ed. [Philadelphia, 1858].)
    • (1913) The Son of a Servant , pp. 105-106
    • Field, C.1
  • 69
    • 0040990487 scopus 로고
    • Stockholm
    • Strindberg, "The Reward of Virtue," in Getting Married, trans. by Mary Sandbach (New York, 1972). "Ögonen lupo över sidorna utan att våga stanna. Knäna skallrade, blodet försvann från ansiktet, pulsarne fröso. - Han var sålunda dömd till döden eller vansinnet vid tjugofem års ålder. Hans ryggrad och hjärna skulle rinna bort, hans ansikte bli som en dödskalles, hans hår falla av, händerna darra - det var fasligt. Och botemedlet? Jesus! Men Jesus kunde icke bota kroppen, endast själen. Kroppen var dömd till döden - vid tjugofem år - återstod endast att rädda själen från evig fördömelse." August Strindberg, "Tjänstekvinnans son (1886)" in Skrifter, vol. 7, p. 65; translated by Claud Field as The Son of a Servant (London, 1913), 105-106. Strindberg reported that the booklet was written by "Dr. Krafft," but he was probably referring to the translation of a German pamphlet by Sixt Karl Kapff, Sjelfbefläckelsen, dess följder, botning och förebyggande (Stockholm, 1860). (Engl. trans., Admonitions of a Friend to Youth, 6th improved German ed. [Philadelphia, 1858].)
    • (1860) Sjelfbefläckelsen, Dess Följder, Botning Och Förebyggande
    • Kapff, S.K.1
  • 70
    • 0040396424 scopus 로고
    • Engl. trans., Philadelphia
    • Strindberg, "The Reward of Virtue," in Getting Married, trans. by Mary Sandbach (New York, 1972). "Ögonen lupo över sidorna utan att våga stanna. Knäna skallrade, blodet försvann från ansiktet, pulsarne fröso. - Han var sålunda dömd till döden eller vansinnet vid tjugofem års ålder. Hans ryggrad och hjärna skulle rinna bort, hans ansikte bli som en dödskalles, hans hår falla av, händerna darra - det var fasligt. Och botemedlet? Jesus! Men Jesus kunde icke bota kroppen, endast själen. Kroppen var dömd till döden - vid tjugofem år - återstod endast att rädda själen från evig fördömelse." August Strindberg, "Tjänstekvinnans son (1886)" in Skrifter, vol. 7, p. 65; translated by Claud Field as The Son of a Servant (London, 1913), 105-106. Strindberg reported that the booklet was written by "Dr. Krafft," but he was probably referring to the translation of a German pamphlet by Sixt Karl Kapff, Sjelfbefläckelsen, dess följder, botning och förebyggande (Stockholm, 1860). (Engl. trans., Admonitions of a Friend to Youth, 6th improved German ed. [Philadelphia, 1858].)
    • (1858) Admonitions of a Friend to Youth, 6th Improved German Ed.
  • 71
    • 0039211941 scopus 로고
    • Stockholm
    • Anon., Farbror Palles svar på frågor från unga syndare (Stockholm, 1867); Strindberg, Legender ([1898] Stockholm, 1912), 138. Quoted from The Son of a Servant, 106 (note); John Personne, Strindbergslitteraturen och osedligheten bland skolungdomen (Stockholm, 1887); Henrik Berg, Läkarebok (Stockholm, 1903).
    • (1867) Farbror Palles Svar På Frågor Från Unga Syndare
  • 72
    • 0039211923 scopus 로고
    • Stockholm
    • Anon., Farbror Palles svar på frågor från unga syndare (Stockholm, 1867); Strindberg, Legender ([1898] Stockholm, 1912), 138. Quoted from The Son of a Servant, 106 (note); John Personne, Strindbergslitteraturen och osedligheten bland skolungdomen (Stockholm, 1887); Henrik Berg, Läkarebok (Stockholm, 1903).
    • (1898) Legender , pp. 138
    • Strindberg1
  • 73
    • 0039211932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Anon., Farbror Palles svar på frågor från unga syndare (Stockholm, 1867); Strindberg, Legender ([1898] Stockholm, 1912), 138. Quoted from The Son of a Servant, 106 (note); John Personne, Strindbergslitteraturen och osedligheten bland skolungdomen (Stockholm, 1887); Henrik Berg, Läkarebok (Stockholm, 1903).
    • The Son of a Servant , vol.106
  • 74
    • 0039803985 scopus 로고
    • Stockholm
    • Anon., Farbror Palles svar på frågor från unga syndare (Stockholm, 1867); Strindberg, Legender ([1898] Stockholm, 1912), 138. Quoted from The Son of a Servant, 106 (note); John Personne, Strindbergslitteraturen och osedligheten bland skolungdomen (Stockholm, 1887); Henrik Berg, Läkarebok (Stockholm, 1903).
    • (1887) Strindbergslitteraturen Och Osedligheten Bland Skolungdomen
    • Personne, J.1
  • 75
    • 84891291614 scopus 로고
    • Stockholm
    • Anon., Farbror Palles svar på frågor från unga syndare (Stockholm, 1867); Strindberg, Legender ([1898] Stockholm, 1912), 138. Quoted from The Son of a Servant, 106 (note); John Personne, Strindbergslitteraturen och osedligheten bland skolungdomen (Stockholm, 1887); Henrik Berg, Läkarebok (Stockholm, 1903).
    • (1903) Läkarebok
    • Berg, H.1
  • 77
    • 0040396410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wilhelm Sjöstrand, Ett omdebatterat sexualproblem. Onanien i historisk-kritisk belysning (Stockholm, 1952); Lennerhed, "Onanins historia." See Claes Ekenstam, Kroppens idéhistoria. Disciplinering och karaktärsdaning i Sverige 1700-1950, (Hedemora, 1993), 135-72.
    • Onanins Historia
    • Lennerhed1
  • 80
    • 0003958374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, Mass
    • Wiliam Richard Gowers, Epilepsy and other Chronic Convulsive Disorders: Their Causes, Symptoms and Treatment (London, 1888); Simon Shorvon, ed., The Treatment of Epilepsy (Cambridge, Mass., 1996), xvii-xlv.
    • (1996) The Treatment of Epilepsy
    • Shorvon, S.1
  • 81
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    • Lincoln and London
    • "att han sedan sitt fjortonde år hängifvit sig åt onanilasten, hvilket föranledt att han angripits av fallandesjukan . . . att onanilasten hos honom framkallat allmän kroppslig förslappning . . . en viss grad af abnormitet på själslifvets område, enär epilepsin ofta framkallade en urartning af karaktären." Göteborgs Landsarkiv (GLA). (Göteborgs RR. 1904 avd 2 [Cellfängelset] nr 69). On degeneration, see Max Nordau, Degeneration ([1892] Lincoln and London, 1993).
    • (1892) Degeneration
    • Nordau, M.1
  • 82
    • 0040990470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • SuTR. (Njurunda, Sköns och Ljustorps tgls HR. UT Jan 7, 1933 §1 ); "svår könsdrift å bejär som vill angripa förståndet." Riksarkivet (RA). (Medicinalstyr., Rättspsykiatriska nämnden, Kastreringsärenden. EIf:3 SK 1).
  • 84
    • 0039803986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "skaffa sig någon manlig bekant, som skulle kunna hjälpa honom med att tillfredsställa könsdriften." SuTR. (Sundsvalls RR. 1944 nr 220).
  • 86
    • 0040990483 scopus 로고
    • Nijmegen
    • Theo van der Meer, Sodoms zaad in Nederland. Het ontstaan van homoseksualiteit in de vroegmoderne tijd (Nijmegen, 1995), 81-154; Alan Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England (London, 1982); Randolph Trumbach, "Sex, Gender and Sexual Identity in Western Culture: Male Sodomy and Female Prostitution in Enlightenment London," in John Fout, ed., Forbidden History: The State, Society and the Regulation of Sexuality in Modern Europe (Chicago, 1992); Michel Rey, "Parisian Homosexuals Create a Lifestyle, 1700-1750: The Police Archives" in R. P. Maccubbin, ed.,'Tis Nature's Fault: Unauthorized Sexuality during the Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1987). In Sweden, "crimen contra natura" was understood as bestiality already in the 13th century. Kari Ellen Gade, "Homosexuality and Rape of Males in Old Norse Laws and Literature," Scandinavian Studies 58 (1986): 124-41.
    • (1995) Sodoms Zaad in Nederland. Het Ontstaan van Homoseksualiteit in de Vroegmoderne Tijd , pp. 81-154
    • Van Der Meer, T.1
  • 87
    • 0004068281 scopus 로고
    • London
    • Theo van der Meer, Sodoms zaad in Nederland. Het ontstaan van homoseksualiteit in de vroegmoderne tijd (Nijmegen, 1995), 81-154; Alan Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England (London, 1982); Randolph Trumbach, "Sex, Gender and Sexual Identity in Western Culture: Male Sodomy and Female Prostitution in Enlightenment London," in John Fout, ed., Forbidden History: The State, Society and the Regulation of Sexuality in Modern Europe (Chicago, 1992); Michel Rey, "Parisian Homosexuals Create a Lifestyle, 1700-1750: The Police Archives" in R. P. Maccubbin, ed.,'Tis Nature's Fault: Unauthorized Sexuality during the Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1987). In Sweden, "crimen contra natura" was understood as bestiality already in the 13th century. Kari Ellen Gade, "Homosexuality and Rape of Males in Old Norse Laws and Literature," Scandinavian Studies 58 (1986): 124-41.
    • (1982) Homosexuality in Renaissance England
    • Bray, A.1
  • 88
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    • Sex, gender and sexual identity in western culture: Male sodomy and female prostitution in enlightenment London
    • John Fout, ed., Chicago
    • Theo van der Meer, Sodoms zaad in Nederland. Het ontstaan van homoseksualiteit in de vroegmoderne tijd (Nijmegen, 1995), 81-154; Alan Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England (London, 1982); Randolph Trumbach, "Sex, Gender and Sexual Identity in Western Culture: Male Sodomy and Female Prostitution in Enlightenment London," in John Fout, ed., Forbidden History: The State, Society and the Regulation of Sexuality in Modern Europe (Chicago, 1992); Michel Rey, "Parisian Homosexuals Create a Lifestyle, 1700-1750: The Police Archives" in R. P. Maccubbin, ed.,'Tis Nature's Fault: Unauthorized Sexuality during the Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1987). In Sweden, "crimen contra natura" was understood as bestiality already in the 13th century. Kari Ellen Gade, "Homosexuality and Rape of Males in Old Norse Laws and Literature," Scandinavian Studies 58 (1986): 124-41.
    • (1992) Forbidden History: The State, Society and the Regulation of Sexuality in Modern Europe
    • Trumbach, R.1
  • 89
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    • Parisian homosexuals create a lifestyle, 1700-1750: The police archives
    • R. P. Maccubbin, ed., Cambridge
    • Theo van der Meer, Sodoms zaad in Nederland. Het ontstaan van homoseksualiteit in de vroegmoderne tijd (Nijmegen, 1995), 81-154; Alan Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England (London, 1982); Randolph Trumbach, "Sex, Gender and Sexual Identity in Western Culture: Male Sodomy and Female Prostitution in Enlightenment London," in John Fout, ed., Forbidden History: The State, Society and the Regulation of Sexuality in Modern Europe (Chicago, 1992); Michel Rey, "Parisian Homosexuals Create a Lifestyle, 1700-1750: The Police Archives" in R. P. Maccubbin, ed.,'Tis Nature's Fault: Unauthorized Sexuality during the Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1987). In Sweden, "crimen contra natura" was understood as bestiality already in the 13th century. Kari Ellen Gade, "Homosexuality and Rape of Males in Old Norse Laws and Literature," Scandinavian Studies 58 (1986): 124-41.
    • (1987) 'Tis Nature's Fault: Unauthorized Sexuality during the Enlightenment
    • Michel, R.1
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    • Homosexuality and rape of males in old norse laws and literature
    • Theo van der Meer, Sodoms zaad in Nederland. Het ontstaan van homoseksualiteit in de vroegmoderne tijd (Nijmegen, 1995), 81-154; Alan Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England (London, 1982); Randolph Trumbach, "Sex, Gender and Sexual Identity in Western Culture: Male Sodomy and Female Prostitution in Enlightenment London," in John Fout, ed., Forbidden History: The State, Society and the Regulation of Sexuality in Modern Europe (Chicago, 1992); Michel Rey, "Parisian Homosexuals Create a Lifestyle, 1700-1750: The Police Archives" in R. P. Maccubbin, ed.,'Tis Nature's Fault: Unauthorized Sexuality during the Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1987). In Sweden, "crimen contra natura" was understood as bestiality already in the 13th century. Kari Ellen Gade, "Homosexuality and Rape of Males in Old Norse Laws and Literature," Scandinavian Studies 58 (1986): 124-41.
    • (1986) Scandinavian Studies , vol.58 , pp. 124-141
    • Gade, K.E.1
  • 92
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    • note
    • "För något år sedan läste jag en bok [. . .] att onani var en last med fruktansvärda följder . . . Nu har det gått så långt att jag själv förstår att jag icke är lik andra människor, jag kan icke röra mig eller uttrycka mig så lätt och obesvärat [. . .] mitt hår faller av och mina tänder falla bort." Arbetarrörelsens arkiv (ARAB). (RFSU EII:1).
  • 94
    • 0040396395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In 1896 a Supreme Court ruling defined "fornication, which is against nature" (otukt, som emot naturen är) in section 18:10 as sexual acts between persons of the same sex. Before that it could apply to any "unnatural" sexual behavior, including oral or anal sex between man and woman. When used for prosecuting sexual activity between different sexes, it was usually applied to sexual molestation of young girls, when "natural" intercourse had not taken place. But as late as 1908, a cab driver and a female prostitute in Stockholm were both prosecuted for "fornication, which is against nature" after having had oral sex in his open horse cab. In this case, the grounds for prosecution were later changed by the court to lewd behavior (tukt och sedlighet sårande handling). SSA (Stockholms RR 1908 avd 4 nr 380).
  • 95
    • 0004317267 scopus 로고
    • Berlin
    • Magnus Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes (Berlin, 1914); cf. James Steakley, The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany (New York, 1975); Charlotte Wolff, Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology (London, 1986); Eugen Steinach and Robert Lichtenstern "Umstimmung der Homosexualität durch Austauch der Pubertätsdrüsen," Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift no. 6 (1918): 145-48; Wilhelm Stekel, Onanie und Homosexualität. Die homosexuelle Neurose (Berlin, 1917); idem, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar?" Der Nervenarzt no. 6 (1929): 337-43; agnus Hirschfeld, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar? Erwiderung auf den in Heft 6 des 2. Jahrganges 'Der Nervenarzt' erschienenen Artikel von Wilhelm Stekel," Der Nervenarzt no. 12 (1929): 713-14; Richard von Krafft-Ebing, "Erfolgreiche hypnotische Absuggerierung homosexualer Empfindungen. Angeborene konträre Sexualempfindung," in Internationales Centralblatt für die Physiologie und Pathologie der Harn-und Sexual-Organe (Hamburg, 1890); idem, Psychopathia sexualis; Sigmund Freud, "Drei Abhandlungen . . . ," 39 and 44, note 1; Henry Abelove, "Freud, Male Homosexuality, and the Americans," in H. Abelove, M. Barale, D. Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New York, 1993), 382.
    • (1914) Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes
    • Hirschfeld, M.1
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    • New York
    • Magnus Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes (Berlin, 1914); cf. James Steakley, The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany (New York, 1975); Charlotte Wolff, Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology (London, 1986); Eugen Steinach and Robert Lichtenstern "Umstimmung der Homosexualität durch Austauch der Pubertätsdrüsen," Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift no. 6 (1918): 145-48; Wilhelm Stekel, Onanie und Homosexualität. Die homosexuelle Neurose (Berlin, 1917); idem, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar?" Der Nervenarzt no. 6 (1929): 337-43; agnus Hirschfeld, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar? Erwiderung auf den in Heft 6 des 2. Jahrganges 'Der Nervenarzt' erschienenen Artikel von Wilhelm Stekel," Der Nervenarzt no. 12 (1929): 713-14; Richard von Krafft-Ebing, "Erfolgreiche hypnotische Absuggerierung homosexualer Empfindungen. Angeborene konträre Sexualempfindung," in Internationales Centralblatt für die Physiologie und Pathologie der Harn-und Sexual-Organe (Hamburg, 1890); idem, Psychopathia sexualis; Sigmund Freud, "Drei Abhandlungen . . . ," 39 and 44, note 1; Henry Abelove, "Freud, Male Homosexuality, and the Americans," in H. Abelove, M. Barale, D. Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New York, 1993), 382.
    • (1975) The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany
    • Steakley, J.1
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    • Magnus Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes (Berlin, 1914); cf. James Steakley, The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany (New York, 1975); Charlotte Wolff, Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology (London, 1986); Eugen Steinach and Robert Lichtenstern "Umstimmung der Homosexualität durch Austauch der Pubertätsdrüsen," Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift no. 6 (1918): 145-48; Wilhelm Stekel, Onanie und Homosexualität. Die homosexuelle Neurose (Berlin, 1917); idem, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar?" Der Nervenarzt no. 6 (1929): 337-43; agnus Hirschfeld, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar? Erwiderung auf den in Heft 6 des 2. Jahrganges 'Der Nervenarzt' erschienenen Artikel von Wilhelm Stekel," Der Nervenarzt no. 12 (1929): 713-14; Richard von Krafft-Ebing, "Erfolgreiche hypnotische Absuggerierung homosexualer Empfindungen. Angeborene konträre Sexualempfindung," in Internationales Centralblatt für die Physiologie und Pathologie der Harn-und Sexual-Organe (Hamburg, 1890); idem, Psychopathia sexualis; Sigmund Freud, "Drei Abhandlungen . . . ," 39 and 44, note 1; Henry Abelove, "Freud, Male Homosexuality, and the Americans," in H. Abelove, M. Barale, D. Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New York, 1993), 382.
    • (1986) Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology
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    • Magnus Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes (Berlin, 1914); cf. James Steakley, The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany (New York, 1975); Charlotte Wolff, Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology (London, 1986); Eugen Steinach and Robert Lichtenstern "Umstimmung der Homosexualität durch Austauch der Pubertätsdrüsen," Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift no. 6 (1918): 145-48; Wilhelm Stekel, Onanie und Homosexualität. Die homosexuelle Neurose (Berlin, 1917); idem, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar?" Der Nervenarzt no. 6 (1929): 337-43; agnus Hirschfeld, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar? Erwiderung auf den in Heft 6 des 2. Jahrganges 'Der Nervenarzt' erschienenen Artikel von Wilhelm Stekel," Der Nervenarzt no. 12 (1929): 713-14; Richard von Krafft-Ebing, "Erfolgreiche hypnotische Absuggerierung homosexualer Empfindungen. Angeborene konträre Sexualempfindung," in Internationales Centralblatt für die Physiologie und Pathologie der Harn-und Sexual-Organe (Hamburg, 1890); idem, Psychopathia sexualis; Sigmund Freud, "Drei Abhandlungen . . . ," 39 and 44, note 1; Henry Abelove, "Freud, Male Homosexuality, and the Americans," in H. Abelove, M. Barale, D. Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New York, 1993), 382.
    • (1918) Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift , vol.6 , pp. 145-148
    • Steinach, E.1    Lichtenstern, R.2
  • 99
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    • Berlin
    • Magnus Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes (Berlin, 1914); cf. James Steakley, The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany (New York, 1975); Charlotte Wolff, Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology (London, 1986); Eugen Steinach and Robert Lichtenstern "Umstimmung der Homosexualität durch Austauch der Pubertätsdrüsen," Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift no. 6 (1918): 145-48; Wilhelm Stekel, Onanie und Homosexualität. Die homosexuelle Neurose (Berlin, 1917); idem, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar?" Der Nervenarzt no. 6 (1929): 337-43; agnus Hirschfeld, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar? Erwiderung auf den in Heft 6 des 2. Jahrganges 'Der Nervenarzt' erschienenen Artikel von Wilhelm Stekel," Der Nervenarzt no. 12 (1929): 713-14; Richard von Krafft-Ebing, "Erfolgreiche hypnotische Absuggerierung homosexualer Empfindungen. Angeborene konträre Sexualempfindung," in Internationales Centralblatt für die Physiologie und Pathologie der Harn-und Sexual-Organe (Hamburg, 1890); idem, Psychopathia sexualis; Sigmund Freud, "Drei Abhandlungen . . . ," 39 and 44, note 1; Henry Abelove, "Freud, Male Homosexuality, and the Americans," in H. Abelove, M. Barale, D. Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New York, 1993), 382.
    • (1917) Onanie und Homosexualität. Die Homosexuelle Neurose
    • Stekel, W.1
  • 100
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    • Ist homosexualität heilbar?
    • Magnus Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes (Berlin, 1914); cf. James Steakley, The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany (New York, 1975); Charlotte Wolff, Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology (London, 1986); Eugen Steinach and Robert Lichtenstern "Umstimmung der Homosexualität durch Austauch der Pubertätsdrüsen," Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift no. 6 (1918): 145-48; Wilhelm Stekel, Onanie und Homosexualität. Die homosexuelle Neurose (Berlin, 1917); idem, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar?" Der Nervenarzt no. 6 (1929): 337-43; agnus Hirschfeld, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar? Erwiderung auf den in Heft 6 des 2. Jahrganges 'Der Nervenarzt' erschienenen Artikel von Wilhelm Stekel," Der Nervenarzt no. 12 (1929): 713-14; Richard von Krafft-Ebing, "Erfolgreiche hypnotische Absuggerierung homosexualer Empfindungen. Angeborene konträre Sexualempfindung," in Internationales Centralblatt für die Physiologie und Pathologie der Harn-und Sexual-Organe (Hamburg, 1890); idem, Psychopathia sexualis; Sigmund Freud, "Drei Abhandlungen . . . ," 39 and 44, note 1; Henry Abelove, "Freud, Male Homosexuality, and the Americans," in H. Abelove, M. Barale, D. Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New York, 1993), 382.
    • (1929) Der Nervenarzt , vol.6 , pp. 337-343
    • Stekel, W.1
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    • Ist homosexualität heilbar? Erwiderung auf den in heft 6 des 2. Jahrganges 'der nervenarzt' erschienenen artikel von Wilhelm Stekel
    • Magnus Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes (Berlin, 1914); cf. James Steakley, The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany (New York, 1975); Charlotte Wolff, Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology (London, 1986); Eugen Steinach and Robert Lichtenstern "Umstimmung der Homosexualität durch Austauch der Pubertätsdrüsen," Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift no. 6 (1918): 145-48; Wilhelm Stekel, Onanie und Homosexualität. Die homosexuelle Neurose (Berlin, 1917); idem, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar?" Der Nervenarzt no. 6 (1929): 337-43; agnus Hirschfeld, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar? Erwiderung auf den in Heft 6 des 2. Jahrganges 'Der Nervenarzt' erschienenen Artikel von Wilhelm Stekel," Der Nervenarzt no. 12 (1929): 713-14; Richard von Krafft-Ebing, "Erfolgreiche hypnotische Absuggerierung homosexualer Empfindungen. Angeborene konträre Sexualempfindung," in Internationales Centralblatt für die Physiologie und Pathologie der Harn-und Sexual-Organe (Hamburg, 1890); idem, Psychopathia sexualis; Sigmund Freud, "Drei Abhandlungen . . . ," 39 and 44, note 1; Henry Abelove, "Freud, Male Homosexuality, and the Americans," in H. Abelove, M. Barale, D. Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New York, 1993), 382.
    • (1929) Der Nervenarzt , vol.12 , pp. 713-714
    • Hirschfeld, M.1
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    • Erfolgreiche hypnotische absuggerierung homosexualer empfindungen. Angeborene konträre sexualempfindung
    • Hamburg
    • Magnus Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes (Berlin, 1914); cf. James Steakley, The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany (New York, 1975); Charlotte Wolff, Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology (London, 1986); Eugen Steinach and Robert Lichtenstern "Umstimmung der Homosexualität durch Austauch der Pubertätsdrüsen," Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift no. 6 (1918): 145-48; Wilhelm Stekel, Onanie und Homosexualität. Die homosexuelle Neurose (Berlin, 1917); idem, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar?" Der Nervenarzt no. 6 (1929): 337-43; agnus Hirschfeld, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar? Erwiderung auf den in Heft 6 des 2. Jahrganges 'Der Nervenarzt' erschienenen Artikel von Wilhelm Stekel," Der Nervenarzt no. 12 (1929): 713-14; Richard von Krafft-Ebing, "Erfolgreiche hypnotische Absuggerierung homosexualer Empfindungen. Angeborene konträre Sexualempfindung," in Internationales Centralblatt für die Physiologie und Pathologie der Harn-und Sexual-Organe (Hamburg, 1890); idem, Psychopathia sexualis; Sigmund Freud, "Drei Abhandlungen . . . ," 39 and 44, note 1; Henry Abelove, "Freud, Male Homosexuality, and the Americans," in H. Abelove, M. Barale, D. Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New York, 1993), 382.
    • (1890) Internationales Centralblatt für die Physiologie und Pathologie der Harn-und Sexual-organe
    • Von Krafft-Ebing, R.1
  • 103
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    • Magnus Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes (Berlin, 1914); cf. James Steakley, The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany (New York, 1975); Charlotte Wolff, Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology (London, 1986); Eugen Steinach and Robert Lichtenstern "Umstimmung der Homosexualität durch Austauch der Pubertätsdrüsen," Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift no. 6 (1918): 145-48; Wilhelm Stekel, Onanie und Homosexualität. Die homosexuelle Neurose (Berlin, 1917); idem, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar?" Der Nervenarzt no. 6 (1929): 337-43; agnus Hirschfeld, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar? Erwiderung auf den in Heft 6 des 2. Jahrganges 'Der Nervenarzt' erschienenen Artikel von Wilhelm Stekel," Der Nervenarzt no. 12 (1929): 713-14; Richard von Krafft-Ebing, "Erfolgreiche hypnotische Absuggerierung homosexualer Empfindungen. Angeborene konträre Sexualempfindung," in Internationales Centralblatt für die Physiologie und Pathologie der Harn-und Sexual-Organe (Hamburg, 1890); idem, Psychopathia sexualis; Sigmund Freud, "Drei Abhandlungen . . . ," 39 and 44, note 1; Henry Abelove, "Freud, Male Homosexuality, and the Americans," in H. Abelove, M. Barale, D. Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New York, 1993), 382.
    • Psychopathia Sexualis
    • Von Krafft-Ebing, R.1
  • 104
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    • note 1
    • Magnus Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes (Berlin, 1914); cf. James Steakley, The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany (New York, 1975); Charlotte Wolff, Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology (London, 1986); Eugen Steinach and Robert Lichtenstern "Umstimmung der Homosexualität durch Austauch der
    • Drei Abhandlungen , vol.39-44
    • Freud, S.1
  • 105
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    • Freud, male homosexuality, and the Americans
    • H. Abelove, M. Barale, D. Halperin, eds., New York
    • Magnus Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes (Berlin, 1914); cf. James Steakley, The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany (New York, 1975); Charlotte Wolff, Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology (London, 1986); Eugen Steinach and Robert Lichtenstern "Umstimmung der Homosexualität durch Austauch der Pubertätsdrüsen," Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift no. 6 (1918): 145-48; Wilhelm Stekel, Onanie und Homosexualität. Die homosexuelle Neurose (Berlin, 1917); idem, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar?" Der Nervenarzt no. 6 (1929): 337-43; agnus Hirschfeld, "Ist Homosexualität heilbar? Erwiderung auf den in Heft 6 des 2. Jahrganges 'Der Nervenarzt' erschienenen Artikel von Wilhelm Stekel," Der Nervenarzt no. 12 (1929): 713-14; Richard von Krafft-Ebing, "Erfolgreiche hypnotische Absuggerierung homosexualer Empfindungen. Angeborene konträre Sexualempfindung," in Internationales Centralblatt für die Physiologie und Pathologie der Harn-und Sexual-Organe (Hamburg, 1890); idem, Psychopathia sexualis; Sigmund Freud, "Drei Abhandlungen . . . ," 39 and 44, note 1; Henry Abelove, "Freud, Male Homosexuality, and the Americans," in H. Abelove, M. Barale, D. Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New York, 1993), 382.
    • (1993) The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader , pp. 382
    • Abelove, H.1
  • 106
    • 0039211929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • There were twenty-six German editions published between 1921 and 1977, four Swedish editions between 1926 and 1947.
  • 107
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    • Berlin
    • "Wenn wir aber sehen gelernt haben, so werden wir bemerken, daß uns alsdann der Tasterzirkel schöne, exakte Bestätigungen und zahlenmäßige Formulierungen, an anderen Stellen auch wichtige Korrekturen von dem bringt, was wir mit den Augen entdeckt haben." Ernst Kretschmer, Körperbau und Charakter. Untersuchungen zum Konstitutionsproblem und zur Lehre von den Temperamenten, 3d ed. (Berlin, 1922), 7; Engl. transl. of the 2nd Germ. ed. by W. J. H. Sprott, Physique and Character: An Investigation of the Nature of Constitution and of the Theory of Temperament (London & New York, 1925), quote p. 10; Swedish trans., Kroppsbyggnaden och karaktären. En undersökning av kroppskonstitutionen och läran om temperamenten (Stockholm, 1926, 1932, 1939, 1947).
    • (1922) Körperbau und Charakter. Untersuchungen zum Konstitutionsproblem und zur Lehre von Den Temperamenten, 3d Ed. , pp. 7
    • Kretschmer, E.1
  • 108
    • 0040396407 scopus 로고
    • Engl. transl. of the 2nd Germ. London & New York, quote
    • "Wenn wir aber sehen gelernt haben, so werden wir bemerken, daß uns alsdann der Tasterzirkel schöne, exakte Bestätigungen und zahlenmäßige Formulierungen, an anderen Stellen auch wichtige Korrekturen von dem bringt, was wir mit den Augen entdeckt haben." Ernst Kretschmer, Körperbau und Charakter. Untersuchungen zum Konstitutionsproblem und zur Lehre von den Temperamenten, 3d ed. (Berlin, 1922), 7; Engl. transl. of the 2nd Germ. ed. by W. J. H. Sprott, Physique and Character: An Investigation of the Nature of Constitution and of the Theory of Temperament (London & New York, 1925), quote p. 10; Swedish trans., Kroppsbyggnaden och karaktären. En undersökning av kroppskonstitutionen och läran om temperamenten (Stockholm, 1926, 1932, 1939, 1947).
    • (1925) Physique and Character: An Investigation of the Nature of Constitution and of the Theory of Temperament , pp. 10
    • Sprott, W.J.H.1
  • 109
    • 0040396404 scopus 로고
    • Swedish trans., Stockholm
    • "Wenn wir aber sehen gelernt haben, so werden wir bemerken, daß uns alsdann der Tasterzirkel schöne, exakte Bestätigungen und zahlenmäßige Formulierungen, an anderen Stellen auch wichtige Korrekturen von dem bringt, was wir mit den Augen entdeckt haben." Ernst Kretschmer, Körperbau und Charakter. Untersuchungen zum Konstitutionsproblem und zur Lehre von den Temperamenten, 3d ed. (Berlin, 1922), 7; Engl. transl. of the 2nd Germ. ed. by W. J. H. Sprott, Physique and Character: An Investigation of the Nature of Constitution and of the Theory of Temperament (London & New York, 1925), quote p. 10; Swedish trans., Kroppsbyggnaden och karaktären. En undersökning av kroppskonstitutionen och läran om temperamenten (Stockholm, 1926, 1932, 1939, 1947).
    • (1926) Kroppsbyggnaden Och Karaktären. En Undersökning av Kroppskonstitutionen Och Läran om Temperamenten
  • 110
    • 0040396408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Engl. ed., 68, 89
    • "hochwüchsige Eunuchoide . . . Die Repräsentanten unserer Gruppe sind [. . .] meist schmale, aufgeschossene Figuren von vorwiegend grazilem Knochenbau, die meisten über Mittelgröße [. . . ]. Der Brustkorb erscheint oft schmal und lang gezogen und läuft nicht selten nach unten hin in eine ganz feminin anmutende Taille zusammen. Von hier abwärts lädt öfters die laterale Hüftkontur mit vermehrter Schweifung aus, was wiederum einen femininen Eindruck hervorbringt . . . öfters Homosexuelle Neigungen . . . Mannweiber und weibische Männer." Kretschmer, Körperbau und Charakter, 3d ed., 56, 58, 77; (Engl. ed., 68, 89).
    • Körperbau und Charakter, 3d Ed. , pp. 56
    • Kretschmer1
  • 111
    • 0003748850 scopus 로고
    • Berlin
    • Kretschmer, Körperbau und Charakter, 5th ed. (Berlin, 1926), 91; Arthur Kronfeld, Sexualpsychopathologie. Handbuch der Psychiatrie, Hrsg von G. Aschaffenburg, Abt. 7, T. 3 (Leipzig & Wien, 1923), 56-57; Arthur Weil, "Körperbau und psychosexueller Charakter," Fortschritte der Medizin 40(1922): 423-25.
    • (1926) Körperbau und Charakter, 5th Ed. , pp. 91
    • Kretschmer1
  • 112
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    • Hrsg von G. Aschaffenburg, Abt. 7, T. 3 Leipzig & Wien
    • Kretschmer, Körperbau und Charakter, 5th ed. (Berlin, 1926), 91; Arthur Kronfeld, Sexualpsychopathologie. Handbuch der Psychiatrie, Hrsg von G. Aschaffenburg, Abt. 7, T. 3 (Leipzig & Wien, 1923), 56-57; Arthur Weil, "Körperbau und psychosexueller Charakter," Fortschritte der Medizin 40(1922): 423-25.
    • (1923) Sexualpsychopathologie. Handbuch der Psychiatrie , pp. 56-57
    • Kronfeld, A.1
  • 113
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    • Körperbau und psychosexueller charakter
    • Kretschmer, Körperbau und Charakter, 5th ed. (Berlin, 1926), 91; Arthur Kronfeld, Sexualpsychopathologie. Handbuch der Psychiatrie, Hrsg von G. Aschaffenburg, Abt. 7, T. 3 (Leipzig & Wien, 1923), 56-57; Arthur Weil, "Körperbau und psychosexueller Charakter," Fortschritte der Medizin 40(1922): 423-25.
    • (1922) Fortschritte der Medizin , vol.40 , pp. 423-425
    • Weil, A.1
  • 114
    • 0040396393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maskulinismen . . . Das weibliche eunuchoid ist klinisch noch zu wenig sharf gefaßt, als daß wir diesen begriff für unsere zwecke verwenden könnten
    • Engl. ed., 70
    • "Maskulinismen . . . Das weibliche Eunuchoid ist klinisch noch zu wenig sharf gefaßt, als daß wir diesen Begriff für unsere Zwecke verwenden könnten." Körperbau und Charakter, 3d ed., 59; (Engl. ed., 70). Out of 25 photos of mental patients in the 3d edition, only five are of women.
    • Körperbau und Charakter, 3d Ed. , pp. 59
  • 116
    • 0040396400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [D]en abnorme själv har rätt att finna förståelse och medlidande, icke dömande förakt . . . bör tillerkännas rörelsefrihet så länge han icke skadar samhället i övrigt
    • "[d]en abnorme själv har rätt att finna förståelse och medlidande, icke dömande förakt . . . bör tillerkännas rörelsefrihet så länge han icke skadar samhället i övrigt." Nycander, En sjukdom som bestraffas, 158.
    • En Sjukdom som Bestraffas , pp. 158
    • Nycander1
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    • Philadelphia
    • Léon Thoinot, Medicolegal Aspects of Moral Offences (Philadelphia, 1921), 306-309; Tarnowsky, L'Instinct sexuel et ses manifestations morbides (Paris, 1904). Seved Ribbing, Om den sexuella hygienen och några af dess etiska konseqvenser. Trenne föredrag (Stockholm, 1888). Ribbing's lectures were translated into eight different languages, including Russian; a Swedish edition was published in Chicago in 1890 - to counter the "humbug doctors" who were abundant in the U.S., according to the editor's preface.
    • (1921) Medicolegal Aspects of Moral Offences , pp. 306-309
    • Thoinot, L.1
  • 118
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    • Paris
    • Léon Thoinot, Medicolegal Aspects of Moral Offences (Philadelphia, 1921), 306-309; Tarnowsky, L'Instinct sexuel et ses manifestations morbides (Paris, 1904). Seved Ribbing, Om den sexuella hygienen och några af dess etiska konseqvenser. Trenne föredrag (Stockholm, 1888). Ribbing's lectures were translated into eight different languages, including Russian; a Swedish edition was published in Chicago in 1890 - to counter the "humbug doctors" who were abundant in the U.S., according to the editor's preface.
    • (1904) L'instinct Sexuel et ses Manifestations Morbides
    • Tarnowsky1
  • 119
    • 0040990474 scopus 로고
    • Stockholm
    • Léon Thoinot, Medicolegal Aspects of Moral Offences (Philadelphia, 1921), 306-309; Tarnowsky, L'Instinct sexuel et ses manifestations morbides (Paris, 1904). Seved Ribbing, Om den sexuella hygienen och några af dess etiska konseqvenser. Trenne föredrag (Stockholm, 1888). Ribbing's lectures were translated into eight different languages, including Russian; a Swedish edition was published in Chicago in 1890 - to counter the "humbug doctors" who were abundant in the U.S., according to the editor's preface.
    • (1888) Om den Sexuella Hygienen Och Några af Dess Etiska Konseqvenser. Trenne Föredrag
    • Ribbing, S.1
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    • Stockholm
    • The woman was Marie David, a Danish friend of Strindberg's wife, Siri von Essen. See David Norrman, Strindbergs skilsmässa från Siri von Essen (Stockholm, 1953); "Och där stod - det rysligaste i människohamn han någonsin sett. Med rött hår, svullna ögon och en mun såsom uppskuren med en rakkniv, läppar som alltid föreföllo blodiga och gav honom den föreställningen att hon sög blod. Denna kvinna hade en gång bekänt sin kärlek för honom, och när han tillbakavisat henne, hade hon kastat sitt hat över honom, och sin perversa inslagna kärlek på hans hustru. Därpå hade bâda blodsugarne öppnat krig mot honom, och vampyren hade skiljt honom från hans barn." August Strindberg, "Svarta fanor" (1907) in Skrifter, vol. 4 (Stockholm, 1946), 244, my translation. See Inger Ehn Knobblock, "Själens erotiska sjukdomar botas aldrig," Lambda Nordica no. 3 (1997): 24-36.
    • (1953) Strindbergs Skilsmässa Från Siri von Essen
    • Norrman, D.1
  • 126
    • 0040396396 scopus 로고
    • Svarta fanor
    • Stockholm, my translation
    • The woman was Marie David, a Danish friend of Strindberg's wife, Siri von Essen. See David Norrman, Strindbergs skilsmässa från Siri von Essen (Stockholm, 1953); "Och där stod - det rysligaste i människohamn han någonsin sett. Med rött hår, svullna ögon och en mun såsom uppskuren med en rakkniv, läppar som alltid föreföllo blodiga och gav honom den föreställningen att hon sög blod. Denna kvinna hade en gång bekänt sin kärlek för honom, och när han tillbakavisat henne, hade hon kastat sitt hat över honom, och sin perversa inslagna kärlek på hans hustru. Därpå hade bâda blodsugarne öppnat krig mot honom, och vampyren hade skiljt honom från hans barn." August Strindberg, "Svarta fanor" (1907) in Skrifter, vol. 4 (Stockholm, 1946), 244, my translation. See Inger Ehn Knobblock, "Själens erotiska sjukdomar botas aldrig," Lambda Nordica no. 3 (1997): 24-36.
    • (1907) Skrifter , vol.4 , pp. 244
    • Strindberg, A.1
  • 127
    • 0039803974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Själens erotiska sjukdomar botas aldrig
    • The woman was Marie David, a Danish friend of Strindberg's wife, Siri von Essen. See David Norrman, Strindbergs skilsmässa från Siri von Essen (Stockholm, 1953); "Och där stod - det rysligaste i människohamn han någonsin sett. Med rött hår, svullna ögon och en mun såsom uppskuren med en rakkniv, läppar som alltid föreföllo blodiga och gav honom den föreställningen att hon sög blod. Denna kvinna hade en gång bekänt sin kärlek för honom, och när han tillbakavisat henne, hade hon kastat sitt hat över honom, och sin perversa inslagna kärlek på hans hustru. Därpå hade bâda blodsugarne öppnat krig mot honom, och vampyren hade skiljt honom från hans barn." August Strindberg, "Svarta fanor" (1907) in Skrifter, vol. 4 (Stockholm, 1946), 244, my translation. See Inger Ehn Knobblock, "Själens erotiska sjukdomar botas aldrig," Lambda Nordica no. 3 (1997): 24-36.
    • (1997) Lambda Nordica , vol.3 , pp. 24-36
    • Knobblock, I.E.1
  • 128
    • 0039803978 scopus 로고
    • publ.
    • Strindberg's hatred of feminism and lesbians has been discussed by Lillian Faderman. She unproblematically equates the characters in A Madman's Manifesto (1887, publ. 1893) with Strindberg and Siri von Essen, as if his novel were an accurate historical account. Although it is true that the characters Axel and Maria in A Madman's Manifesto are portraits of Strindberg and von Essen, the novel should still be treated as fiction.
    • (1887) A Madman's Manifesto
    • Faderman, L.1
  • 130
    • 0040396398 scopus 로고
    • Stockholm, ARAB. (RFSU, E II:4, E II:9)
    • Radclyffe Hall, Ensamhetens brunn (Stockholm, 1932). This book was frequently recommended by RFSU in their correspondence with homosexuals, both men and women. ARAB. (RFSU, E II:4, E II:9).
    • (1932) Ensamhetens Brunn
    • Hall, R.1
  • 131
    • 0040396401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • A set of age limits (fifteen, eighteen, and twenty-one) were inscribed in the new law on "homosexual fornication with minors" (homosexuell otukt med minderåriga) that was passed in 1944.
  • 132
    • 0039211926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Number of accused persons in each case: Jönköping - 26; Norrköping - 7; Halmstad -32; Norberg - 13; Karlstad - 8; Sandviken - 28. The real numbers of involved persons were often higher, since those under fifteen were not counted. Statistiska Centralbyråns arkiv (SCB). (Brottsligheten. Arbetstabeller. H1B AAA, H1B AAB).
  • 133
    • 0039211927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "att något fruntimmer ej behöfdes för detta ändamål" SSA. (Stockholms RR. 1880 avd 5 nr 136).
  • 134
    • 0039211924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "talat om utländingars bruk, att till könsumgänge begagna lika kön." SSA. (Stockholms RR 1884 avd 3 nr 36). Many other examples show that homosexual practices were regarded as something people learned abroad, e.g. SSA (Stockholms RR. 1891 avd 4 nr 241, 1908 avd 4 nr 331, 1913 avd 6 nr 196).
  • 135
    • 0039211925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The woman who had called the police was sent to forensic psychiatric examination, but before that was completed she died from tuberculosis, and the case against her was dropped. SSA (Stockholms RR. 1943 avd 4 nr 4 [classified cases]).
  • 136
    • 0039803983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hur lesbianerna förlorade sin oskuld
    • (Strafflagberedningens arkiv [SBL] 3:6). Cf. Fredrik Silverstolpe, "Hur lesbianerna förlorade sin oskuld," in Sympatiens hemlighetsfulla makt, 400-405.
    • Sympatiens Hemlighetsfulla Makt , pp. 400-405
    • Silverstolpe, F.1
  • 137
    • 24444437494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polisen och de perversa. Klagomål och angivelser rörande homosexualitet 1925-1944
    • Jens Rydström, "Polisen och de perversa. Klagomål och angivelser rörande homosexualitet 1925-1944," in Sympatiens hemlighetsfulla makt, 371-387.
    • Sympatiens Hemlighetsfulla Makt , pp. 371-387
    • Rydström, J.1
  • 138
    • 0040396405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "Till konstitutionen är han dysplastisk, feminin, infantil. Bäckenet, buken, höfterna och nates starkt feminina. Huvudformen likaledes infantilt feminin med starkt framåtvälvd panna. Håret lockigt, hennafärgat. Redan under den tidiga skolåldern var expl. påfallande genom sin flickaktiga typ, vilken gav anledning till att han blev hånad av sina kamrater. . . . Har även under senare tid visat liknande kvinnliga drag, sminkat sig, varit nätt och prydlig, särskilt mån om att vårda händer och hår, äter på ett kvinnligt sätt, med små, snabba rörelser, har förkärlek för matlagning, sömnad, broderiarbeten o.s.v." RCA. (35-74).
  • 139
    • 4243746243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skapandet av det homosexuella monstret
    • "företer inga feminina eller dysplastiska drag, vare sig i fråga om de allmänna proportionerna, fettets fördelning eller kroppsbehåringens riklighet och fördelning. . . . De yttre genitalia äro normalt utvecklade." Högsta domstolen (HD), Utslagshandl. besvärsmål, August 17, 1938, no. 1243. For an analysis of forensic reports in the Stockholm Magistrate's Court, see Björn Lekselius, "Skapandet av det homosexuella monstret," Lambda Nordica no. 3-4 (1998): 44-46.
    • (1998) Lambda Nordica , vol.3-4 , pp. 44-46
    • Lekselius, B.1
  • 140
    • 0039803982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "ett något grovt och kantigt ansikte med en viss maskulin anstrykning. Hennes kroppsbyggnad är feminin . . . Hennes yttre habitus och allmänna uppträdande ger ett feminint intryck." RCA. (48-838).
  • 142
    • 85071252514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binghamton, N.Y.
    • "Jag är av naturen pervers liksom en annan person är färgblind, en annan halt o.s.v. Jag kan givetvis ej rå för denna inför lagen förvända inställelse. Jag har i yngre dagar lidit mycket av detta, då jag trodde mig vara nästan ensam, om detta fel. Sedan jag här i staden blivit bekant med flera likasinnade personer, så det gick att tillfredsställa sina känslor, blev det bättre för mig . . . varit i sällskap och även trivits ihop med icke-homosexuella personer." VaLA. (Jönköpings RR. Rannsakningsmål October 10, 1935 nr 23 bil 4); SSA. 81SkTR. (Malå och Norsjö tgls HR. 1942, VT §130). On male homosexual subculture in Göteborg, see Arne Nilsson, "Creating Their Own Private and Public: The Male Homosexual Life Space in a Nordic City during High Modernity," in Jan Löfström, ed., Scandinavian Homosexualities: Essays on Gay and Lesbian Studies (Binghamton, N.Y., 1998), 81-116.
    • (1998) Scandinavian Homosexualities: Essays on Gay and Lesbian Studies , pp. 81-116
    • Löfström, J.1
  • 144
    • 0026714379 scopus 로고
    • Sexual politics in Wilhelmine Germany: The male gender crisis, moral purity and homophobia
    • ed. John Fout Chicago
    • For an evaluation of the homosexual emancipation movement and the consequences of its medical discourse, see John Fout, "Sexual Politics in Wilhelmine Germany: The Male Gender Crisis, Moral Purity and Homophobia," in Forbidden History: The State, Society and the Regulation of Sexuality in Modern Europe, ed. John Fout (Chicago, 1992). In my own view, these tactics may have served the purposes of homosexual men and women, but it is clear that this scientific way of treating the phenomenon opens the door for more or less sophisticated attempts to cure and control homosexual behavior in the future. The discovery of hormones and the successful isolation of a number of them in the first decades of the twentieth century led to a firm belief in their power to explain just about any aspect of human behavior. In the same manner, the ground-breaking genetic research that recently has been carried out has led to a popular belief that genetic variations can explain everything from criminality to sexual behavior and emotional interaction. In this context one may argue that no matter how sophisticated and accurate the methods used, the question of what is chosen to be investigated and explained remains a political and ethical decision, a decision which is in turn influenced by the dominant political discourse of the day. Thus, none of the scientists investigating hormones in the 1930s found it interesting to dwell upon the question of "zoophilia," and no geneticist today tries to find the "zoophilia" gene, simply because the category of "zoophile" was never of medical interest. See Dean Hamer, The Science of Desire: The Search for the Gay Gene and the Biology of Behavior (New York, 1994); Hamer et al., "Linkage Between Sexual Orientation and Chromosome Xq28 in Males but not in Females," Nature Genetics 11 (November 1995): 248-56; Simon le Vay, "A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men," Science 253 (August 30, 1991): 1034-37; for a more extensive critique of contemporary biologism, see my article "Jakten efter det normala" Svenska Dagbladet (Dec 8, 1995): 8.
    • (1992) Forbidden History: The State, Society and the Regulation of Sexuality in Modern Europe
    • Fout, J.1
  • 145
    • 0003787497 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • For an evaluation of the homosexual emancipation movement and the consequences of its medical discourse, see John Fout, "Sexual Politics in Wilhelmine Germany: The Male Gender Crisis, Moral Purity and Homophobia," in Forbidden History: The State, Society and the Regulation of Sexuality in Modern Europe, ed. John Fout (Chicago, 1992). In my own view, these tactics may have served the purposes of homosexual men and women, but it is clear that this scientific way of treating the phenomenon opens the door for more or less sophisticated attempts to cure and control homosexual behavior in the future. The discovery of hormones and the successful isolation of a number of them in the first decades of the twentieth century led to a firm belief in their power to explain just about any aspect of human behavior. In the same manner, the ground-breaking genetic research that recently has been carried out has led to a popular belief that genetic variations can explain everything from criminality to sexual behavior and emotional interaction. In this context one may argue that no matter how sophisticated and accurate the methods used, the question of what is chosen to be investigated and explained remains a political and ethical decision, a decision which is in turn influenced by the dominant political discourse of the day. Thus, none of the scientists investigating hormones in the 1930s found it interesting to dwell upon the question of "zoophilia," and no geneticist today tries to find the "zoophilia" gene, simply because the category of "zoophile" was never of medical interest. See Dean Hamer, The Science of Desire: The Search for the Gay Gene and the Biology of Behavior (New York, 1994); Hamer et al., "Linkage Between Sexual Orientation and Chromosome Xq28 in Males but not in Females," Nature Genetics 11 (November 1995): 248-56; Simon le Vay, "A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men," Science 253 (August 30, 1991): 1034-37; for a more extensive critique of contemporary biologism, see my article "Jakten efter det normala" Svenska Dagbladet (Dec 8, 1995): 8.
    • (1994) The Science of Desire: The Search for the Gay Gene and the Biology of Behavior
    • Hamer, D.1
  • 146
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    • Linkage between sexual orientation and chromosome Xq28 in males but not in females
    • November
    • For an evaluation of the homosexual emancipation movement and the consequences of its medical discourse, see John Fout, "Sexual Politics in Wilhelmine Germany: The Male Gender Crisis, Moral Purity and Homophobia," in Forbidden History: The State, Society and the Regulation of Sexuality in Modern Europe, ed. John Fout (Chicago, 1992). In my own view, these tactics may have served the purposes of homosexual men and women, but it is clear that this scientific way of treating the phenomenon opens the door for more or less sophisticated attempts to cure and control homosexual behavior in the future. The discovery of hormones and the successful isolation of a number of them in the first decades of the twentieth century led to a firm belief in their power to explain just about any aspect of human behavior. In the same manner, the ground-breaking genetic research that recently has been carried out has led to a popular belief that genetic variations can explain everything from criminality to sexual behavior and emotional interaction. In this context one may argue that no matter how sophisticated and accurate the methods used, the question of what is chosen to be investigated and explained remains a political and ethical decision, a decision which is in turn influenced by the dominant political discourse of the day. Thus, none of the scientists investigating hormones in the 1930s found it interesting to dwell upon the question of "zoophilia," and no geneticist today tries to find the "zoophilia" gene, simply because the category of "zoophile" was never of medical interest. See Dean Hamer, The Science of Desire: The Search for the Gay Gene and the Biology of Behavior (New York, 1994); Hamer et al., "Linkage Between Sexual Orientation and Chromosome Xq28 in Males but not in Females," Nature Genetics 11 (November 1995): 248-56; Simon le Vay, "A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men," Science 253 (August 30, 1991): 1034-37; for a more extensive critique of contemporary biologism, see my article "Jakten efter det normala" Svenska Dagbladet (Dec 8, 1995): 8.
    • (1995) Nature Genetics , vol.11 , pp. 248-256
    • Hamer1
  • 147
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    • A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men
    • August 30
    • For an evaluation of the homosexual emancipation movement and the consequences of its medical discourse, see John Fout, "Sexual Politics in Wilhelmine Germany: The Male Gender Crisis, Moral Purity and Homophobia," in Forbidden History: The State, Society and the Regulation of Sexuality in Modern Europe, ed. John Fout (Chicago, 1992). In my own view, these tactics may have served the purposes of homosexual men and women, but it is clear that this scientific way of treating the phenomenon opens the door for more or less sophisticated attempts to cure and control homosexual behavior in the future. The discovery of hormones and the successful isolation of a number of them in the first decades of the twentieth century led to a firm belief in their power to explain just about any aspect of human behavior. In the same manner, the ground-breaking genetic research that recently has been carried out has led to a popular belief that genetic variations can explain everything from criminality to sexual behavior and emotional interaction. In this context one may argue that no matter how sophisticated and accurate the methods used, the question of what is chosen to be investigated and explained remains a political and ethical decision, a decision which is in turn influenced by the dominant political discourse of the day. Thus, none of the scientists investigating hormones in the 1930s found it interesting to dwell upon the question of "zoophilia," and no geneticist today tries to find the "zoophilia" gene, simply because the category of "zoophile" was never of medical interest. See Dean Hamer, The Science of Desire: The Search for the Gay Gene and the Biology of Behavior (New York, 1994); Hamer et al., "Linkage Between Sexual Orientation and Chromosome Xq28 in Males but not in Females," Nature Genetics 11 (November 1995): 248-56; Simon le Vay, "A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men," Science 253 (August 30, 1991): 1034-37; for a more extensive critique of contemporary biologism, see my article "Jakten efter det normala" Svenska Dagbladet (Dec 8, 1995): 8.
    • (1991) Science , vol.253 , pp. 1034-1037
    • Le Vay, S.1
  • 148
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    • Jakten efter det normala
    • Dec 8
    • For an evaluation of the homosexual emancipation movement and the consequences of its medical discourse, see John Fout, "Sexual Politics in Wilhelmine Germany: The Male Gender Crisis, Moral Purity and Homophobia," in Forbidden History: The State, Society and the Regulation of Sexuality in Modern Europe, ed. John Fout (Chicago, 1992). In my own view, these tactics may have served the purposes of homosexual men and women, but it is clear that this scientific way of treating the phenomenon opens the door for more or less sophisticated attempts to cure and control homosexual behavior in the future. The discovery of hormones and the successful isolation of a number of them in the first decades of the twentieth century led to a firm belief in their power to explain just about any aspect of human behavior. In the same manner, the ground-breaking genetic research that recently has been carried out has led to a popular belief that genetic variations can explain everything from criminality to sexual behavior and emotional interaction. In this context one may argue that no matter how sophisticated and accurate the methods used, the question of what is chosen to be investigated and explained remains a political and ethical decision, a decision which is in turn influenced by the dominant political discourse of the day. Thus, none of the scientists investigating hormones in the 1930s found it interesting to dwell upon the question of "zoophilia," and no geneticist today tries to find the "zoophilia" gene, simply because the category of "zoophile" was never of medical interest. See Dean Hamer, The Science of Desire: The Search for the Gay Gene and the Biology of Behavior (New York, 1994); Hamer et al., "Linkage Between Sexual Orientation and Chromosome Xq28 in Males but not in Females," Nature Genetics 11 (November 1995): 248-56; Simon le Vay, "A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men," Science 253 (August 30, 1991): 1034-37; for a more extensive critique of contemporary biologism, see my article "Jakten efter det normala" Svenska Dagbladet (Dec 8, 1995): 8.
    • (1995) Svenska Dagbladet , pp. 8


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.