The role margin as the site for moral and social intelligence: The case of Germany and National Socialism

Crime, Law and Social Change

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 61-75

  Steiner, John M ^a  

^a SONOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0034365819     PISSN: 09254994     EISSN: 15730751     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1008347109559     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. For example, see John M. Steiner, "Totalitarian Institutions and German Bureaucracy: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction," Excerpta Criminologica 1968 (I:5), 295-304; Donald L. Niewyk (ed.), The Holocaust: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation (Boston: Houghton Miffling, 1997); and Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analysis and Case Studies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 323-377.
2. For example, see John M. Steiner, "Totalitarian Institutions and German Bureaucracy: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction," Excerpta Criminologica 1968 (I:5), 295- 304; Donald L. Niewyk (ed.), The Holocaust: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation (Boston: Houghton Miffling, 1997); and Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analysis and Case Studies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 323-377.
3. For example, see John M. Steiner, "Totalitarian Institutions and German Bureaucracy: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction," Excerpta Criminologica 1968 (I:5), 295- 304; Donald L. Niewyk (ed.), The Holocaust: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation (Boston: Houghton Miffling, 1997); and Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analysis and Case Studies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 323-377.
4. Michael H. Kater, The Nazi Party: A Social Profile of Members and Leaders (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 3-16, 229-233.
5. James C. Davies, "Toward a Theory of Revolution," in Clifford T. Paynton and Robert Blackey (eds), Why Revolution: Theories and Analyses (Cambridge, NA: Schenkman Publishing, 1971), 178-181 and John M. Steiner, Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction (Paris: Mouton, 1975), 3-11.
6. James C. Davies, "Toward a Theory of Revolution," in Clifford T. Paynton and Robert Blackey (eds), Why Revolution: Theories and Analyses (Cambridge, NA: Schenkman Publishing, 1971), 178-181 and John M. Steiner, Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction (Paris: Mouton, 1975), 3-11.
7. Fred Taylor (ed. & trans.), The Goebbels Diaries: 1939-1941 (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1983); Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (New York: Bantam Books, 1958); William Carr, Hitler: A Study in Personality and Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979), 1-77, 112-141, Stuart Laing, The Illustrated Hitler Diary: 1917-1945 (London: Marshall Cavendish Books, 1980), 10-87.
8. Fred Taylor (ed. & trans.), The Goebbels Diaries: 1939-1941 (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1983); Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (New York: Bantam Books, 1958); William Carr, Hitler: A Study in Personality and Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979), 1-77, 112-141, Stuart Laing, The Illustrated Hitler Diary: 1917-1945 (London: Marshall Cavendish Books, 1980), 10-87.
9. Fred Taylor (ed. & trans.), The Goebbels Diaries: 1939-1941 (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1983); Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (New York: Bantam Books, 1958); William Carr, Hitler: A Study in Personality and Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979), 1-77, 112-141, Stuart Laing, The Illustrated Hitler Diary: 1917-1945 (London: Marshall Cavendish Books, 1980), 10-87.
10. Fred Taylor (ed. & trans.), The Goebbels Diaries: 1939-1941 (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1983); Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (New York: Bantam Books, 1958); William Carr, Hitler: A Study in Personality and Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979), 1-77, 112-141, Stuart Laing, The Illustrated Hitler Diary: 1917-1945 (London: Marshall Cavendish Books, 1980), 10-87.
11. For example, see how Hitler speaks of "gassing Hebrew corrupters" in Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1943), 679.
12. John M. Steiner, "The SS Yesterday and Today: A Sociopsychological View," in Joel F. Dimsdale (ed.), Survivors, Victims, and Perpetrators: Essays on the Nazi Holocaust (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere, 1980), 441-442.
13. See Davies, "Toward a Theory of Revolution" op. cit., 179-181 and Steiner, Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany.
14. See Davies, "Toward a Theory of Revolution" op. cit., 179-181 and Steiner, Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany.
15. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 153, 300-329, 452-454.
16. Ibid., 284-296.
17. John M. Steiner, "Power, Ideology and Political Crime," International Journal of Criminology 1973 (1:1), 5-12. See also "Relativity of Political Crimes" in Stephen Schafer (ed.), Readings in Contemporary Criminology (Reston, Virginia: Reston Publishing, 1976), 173-181.
18. John M. Steiner, "Power, Ideology and Political Crime," International Journal of Criminology 1973 (1:1), 5-12. See also "Relativity of Political Crimes" in Stephen Schafer (ed.), Readings in Contemporary Criminology (Reston, Virginia: Reston Publishing, 1976), 173-181.
19. Samuel P. Oliner and Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe (New York: Free Press, 1988). See also Eva Fogelman, The Rescuers - A Sociopsychological Study of Altruistic Behavior during the Nazi Era (Ph.D. dissertation, City University of New York, 1984).
20. Samuel P. Oliner and Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe (New York: Free Press, 1988). See also Eva Fogelman, The Rescuers - A Sociopsychological Study of Altruistic Behavior during the Nazi Era (Ph.D. dissertation, City University of New York, 1984).
21. Steiner, "The SS Yesterday and Today", 431-432.
22. Oliner and Oliner, The Altruistic Personality and Fogelman, The Rescuers.
23. Oliner and Oliner, The Altruistic Personality and Fogelman, The Rescuers.
24. Ernst Klee, Willi Dressen and Volker Ries (eds.), The Good Old Days: The Holocaust as Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders (New York, NY: The Free Press, 1991).
25. Dialogues and the comparing of research findings between Erich Fromm and John M. Steiner, Author's interview with Erich Fromm (Locarno, Switzerland, Sept 16, 1973). See also Erich Fromm, The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (Greenwich: Fawcett Crest, 1973), 55-93.
26. Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: Harper Perennial, 1998), 159-189; Stanley Milgram, "Behavioral Study of Obedience," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1963 (67), 371-378; Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1974), 3-7, 175; Stanley Milgram, "Obedience to Criminal Orders: The Compulsion to Do Evil," Patterns of Prejudice 1967 (1), 5; Philip Zimbardo, "Transforming Experimental Research into Advocacy for Social Change," in Morton Deutsch and Harvey A. Hornstein (eds.), Applying Social Psychology: Implications for Research, Practice, and Training (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1975), 33-66; Philip Zimbardo, "The Psychology of Evil: A Situationist Perspective on Recruiting Good People to Engage in Anti-Social Acts," in Kurt Pawlik (ed.), Bericht über den 39. Kongress der Deutschen Geselschaft für Psychologie in Hamburg (Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1994), 186- 204; John M. Steiner, "The SS Yesterday and Today"; and James E. Waller, "Perpetrators of the Holocaust: Divided and Unitary Self Conceptions of Evildoing," Holocaust and Genocide Studies Spring 1996 (10:1), 11-33.
27. Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: Harper Perennial, 1998), 159-189; Stanley Milgram, "Behavioral Study of Obedience," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1963 (67), 371-378; Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1974), 3-7, 175; Stanley Milgram, "Obedience to Criminal Orders: The Compulsion to Do Evil," Patterns of Prejudice 1967 (1), 5; Philip Zimbardo, "Transforming Experimental Research into Advocacy for Social Change," in Morton Deutsch and Harvey A. Hornstein (eds.), Applying Social Psychology: Implications for Research, Practice, and Training (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1975), 33-66; Philip Zimbardo, "The Psychology of Evil: A Situationist Perspective on Recruiting Good People to Engage in Anti-Social Acts," in Kurt Pawlik (ed.), Bericht über den 39. Kongress der Deutschen Geselschaft für Psychologie in Hamburg (Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1994), 186- 204; John M. Steiner, "The SS Yesterday and Today"; and James E. Waller, "Perpetrators of the Holocaust: Divided and Unitary Self Conceptions of Evildoing," Holocaust and Genocide Studies Spring 1996 (10:1), 11-33.
28. Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: Harper Perennial, 1998), 159-189; Stanley Milgram, "Behavioral Study of Obedience," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1963 (67), 371-378; Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1974), 3-7, 175; Stanley Milgram, "Obedience to Criminal Orders: The Compulsion to Do Evil," Patterns of Prejudice 1967 (1), 5; Philip Zimbardo, "Transforming Experimental Research into Advocacy for Social Change," in Morton Deutsch and Harvey A. Hornstein (eds.), Applying Social Psychology: Implications for Research, Practice, and Training (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1975), 33-66; Philip Zimbardo, "The Psychology of Evil: A Situationist Perspective on Recruiting Good People to Engage in Anti-Social Acts," in Kurt Pawlik (ed.), Bericht über den 39. Kongress der Deutschen Geselschaft für Psychologie in Hamburg (Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1994), 186- 204; John M. Steiner, "The SS Yesterday and Today"; and James E. Waller, "Perpetrators of the Holocaust: Divided and Unitary Self Conceptions of Evildoing," Holocaust and Genocide Studies Spring 1996 (10:1), 11-33.
29. Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: Harper Perennial, 1998), 159-189; Stanley Milgram, "Behavioral Study of Obedience," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1963 (67), 371-378; Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1974), 3-7, 175; Stanley Milgram, "Obedience to Criminal Orders: The Compulsion to Do Evil," Patterns of Prejudice 1967 (1), 5; Philip Zimbardo, "Transforming Experimental Research into Advocacy for Social Change," in Morton Deutsch and Harvey A. Hornstein (eds.), Applying Social Psychology: Implications for Research, Practice, and Training (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1975), 33-66; Philip Zimbardo, "The Psychology of Evil: A Situationist Perspective on Recruiting Good People to Engage in Anti-Social Acts," in Kurt Pawlik (ed.), Bericht über den 39. Kongress der Deutschen Geselschaft für Psychologie in Hamburg (Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1994), 186- 204; John M. Steiner, "The SS Yesterday and Today"; and James E. Waller, "Perpetrators of the Holocaust: Divided and Unitary Self Conceptions of Evildoing," Holocaust and Genocide Studies Spring 1996 (10:1), 11-33.
30. Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: Harper Perennial, 1998), 159-189; Stanley Milgram, "Behavioral Study of Obedience," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1963 (67), 371-378; Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1974), 3-7, 175; Stanley Milgram, "Obedience to Criminal Orders: The Compulsion to Do Evil," Patterns of Prejudice 1967 (1), 5; Philip Zimbardo, "Transforming Experimental Research into Advocacy for Social Change," in Morton Deutsch and Harvey A. Hornstein (eds.), Applying Social Psychology: Implications for Research, Practice, and Training (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1975), 33-66; Philip Zimbardo, "The Psychology of Evil: A Situationist Perspective on Recruiting Good People to Engage in Anti-Social Acts," in Kurt Pawlik (ed.), Bericht über den 39. Kongress der Deutschen Geselschaft für Psychologie in Hamburg (Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1994), 186- 204; John M. Steiner, "The SS Yesterday and Today"; and James E. Waller, "Perpetrators of the Holocaust: Divided and Unitary Self Conceptions of Evildoing," Holocaust and Genocide Studies Spring 1996 (10:1), 11-33.
31. Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: Harper Perennial, 1998), 159-189; Stanley Milgram, "Behavioral Study of Obedience," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1963 (67), 371-378; Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1974), 3-7, 175; Stanley Milgram, "Obedience to Criminal Orders: The Compulsion to Do Evil," Patterns of Prejudice 1967 (1), 5; Philip Zimbardo, "Transforming Experimental Research into Advocacy for Social Change," in Morton Deutsch and Harvey A. Hornstein (eds.), Applying Social Psychology: Implications for Research, Practice, and Training (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1975), 33-66; Philip Zimbardo, "The Psychology of Evil: A Situationist Perspective on Recruiting Good People to Engage in Anti-Social Acts," in Kurt Pawlik (ed.), Bericht über den 39. Kongress der Deutschen Geselschaft für Psychologie in Hamburg (Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1994), 186-204; John M. Steiner, "The SS Yesterday and Today"; and James E. Waller, "Perpetrators of the Holocaust: Divided and Unitary Self Conceptions of Evildoing," Holocaust and Genocide Studies Spring 1996 (10:1), 11-33.
32. Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: Harper Perennial, 1998), 159-189; Stanley Milgram, "Behavioral Study of Obedience," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1963 (67), 371-378; Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1974), 3-7, 175; Stanley Milgram, "Obedience to Criminal Orders: The Compulsion to Do Evil," Patterns of Prejudice 1967 (1), 5; Philip Zimbardo, "Transforming Experimental Research into Advocacy for Social Change," in Morton Deutsch and Harvey A. Hornstein (eds.), Applying Social Psychology: Implications for Research, Practice, and Training (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1975), 33-66; Philip Zimbardo, "The Psychology of Evil: A Situationist Perspective on Recruiting Good People to Engage in Anti-Social Acts," in Kurt Pawlik (ed.), Bericht über den 39. Kongress der Deutschen Geselschaft für Psychologie in Hamburg (Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1994), 186- 204; John M. Steiner, "The SS Yesterday and Today"; and James E. Waller, "Perpetrators of the Holocaust: Divided and Unitary Self Conceptions of Evildoing," Holocaust and Genocide Studies Spring 1996 (10:1), 11-33.
33. Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: Harper Perennial, 1998), 159-189; Stanley Milgram, "Behavioral Study of Obedience," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1963 (67), 371-378; Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1974), 3-7, 175; Stanley Milgram, "Obedience to Criminal Orders: The Compulsion to Do Evil," Patterns of Prejudice 1967 (1), 5; Philip Zimbardo, "Transforming Experimental Research into Advocacy for Social Change," in Morton Deutsch and Harvey A. Hornstein (eds.), Applying Social Psychology: Implications for Research, Practice, and Training (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1975), 33-66; Philip Zimbardo, "The Psychology of Evil: A Situationist Perspective on Recruiting Good People to Engage in Anti-Social Acts," in Kurt Pawlik (ed.), Bericht über den 39. Kongress der Deutschen Geselschaft für Psychologie in Hamburg (Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1994), 186- 204; John M. Steiner, "The SS Yesterday and Today"; and James E. Waller, "Perpetrators of the Holocaust: Divided and Unitary Self Conceptions of Evildoing," Holocaust and Genocide Studies Spring 1996 (10:1), 11-33.
34. Herbert F. Ziegler, Nazi Germany's New Aristocracy: The SS Leadership 1925-1939 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 37-148; Robert Lewis Kohl, The Black Corps: The Structure and Power Struggles of the Nazi SS (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 103-247; Benjamin Saz and Dieter Kuntz, Inside Hitler's Germany: A Documentary History of Life in the Third Reich (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co., 1992), 177-217, 303-325, 367-358; and Henry V. Dicks, Licensed Mass Murder: A Socio-Psychological Study of Some SS Killers (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1972). Consider also Kafkaesque mass killings initiated during Josef V. Stalin's despotic reign in the Soviet Union: Pavel Anatoli Sudoplatov, Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness - A Soviet Spymaster (Boston: Little, Brown, 1995) and Arkady Vaksberg, Stalin's Prosecutor: The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991).
35. Herbert F. Ziegler, Nazi Germany's New Aristocracy: The SS Leadership 1925-1939 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 37-148; Robert Lewis Kohl, The Black Corps: The Structure and Power Struggles of the Nazi SS (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 103-247; Benjamin Saz and Dieter Kuntz, Inside Hitler's Germany: A Documentary History of Life in the Third Reich (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co., 1992), 177-217, 303-325, 367-358; and Henry V. Dicks, Licensed Mass Murder: A Socio-Psychological Study of Some SS Killers (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1972). Consider also Kafkaesque mass killings initiated during Josef V. Stalin's despotic reign in the Soviet Union: Pavel Anatoli Sudoplatov, Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness - A Soviet Spymaster (Boston: Little, Brown, 1995) and Arkady Vaksberg, Stalin's Prosecutor: The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991).
36. Herbert F. Ziegler, Nazi Germany's New Aristocracy: The SS Leadership 1925-1939 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 37-148; Robert Lewis Kohl, The Black Corps: The Structure and Power Struggles of the Nazi SS (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 103-247; Benjamin Saz and Dieter Kuntz, Inside Hitler's Germany: A Documentary History of Life in the Third Reich (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co., 1992), 177-217, 303-325, 367-358; and Henry V. Dicks, Licensed Mass Murder: A Socio-Psychological Study of Some SS Killers (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1972). Consider also Kafkaesque mass killings initiated during Josef V. Stalin's despotic reign in the Soviet Union: Pavel Anatoli Sudoplatov, Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness - A Soviet Spymaster (Boston: Little, Brown, 1995) and Arkady Vaksberg, Stalin's Prosecutor: The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991).
37. Herbert F. Ziegler, Nazi Germany's New Aristocracy: The SS Leadership 1925-1939 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 37-148; Robert Lewis Kohl, The Black Corps: The Structure and Power Struggles of the Nazi SS (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 103-247; Benjamin Saz and Dieter Kuntz, Inside Hitler's Germany: A Documentary History of Life in the Third Reich (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co., 1992), 177-217, 303-325, 367-358; and Henry V. Dicks, Licensed Mass Murder: A Socio-Psychological Study of Some SS Killers (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1972). Consider also Kafkaesque mass killings initiated during Josef V. Stalin's despotic reign in the Soviet Union: Pavel Anatoli Sudoplatov, Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness - A Soviet Spymaster (Boston: Little, Brown, 1995) and Arkady Vaksberg, Stalin's Prosecutor: The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991).
38. Herbert F. Ziegler, Nazi Germany's New Aristocracy: The SS Leadership 1925-1939 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 37-148; Robert Lewis Kohl, The Black Corps: The Structure and Power Struggles of the Nazi SS (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 103-247; Benjamin Saz and Dieter Kuntz, Inside Hitler's Germany: A Documentary History of Life in the Third Reich (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co., 1992), 177-217, 303-325, 367-358; and Henry V. Dicks, Licensed Mass Murder: A Socio-Psychological Study of Some SS Killers (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1972). Consider also Kafkaesque mass killings initiated during Josef V. Stalin's despotic reign in the Soviet Union: Pavel Anatoli Sudoplatov, Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness - A Soviet Spymaster (Boston: Little, Brown, 1995) and Arkady Vaksberg, Stalin's Prosecutor: The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991).
39. Herbert F. Ziegler, Nazi Germany's New Aristocracy: The SS Leadership 1925-1939 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 37-148; Robert Lewis Kohl, The Black Corps: The Structure and Power Struggles of the Nazi SS (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 103-247; Benjamin Saz and Dieter Kuntz, Inside Hitler's Germany: A Documentary History of Life in the Third Reich (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co., 1992), 177-217, 303-325, 367-358; and Henry V. Dicks, Licensed Mass Murder: A Socio-Psychological Study of Some SS Killers (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1972). Consider also Kafkaesque mass killings initiated during Josef V. Stalin's despotic reign in the Soviet Union: Pavel Anatoli Sudoplatov, Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness - A Soviet Spymaster (Boston: Little, Brown, 1995) and Arkady Vaksberg, Stalin's Prosecutor: The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991).
40. Gerald Fleming, Hitler and the Final Solution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984) and Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
41. Gerald Fleming, Hitler and the Final Solution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984) and Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
42. Hans Buchheim, "Das Problem des sogenannten Befehlsnotstandes aus historischer sicht," in Peter Schneider and Hermann J. Meyer (eds.), Rechthiche und politische Aspekte der NS-Verbrecherprozesse (Mainz: Dr. Hanns Kranach, 1968), 28f.
43. John M. Steiner and Jochen Fahrenberg, Authoritarianism and Social Status of Former Members of the Waffen-SS, SS and the Wehrmacht: An Extensive Reanalysis of The Study Published in 1970, Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie (forthcoming).
44. Buchheim, "Das Problem des sogenannten Befehlnotstandes aus historischer Sicht," 33.
45. Erving Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books), 4-48 and Hannah Arendt, The Origin of Totalitarianism (New York: Meridian Books, 1952), 352.
46. Erving Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books), 4-48 and Hannah Arendt, The Origin of Totalitarianism (New York: Meridian Books, 1952), 352.
47. Author's interview with Erich Fromm. See also Fromm, The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness, 68-101, 13f.
48. John M. Steiner, "Reflections on Experiences in Nazi Death Camps," in Siegwald Gangelmair (ed.), Jahrbuch 1996 (Wien, Austria: Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes, 1996), 57-78; Steiner, "Conditions and Survival in Nazi Concentration Camps" ibid., 79-82; and Jan Seim, Oświȩcim-Brzezinka (Auschwitz-Birkenau) Concentration Camp (Warszawa, Poland: Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, 1961). See especially Thomas Blass, "Psychological Perspectives on the Perpetrators of the Holocaust: The Role of Situational Pressures, Personal Dispositions, and Their Interactions," Holocaust and Genocide Studies Spring 1993 (7:1), 30-46.
49. John M. Steiner, "Reflections on Experiences in Nazi Death Camps," in Siegwald Gangelmair (ed.), Jahrbuch 1996 (Wien, Austria: Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes, 1996), 57-78; Steiner, "Conditions and Survival in Nazi Concentration Camps" ibid., 79-82; and Jan Seim, Oświȩcim-Brzezinka (Auschwitz-Birkenau) Concentration Camp (Warszawa, Poland: Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, 1961). See especially Thomas Blass, "Psychological Perspectives on the Perpetrators of the Holocaust: The Role of Situational Pressures, Personal Dispositions, and Their Interactions," Holocaust and Genocide Studies Spring 1993 (7:1), 30-46.
50. John M. Steiner, "Reflections on Experiences in Nazi Death Camps," in Siegwald Gangelmair (ed.), Jahrbuch 1996 (Wien, Austria: Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes, 1996), 57-78; Steiner, "Conditions and Survival in Nazi Concentration Camps" ibid., 79-82; and Jan Seim, Oświȩcim-Brzezinka (Auschwitz-Birkenau) Concentration Camp (Warszawa, Poland: Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, 1961). See especially Thomas Blass, "Psychological Perspectives on the Perpetrators of the Holocaust: The Role of Situational Pressures, Personal Dispositions, and Their Interactions," Holocaust and Genocide Studies Spring 1993 (7:1), 30-46.
51. John M. Steiner, "Reflections on Experiences in Nazi Death Camps," in Siegwald Gangelmair (ed.), Jahrbuch 1996 (Wien, Austria: Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes, 1996), 57-78; Steiner, "Conditions and Survival in Nazi Concentration Camps" ibid., 79-82; and Jan Seim, Oświȩcim-Brzezinka (Auschwitz-Birkenau) Concentration Camp (Warszawa, Poland: Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, 1961). See especially Thomas Blass, "Psychological Perspectives on the Perpetrators of the Holocaust: The Role of Situational Pressures, Personal Dispositions, and Their Interactions," Holocaust and Genocide Studies Spring 1993 (7:1), 30-46.
52. Reinhard Bendix, Nationbuilding and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964). See also Paul Hollander's book review of the foregoing work in Contemporary Sociology May 1973 (2:3), 261. John Sabini and Maury Silver, "Destroying the Innocent with a Clear Conscience: A Sociopsychology of the Holocaust," in Dimsdale, Survivors, Victims, and Perpetrators, 329-358; and Klee, Dressen and Riess, "The Good Old Days", 60, 156-171, 193, 221.
53. Reinhard Bendix, Nationbuilding and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964). See also Paul Hollander's book review of the foregoing work in Contemporary Sociology May 1973 (2:3), 261. John Sabini and Maury Silver, "Destroying the Innocent with a Clear Conscience: A Sociopsychology of the Holocaust," in Dimsdale, Survivors, Victims, and Perpetrators, 329-358; and Klee, Dressen and Riess, "The Good Old Days", 60, 156-171, 193, 221.
54. Reinhard Bendix, Nationbuilding and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964). See also Paul Hollander's book review of the foregoing work in Contemporary Sociology May 1973 (2:3), 261. John Sabini and Maury Silver, "Destroying the Innocent with a Clear Conscience: A Sociopsychology of the Holocaust," in Dimsdale, Survivors, Victims, and Perpetrators, 329-358; and Klee, Dressen and Riess, "The Good Old Days", 60, 156-171, 193, 221.
55. Reinhard Bendix, Nationbuilding and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964). See also Paul Hollander's book review of the foregoing work in Contemporary Sociology May 1973 (2:3), 261. John Sabini and Maury Silver, "Destroying the Innocent with a Clear Conscience: A Sociopsychology of the Holocaust," in Dimsdale, Survivors, Victims, and Perpetrators, 329-358; and Klee, Dressen and Riess, "The Good Old Days", 60, 156-171, 193, 221.
56. Reinhard Bendix, Nationbuilding and Citizenship: Studies of our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964). See also Paul Hollander's book review of the foregoing work in Contemporary Sociology May 1973 (2:3), 261. John Sabini and Maury Silver, "Destroying the Innocent with a Clear Conscience: A Sociopsychology of the Holocaust," in Dimsdale, Survivors, Victims, and Perpetrators, 329-358; and Klee, Dressen and Riess, "The Good Old Days", 60, 156-171, 193, 221.
57. David Calvert Smith (ed.), Triumph of the Will: A Film by Leni Riefenstahl (Richardson, TX: Celluloid Chronicle Press, 1990). During the same Reich Party Rally, the "Party Day of Triumph" on September 4-10, 1934 in Nuremberg, Rudolf Hess in his closing address declared: "The Party is Hitler! Hitler however is Germany just as Germany is Hitler! Sieg Heil! Sieg Heil! (cheers)", 86.
58. Herman Graml, Antisemitism in the Third Reich (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1992) and William Sheridan Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town 1922-1945 (New York: Franklin Watts, 1984).
59. Herman Graml, Antisemitism in the Third Reich (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1992) and William Sheridan Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town 1922-1945 (New York: Franklin Watts, 1984).
60. John M. Steiner, "The SS Yesterday and Today," in Dimsdale, Survivors, Victims, and Perpetrators, 431-432.
61. John M. Steiner, "The SS Yesterday and Today," in Dimsdale, Survivors, Victims, and Perpetrators, 431-432.
62. John M. Steiner, J. Fahrenberg, B. Six and U. Wolfradt, "Authoritarianism of Non-authoritarians and Authoritarians: Examples and Alternatives," paper presented at the XIIth General Meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology at Keble College, Oxford, UK (1999), and D. Meloen "The F Scale as a Predictor of Fascism: An Overview of 40 Years of Authoritarianism Research," in William F. Stone, Gerda Lederer, Richard Christie (eds.), Strength and Weakness: The Authoritarian Personality Today (New York, NY: Springer Verlag, 1993), 52-69. See also W.F. Stone, et al., "The Status of Authoritarianism" in ibid., 234-235; Theodore W. Adorno, Else FrenkelBrunswik, Daniel G. Levinson and R. Nevitt Sanford, The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper and Row, 1950); Bob Altemeyer, Enemies of Freedom: Understanding Right-Wing Authoritarianism (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass 1988); Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1941); and S Feldman and K. Stenner, "Perceived Threat and Authoritarianism," Political Psychology 1997 (18), 741-770.
63. John M. Steiner, J. Fahrenberg, B. Six and U. Wolfradt, "Authoritarianism of Non-authoritarians and Authoritarians: Examples and Alternatives," paper presented at the XIIth General Meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology at Keble College, Oxford, UK (1999), and D. Meloen "The F Scale as a Predictor of Fascism: An Overview of 40 Years of Authoritarianism Research," in William F. Stone, Gerda Lederer, Richard Christie (eds.), Strength and Weakness: The Authoritarian Personality Today (New York, NY: Springer Verlag, 1993), 52-69. See also W.F. Stone, et al., "The Status of Authoritarianism" in ibid., 234-235; Theodore W. Adorno, Else FrenkelBrunswik, Daniel G. Levinson and R. Nevitt Sanford, The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper and Row, 1950); Bob Altemeyer, Enemies of Freedom: Understanding Right-Wing Authoritarianism (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass 1988); Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1941); and S Feldman and K. Stenner, "Perceived Threat and Authoritarianism," Political Psychology 1997 (18), 741-770.
64. John M. Steiner, J. Fahrenberg, B. Six and U. Wolfradt, "Authoritarianism of Non-authoritarians and Authoritarians: Examples and Alternatives," paper presented at the XIIth General Meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology at Keble College, Oxford, UK (1999), and D. Meloen "The F Scale as a Predictor of Fascism: An Overview of 40 Years of Authoritarianism Research," in William F. Stone, Gerda Lederer, Richard Christie (eds.), Strength and Weakness: The Authoritarian Personality Today (New York, NY: Springer Verlag, 1993), 52-69. See also W.F. Stone, et al., "The Status of Authoritarianism" in ibid., 234-235; Theodore W. Adorno, Else FrenkelBrunswik, Daniel G. Levinson and R. Nevitt Sanford, The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper and Row, 1950); Bob Altemeyer, Enemies of Freedom: Understanding Right-Wing Authoritarianism (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass 1988); Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1941); and S Feldman and K. Stenner, "Perceived Threat and Authoritarianism," Political Psychology 1997 (18), 741-770.
65. John M. Steiner, J. Fahrenberg, B. Six and U. Wolfradt, "Authoritarianism of Non-authoritarians and Authoritarians: Examples and Alternatives," paper presented at the XIIth General Meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology at Keble College, Oxford, UK (1999), and D. Meloen "The F Scale as a Predictor of Fascism: An Overview of 40 Years of Authoritarianism Research," in William F. Stone, Gerda Lederer, Richard Christie (eds.), Strength and Weakness: The Authoritarian Personality Today (New York, NY: Springer Verlag, 1993), 52-69. See also W.F. Stone, et al., "The Status of Authoritarianism" in ibid., 234-235; Theodore W. Adorno, Else FrenkelBrunswik, Daniel G. Levinson and R. Nevitt Sanford, The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper and Row, 1950); Bob Altemeyer, Enemies of Freedom: Understanding Right-Wing Authoritarianism (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass 1988); Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1941); and S Feldman and K. Stenner, "Perceived Threat and Authoritarianism," Political Psychology 1997 (18), 741-770.
66. John M. Steiner, J. Fahrenberg, B. Six and U. Wolfradt, "Authoritarianism of Non-authoritarians and Authoritarians: Examples and Alternatives," paper presented at the XIIth General Meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology at Keble College, Oxford, UK (1999), and D. Meloen "The F Scale as a Predictor of Fascism: An Overview of 40 Years of Authoritarianism Research," in William F. Stone, Gerda Lederer, Richard Christie (eds.), Strength and Weakness: The Authoritarian Personality Today (New York, NY: Springer Verlag, 1993), 52-69. See also W.F. Stone, et al., "The Status of Authoritarianism" in ibid., 234-235; Theodore W. Adorno, Else FrenkelBrunswik, Daniel G. Levinson and R. Nevitt Sanford, The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper and Row, 1950); Bob Altemeyer, Enemies of Freedom: Understanding Right-Wing Authoritarianism (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass 1988); Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1941); and S Feldman and K. Stenner, "Perceived Threat and Authoritarianism," Political Psychology 1997 (18), 741-770.
67. John M. Steiner, J. Fahrenberg, B. Six and U. Wolfradt, "Authoritarianism of Non-authoritarians and Authoritarians: Examples and Alternatives," paper presented at the XIIth General Meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology at Keble College, Oxford, UK (1999), and D. Meloen "The F Scale as a Predictor of Fascism: An Overview of 40 Years of Authoritarianism Research," in William F. Stone, Gerda Lederer, Richard Christie (eds.), Strength and Weakness: The Authoritarian Personality Today (New York, NY: Springer Verlag, 1993), 52-69. See also W.F. Stone, et al., "The Status of Authoritarianism" in ibid., 234-235; Theodore W. Adorno, Else FrenkelBrunswik, Daniel G. Levinson and R. Nevitt Sanford, The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper and Row, 1950); Bob Altemeyer, Enemies of Freedom: Understanding Right-Wing Authoritarianism (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass 1988); Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1941); and S Feldman and K. Stenner, "Perceived Threat and Authoritarianism," Political Psychology 1997 (18), 741-770.
68. John M. Steiner, J. Fahrenberg, B. Six and U. Wolfradt, "Authoritarianism of Non-authoritarians and Authoritarians: Examples and Alternatives," paper presented at the XIIth General Meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology at Keble College, Oxford, UK (1999), and D. Meloen "The F Scale as a Predictor of Fascism: An Overview of 40 Years of Authoritarianism Research," in William F. Stone, Gerda Lederer, Richard Christie (eds.), Strength and Weakness: The Authoritarian Personality Today (New York, NY: Springer Verlag, 1993), 52-69. See also W.F. Stone, et al., "The Status of Authoritarianism" in ibid., 234-235; Theodore W. Adorno, Else FrenkelBrunswik, Daniel G. Levinson and R. Nevitt Sanford, The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper and Row, 1950); Bob Altemeyer, Enemies of Freedom: Understanding Right-Wing Authoritarianism (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass 1988); Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1941); and S Feldman and K. Stenner, "Perceived Threat and Authoritarianism," Political Psychology 1997 (18), 741-770.
69. For example, see P. Johannes Maria Lenz, Christus in Dachau: Christus der Sieger (Wien: Buchversand Libri Catholici, 1971), and Hans Hess (ed.), "Am mutigsten waren immer wieder die Zeugen Jehovas": Verfolgung und Widerstand der Zeugen Jehovas im Nationalsozialismus (Bremen: Edition Temmen, 1998).
70. For example, see P. Johannes Maria Lenz, Christus in Dachau: Christus der Sieger (Wien: Buchversand Libri Catholici, 1971), and Hans Hess (ed.), "Am mutigsten waren immer wieder die Zeugen Jehovas": Verfolgung und Widerstand der Zeugen Jehovas im Nationalsozialismus (Bremen: Edition Temmen, 1998).
71. Reimund Schnabel, Macht Ohne Moral: Eine Dokumentation über die SS (Frankfurt a/M: Röderberg Verlag, 1957). See also KL Auschwitz, Seen by the SS: Rudolf Höss, Pery Broad and Johan Paul Kremer (Oświȩcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 1994).
72. Reimund Schnabel, Macht Ohne Moral: Eine Dokumentation über die SS (Frankfurt a/M: Röderberg Verlag, 1957). See also KL Auschwitz, Seen by the SS: Rudolf Höss, Pery Broad and Johan Paul Kremer (Oświȩcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 1994).
73. Yukiko Sugihara, Visas for Life (San Francisco: Holocaust Oral History Project, 1995); E. Thomas Wood and Stanislaw Janikowski, Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994); Ervin Staub, Positive Social Behavior and Morality: Socialization and Development, Volume 2 (New York: Academic Press, 1979); Anneliese Knoop-Graf, "Jeder Einzelne trägt die ganze Verantwortung" - Willi Graf und die Weisse Rose (Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand: Beiträge zum Widerstand, 1933-1945, 1991), 13-16.
74. Yukiko Sugihara, Visas for Life (San Francisco: Holocaust Oral History Project, 1995); E. Thomas Wood and Stanislaw Janikowski, Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994); Ervin Staub, Positive Social Behavior and Morality: Socialization and Development, Volume 2 (New York: Academic Press, 1979); Anneliese Knoop-Graf, "Jeder Einzelne trägt die ganze Verantwortung" - Willi Graf und die Weisse Rose (Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand: Beiträge zum Widerstand, 1933-1945, 1991), 13-16.
75. Yukiko Sugihara, Visas for Life (San Francisco: Holocaust Oral History Project, 1995); E. Thomas Wood and Stanislaw Janikowski, Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994); Ervin Staub, Positive Social Behavior and Morality: Socialization and Development, Volume 2 (New York: Academic Press, 1979); Anneliese Knoop-Graf, "Jeder Einzelne trägt die ganze Verantwortung" - Willi Graf und die Weisse Rose (Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand: Beiträge zum Widerstand, 1933-1945, 1991), 13-16.
76. Yukiko Sugihara, Visas for Life (San Francisco: Holocaust Oral History Project, 1995); E. Thomas Wood and Stanislaw Janikowski, Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994); Ervin Staub, Positive Social Behavior and Morality: Socialization and Development, Volume 2 (New York: Academic Press, 1979); Anneliese Knoop-Graf, "Jeder Einzelne trägt die ganze Verantwortung" - Willi Graf und die Weisse Rose (Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand: Beiträge zum Widerstand, 1933-1945, 1991), 13-16.