Disposing of Dicey: From legal autonomy to constitutional discourse?

Political Studies

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 356-369

  Harlow, Carol ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034363490     PISSN: 00323217     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9248.00264     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. 1 R. Barker, Political Ideas in Modern Britain in and after the Twentieth Century. London: Routledge, 2nd ed., 1997, p.101.
2. 2 Ibid. Especially in the Report of the Committee on Ministers' Powers (the Donoughmore Committee) Cmnd 4050 (1932). W. Robson, 'The Report of the Committee on Ministers' Powers', Political Quarterly 3 (1932), 46, talked of the 'dead hand of Dicey'.
3. 2 Ibid. Especially in the Report of the Committee on Ministers' Powers (the Donoughmore Committee) Cmnd 4050 (1932). W. Robson, 'The Report of the Committee on Ministers' Powers', Political Quarterly 3 (1932), 46, talked of the 'dead hand of Dicey'.
4. 2 Ibid. Especially in the Report of the Committee on Ministers' Powers (the Donoughmore Committee) Cmnd 4050 (1932). W. Robson, 'The Report of the Committee on Ministers' Powers', Political Quarterly 3 (1932), 46, talked of the 'dead hand of Dicey'.
5. 3 H. Laski, A Grammar of Politics. London: Allen and Unwin, 1925, containing chapters on sovereignty, property and the nature of rights, as well as the judicial process. For Laski's critique of legal sovereignty, see pp. 50-55.
6. 4 Quoted by D. Sugarman, 'The legal boundaries of liberty: Dicey, liberalism and legal science', Modern Law Review 46 (1983), 102, (a review of R. Cosgrove, The Rule of Law: Albert Venn Dicey, Victorian Jurist. London: Macmillan, 1980) in which Sugarman criticizes Dicey's biographer for seriously underrating Dicey's political contribution.
7. 4 Quoted by D. Sugarman, 'The legal boundaries of liberty: Dicey, liberalism and legal science', Modern Law Review 46 (1983), 102, (a review of R. Cosgrove, The Rule of Law: Albert Venn Dicey, Victorian Jurist. London: Macmillan, 1980) in which Sugarman criticizes Dicey's biographer for seriously underrating Dicey's political contribution.
8. 5 For explanation of this usage see C. Harlow, 'Changing the mindset: the place of theory in English administrative law', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 14, (1994), 419.
9. 6 Sugarman, 'Legal boundaries'.
10. 7 A.V. Dicey, Lectures on the Relation between Law and Public Opinion in England during the Nineteenth Century. London: Macmillan, 1905. The enduring influence of this book is attested by two collections based directly on it: M. Ginsberg (ed.), Law and Opinion in England in the Twentieth Century. London: Stevens, 1959 and R. Rawlings (ed.) Law, Society and Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
11. 7 A.V. Dicey, Lectures on the Relation between Law and Public Opinion in England during the Nineteenth Century. London: Macmillan, 1905. The enduring influence of this book is attested by two collections based directly on it: M. Ginsberg (ed.), Law and Opinion in England in the Twentieth Century. London: Stevens, 1959 and R. Rawlings (ed.) Law, Society and Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
12. 7 A.V. Dicey, Lectures on the Relation between Law and Public Opinion in England during the Nineteenth Century. London: Macmillan, 1905. The enduring influence of this book is attested by two collections based directly on it: M. Ginsberg (ed.), Law and Opinion in England in the Twentieth Century. London: Stevens, 1959 and R. Rawlings (ed.) Law, Society and Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
13. 8 Notably F.W. Maitland, The Constitutional History of England. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1908.
14. 9 W.T. Murphy, 'The oldest social science? The epistemic properties of the Common Law tradition', Modern Law Review 54 (1991), 182.
15. 10 Lord Devlin, The Enforcement of Morals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969.
16. 11 Barker, Political Ideas in Modern Britain p. 101.
17. 12 M. Oakeshott, On History and Other Essays. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983.
18. 13 Barker, Political Ideas in Modern Britain p. 101.
19. 14 See his inaugural lecture, 'Can English Law be Taught at Universities?' (1883). See also R. Blackburn, 'Dicey and the teaching of public law'. Public Law (1985) 679; D. Sugarman, 'Legal Theory, the Common Law Mind, and the Making of the Textbook Tradition', in W. Twining (ed.), The Common Law and Legal Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986.
20. 14 See his inaugural lecture, 'Can English Law be Taught at Universities?' (1883). See also R. Blackburn, 'Dicey and the teaching of public law'. Public Law (1985) 679; D. Sugarman, 'Legal Theory, the Common Law Mind, and the Making of the Textbook Tradition', in W. Twining (ed.), The Common Law and Legal Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986.
21. 14 See his inaugural lecture, 'Can English Law be Taught at Universities?' (1883). See also R. Blackburn, 'Dicey and the teaching of public law'. Public Law (1985) 679; D. Sugarman, 'Legal Theory, the Common Law Mind, and the Making of the Textbook Tradition', in W. Twining (ed.), The Common Law and Legal Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986.
22. 15 M. Loughlin, Public Law and Political Theory. Oxford, Clarendon, 1992, pp. 17-23; H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law. Oxford, Clarendon, 2nd edn, 1997; N. MacCormick, Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory. Oxford: Clarendon, 1978 and The concept of law and "the concept of law"', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 14 (1994) 141.
23. 15 M. Loughlin, Public Law and Political Theory. Oxford, Clarendon, 1992, pp. 17-23; H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law. Oxford, Clarendon, 2nd edn, 1997; N. MacCormick, Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory. Oxford: Clarendon, 1978 and The concept of law and "the concept of law"', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 14 (1994) 141.
24. 15 M. Loughlin, Public Law and Political Theory. Oxford, Clarendon, 1992, pp. 17-23; H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law. Oxford, Clarendon, 2nd edn, 1997; N. MacCormick, Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory. Oxford: Clarendon, 1978 and The concept of law and "the concept of law"', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 14 (1994) 141.
25. 15 M. Loughlin, Public Law and Political Theory. Oxford, Clarendon, 1992, pp. 17-23; H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law. Oxford, Clarendon, 2nd edn, 1997; N. MacCormick, Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory. Oxford: Clarendon, 1978 and The concept of law and "the concept of law"', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 14 (1994) 141.
26. 16 J. McEldowney, 'Law and Science', Current Legal Issues, 1998, 110, p.121, discussing notably the influence of Maine and Pollock.
27. 17 I.W. Jennings, The Law and the Constitution. (London, University of London Press, 1959); W. Robson, 'The Report of the Committee on Ministers' Powers', Political Quarterly 3 (1932) 346; J. Griffith, The Politics of the Judiciary. London: Fontana, 1977; F. Mount, The British Constitution Now. London: Heinemann, 1992.
28. 17 I.W. Jennings, The Law and the Constitution. (London, University of London Press, 1959); W. Robson, 'The Report of the Committee on Ministers' Powers', Political Quarterly 3 (1932) 346; J. Griffith, The Politics of the Judiciary. London: Fontana, 1977; F. Mount, The British Constitution Now. London: Heinemann, 1992.
29. 17 I.W. Jennings, The Law and the Constitution. (London, University of London Press, 1959); W. Robson, 'The Report of the Committee on Ministers' Powers', Political Quarterly 3 (1932) 346; J. Griffith, The Politics of the Judiciary. London: Fontana, 1977; F. Mount, The British Constitution Now. London: Heinemann, 1992.
30. 17 I.W. Jennings, The Law and the Constitution. (London, University of London Press, 1959); W. Robson, 'The Report of the Committee on Ministers' Powers', Political Quarterly 3 (1932) 346; J. Griffith, The Politics of the Judiciary. London: Fontana, 1977; F. Mount, The British Constitution Now. London: Heinemann, 1992.
31. 18 K. C. Davis, 'The future of judge-made public law in England: a problem of practical jurisprudence', Columbia Law Review 61 (1961), 201, 202. See similarly L. Jaffe, English and American Judges as Lawmakers. Oxford, Clarendon, 1969. And see generally, P. Atiyah and R. Summers, Form and Substance in Anglo-American Law, A Comparative Study of Legal Reasoning, Legal Theory and Legal Institutions. Oxford: Clarendon, 1987.
32. 18 K. C. Davis, 'The future of judge-made public law in England: a problem of practical jurisprudence', Columbia Law Review 61 (1961), 201, 202. See similarly L. Jaffe, English and American Judges as Lawmakers. Oxford, Clarendon, 1969. And see generally, P. Atiyah and R. Summers, Form and Substance in Anglo-American Law, A Comparative Study of Legal Reasoning, Legal Theory and Legal Institutions. Oxford: Clarendon, 1987.
33. 18 K. C. Davis, 'The future of judge-made public law in England: a problem of practical jurisprudence', Columbia Law Review 61 (1961), 201, 202. See similarly L. Jaffe, English and American Judges as Lawmakers. Oxford, Clarendon, 1969. And see generally, P. Atiyah and R. Summers, Form and Substance in Anglo-American Law, A Comparative Study of Legal Reasoning, Legal Theory and Legal Institutions. Oxford: Clarendon, 1987.
34. 19 Lord Hailsham, The Dilemma of Democracy - Diagnosis and Prescription. London, Collins, 1978, p. 106.
35. 20 J. Summers, 'Pragmatic instrumentalism in twentieth century American legal thought - a synthesis and critique of our dominant general theory about law and its use', Cornell Law Review 66 (1981), 481; P. Atiyah and R. Summers, Form and Substance. And see N. Duxbury, Patterns of American Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995.
36. 20 J. Summers, 'Pragmatic instrumentalism in twentieth century American legal thought - a synthesis and critique of our dominant general theory about law and its use', Cornell Law Review 66 (1981), 481; P. Atiyah and R. Summers, Form and Substance. And see N. Duxbury, Patterns of American Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995.
37. 20 J. Summers, 'Pragmatic instrumentalism in twentieth century American legal thought - a synthesis and critique of our dominant general theory about law and its use', Cornell Law Review 66 (1981), 481; P. Atiyah and R. Summers, Form and Substance. And see N. Duxbury, Patterns of American Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995.
38. 21 S. Sedley, 'Autonomy and the Rule of Law' in R. Rawlings (ed.), Law, Society and Economy. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996, p. 311.
39. 22 Discussed in a public law context by M. Loughlin, 'The Pathways of Public Law Scholarship' in G. Wilson (ed.) Frontiers of Legal Scholarship. Chichester: John Wiley, 1995). See also R. Dworkin, Law's Empire. London: Fontana, 1986.
40. 22 Discussed in a public law context by M. Loughlin, 'The Pathways of Public Law Scholarship' in G. Wilson (ed.) Frontiers of Legal Scholarship. Chichester: John Wiley, 1995). See also R. Dworkin, Law's Empire. London: Fontana, 1986.
41. 23 See the sharp interchange between B. O'Leary, 'What should public lawyers do?', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 12 (1992), 404 and P. Craig, 'What should public lawyers do? A reply', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 12, (1992), 564.
42. 23 See the sharp interchange between B. O'Leary, 'What should public lawyers do?', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 12 (1992), 404 and P. Craig, 'What should public lawyers do? A reply', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 12, (1992), 564.
43. 24 Public Law and Political Theory, p. 4.
44. 25 R. Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society. London: Quartet Books, 1973, pp.124-130.
45. 26 W.S. Holdsworth, A History of English Law. London: Methuen, 1938, vol. X, p. 644. See also J. Allison, A Continental Distinction in the Common Law, a Historical and Comparative Perspective on English Public Law. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996, pp. 16-23.
46. 26 W.S. Holdsworth, A History of English Law. London: Methuen, 1938, vol. X, p. 644. See also J. Allison, A Continental Distinction in the Common Law, a Historical and Comparative Perspective on English Public Law. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996, pp. 16-23.
47. 27 T. Halliday and L. Karpik, Lawyers and the Rise of Western Political Liberalism. Oxford: Clarendon, 1997, p. 22.
48. 28 P. Craig, 'Formal and substantive conceptions of the rule of law: an analytical framework', Public Law, (1997) 467, 468.
49. 29 Reorganized for the first time into a unitary High Court by the Judicature Act 1873: see H. Arthurs, Without the Law: Administrative Justice and Legal Pluralism in Nineteenth Century England. Toronto: Carswell, 1985.
50. 30 M. Vile, Constitutionalism and Separation of Powers. Oxford: Clarendon, 1967, pp. 212-238.
51. 31 P. Dunleavy and B. O'Leary, Theories of the State. The Politics of Liberal Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1987.
52. 32 H. L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law. Oxford, Clarendon, 2nd ed., 1997; H. Kelsen, Pure Theory of Law, transl. M. Knight. Gloucester MA: Smith, 1967).
53. 32 H. L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law. Oxford, Clarendon, 2nd ed., 1997; H. Kelsen, Pure Theory of Law, transl. M. Knight. Gloucester MA: Smith, 1967).
54. 33 Dicey, Introduction, p. 83.
55. 34 Dicey, Introduction, pp. 81-2.
56. 35 See Introduction, p. 81.
57. 36 See R. Cotterell, Law's Community. Legal Theory in Sociological Perspective. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995, p.92.
58. 37 See G. Teubner, 'Altera pars Audiatur: Law in the Collision of Discourses' in R. Rawlings (ed.), Law, Society and Economy. Oxford, Clarendon, 1997.
59. 38 J. Griffith, The Politics of the Judiciary. London: Fontana, 1977.
60. 39 Lord Hailsham, The Dilemma of Democracy: Diagnosis and Prescription. London: Collins, 1978, p.107.
61. 40 Promulgated by Lord Kilmuir in 1955 and reprinted in Public Law (1986) 383-6, this guidance was revoked by Lord Mackay in 1987: see Griffith, The Politics of the Judiciary. 5th ed., 1997, pp. 42-45.
62. 41 Report of the Royal Commission on Legal Services. Cmnd. 7648, 1979, p. iii.
63. 42 H. Arthurs, 'Public Accountability of the Legal Profession' in P. Thomas (ed.). Law in the Balance, Legal Services in the Eighties. Oxford, Martin Robertson, 1982).
64. 43 The Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 and preceding White Papers, The Work and Organization of the Legal Profession. Cm. 570, 1989; Contingency Fees. Cm. 571, 1989;
65. 43 The Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 and preceding White Papers, The Work and Organization of the Legal Profession. Cm. 570, 1989; Contingency Fees. Cm. 571, 1989;
66. Conveyancing by Authorized Practitioners. Cm. 572, 1989.
67. 44 Halliday and Karpik, Lawyers and the Rise of Western Political Liberalism, p.24.
68. 45 Civil Justice Review, Cm 394 (1988), paras 5 (iii), 120 (i) and 2 (i). Since 1978, applications for judicial review, or public law cases, have been heard by a special administrative division of the High Court, in a special procedure laid down by Order 53 of the Rules of the Supreme Court (Order 53 procedure or the Crown list): see C. Harlow and R. Rawlings, Law and Administration. London: Butterworths, 2nd ed. 1997, ch. 16.
69. 45 Civil Justice Review, Cm 394 (1988), paras 5 (iii), 120 (i) and 2 (i). Since 1978, applications for judicial review, or public law cases, have been heard by a special administrative division of the High Court, in a special procedure laid down by Order 53 of the Rules of the Supreme Court (Order 53 procedure or the Crown list): see C. Harlow and R. Rawlings, Law and Administration. London: Butterworths, 2nd ed. 1997, ch. 16.
70. 46 First in a Law Commission study of judicial review procedure which accepted the exclusive jurisdiction of the High Court: Law Commission, Administrative Law: Judicial Review and Statutory Appeals. Law Com No. 226 (London: HMSO, 1994) and more recently in Lord Woolf's recommendations for reform of civil procedure: Lord Woolf, Access to Justice, Report to the Lord Chancellor on the civil justice system in England and Wales. London: Lord Chancellor's Department, 1996.
71. 46 First in a Law Commission study of judicial review procedure which accepted the exclusive jurisdiction of the High Court: Law Commission, Administrative Law: Judicial Review and Statutory Appeals. Law Com No. 226 (London: HMSO, 1994) and more recently in Lord Woolf's recommendations for reform of civil procedure: Lord Woolf, Access to Justice, Report to the Lord Chancellor on the civil justice system in England and Wales. London: Lord Chancellor's Department, 1996.
72. 47 Important contributions include: J. Laws, 'Judicial remedies and the constitution', Modern Law Review, 57 (1994), 213 and 'Law and democracy', Public Law, (1995), 72; S. Sedley, 'The sound of silence: constitutional law without a constitution', Law Quarterly Review, 110 (1994), 270; H. Woolf, 'Droit public - English style', Public Law, (1995), 57. Significantly, the traditional viewpoint was reasserted by Lord Chancellor in waiting, Lord Irvine, 'Judges and decision-makers: the theory and practice of Wednesbury Review', Public Law (1996), 59.
73. 47 Important contributions include: J. Laws, 'Judicial remedies and the constitution', Modern Law Review, 57 (1994), 213 and 'Law and democracy', Public Law, (1995), 72; S. Sedley, 'The sound of silence: constitutional law without a constitution', Law Quarterly Review, 110 (1994), 270; H. Woolf, 'Droit public - English style', Public Law, (1995), 57. Significantly, the traditional viewpoint was reasserted by Lord Chancellor in waiting, Lord Irvine, 'Judges and decision-makers: the theory and practice of Wednesbury Review', Public Law (1996), 59.
74. 47 Important contributions include: J. Laws, 'Judicial remedies and the constitution', Modern Law Review, 57 (1994), 213 and 'Law and democracy', Public Law, (1995), 72; S. Sedley, 'The sound of silence: constitutional law without a constitution', Law Quarterly Review, 110 (1994), 270; H. Woolf, 'Droit public - English style', Public Law, (1995), 57. Significantly, the traditional viewpoint was reasserted by Lord Chancellor in waiting, Lord Irvine, 'Judges and decision-makers: the theory and practice of Wednesbury Review', Public Law (1996), 59.
75. 47 Important contributions include: J. Laws, 'Judicial remedies and the constitution', Modern Law Review, 57 (1994), 213 and 'Law and democracy', Public Law, (1995), 72; S. Sedley, 'The sound of silence: constitutional law without a constitution', Law Quarterly Review, 110 (1994), 270; H. Woolf, 'Droit public - English style', Public Law, (1995), 57. Significantly, the traditional viewpoint was reasserted by Lord Chancellor in waiting, Lord Irvine, 'Judges and decision-makers: the theory and practice of Wednesbury Review', Public Law (1996), 59.
76. 47 Important contributions include: J. Laws, 'Judicial remedies and the constitution', Modern Law Review, 57 (1994), 213 and 'Law and democracy', Public Law, (1995), 72; S. Sedley, 'The sound of silence: constitutional law without a constitution', Law Quarterly Review, 110 (1994), 270; H. Woolf, 'Droit public - English style', Public Law, (1995), 57. Significantly, the traditional viewpoint was reasserted by Lord Chancellor in waiting, Lord Irvine, 'Judges and decision-makers: the theory and practice of Wednesbury Review', Public Law (1996), 59.
77. 48 N. Browne-Wilkinson, 'The infiltration of a Bill of Rights', Public Law (1992), 397.
78. 49 O. Hood Phillips, 'A constitutional myth: separation of powers', Law Quarterly Review, 93 (1977), 11. For rebuttal, see E. Barendt, 'Separation of powers and constitutional government', Public Law (1995), 599.
79. 49 O. Hood Phillips, 'A constitutional myth: separation of powers', Law Quarterly Review, 93 (1977), 11. For rebuttal, see E. Barendt, 'Separation of powers and constitutional government', Public Law (1995), 599.
80. 50 S. Sedley, 'Governments, Constitutions and Judges' in G. Richardson and H. Genn (eds), Administrative Law and Government Action. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994, p.41.
81. 51 N. Browne-Wilkinson, 'The Infiltration of a Bill of Rights'; T. Bingham, '"There is a world elsewhere": the changing perspectives of English law', International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 41 (1992), 513 and 'The European Convention on Human Rights, time to incorporate'. Law Quarterly Review, 109 (1993), 390; J. Laws, 'Is the High Court the guardian of fundamental constitutional rights?', Public Law (1993), 59; 'The constitution: morals and rights', Public Law (1996), 622 and The limitations of human rights', Public Law (1998), 254; S. Sedley, 'Human rights: a twenty-first century agenda', Public Law (1995), 386.
82. 51 N. Browne-Wilkinson, 'The Infiltration of a Bill of Rights'; T. Bingham, '"There is a world elsewhere": the changing perspectives of English law', International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 41 (1992), 513 and 'The European Convention on Human Rights, time to incorporate'. Law Quarterly Review, 109 (1993), 390; J. Laws, 'Is the High Court the guardian of fundamental constitutional rights?', Public Law (1993), 59; 'The constitution: morals and rights', Public Law (1996), 622 and The limitations of human rights', Public Law (1998), 254; S. Sedley, 'Human rights: a twenty-first century agenda', Public Law (1995), 386.
83. 51 N. Browne-Wilkinson, 'The Infiltration of a Bill of Rights'; T. Bingham, '"There is a world elsewhere": the changing perspectives of English law', International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 41 (1992), 513 and 'The European Convention on Human Rights, time to incorporate'. Law Quarterly Review, 109 (1993), 390; J. Laws, 'Is the High Court the guardian of fundamental constitutional rights?', Public Law (1993), 59; 'The constitution: morals and rights', Public Law (1996), 622 and The limitations of human rights', Public Law (1998), 254; S. Sedley, 'Human rights: a twenty-first century agenda', Public Law (1995), 386.
84. 51 N. Browne-Wilkinson, 'The Infiltration of a Bill of Rights'; T. Bingham, '"There is a world elsewhere": the changing perspectives of English law', International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 41 (1992), 513 and 'The European Convention on Human Rights, time to incorporate'. Law Quarterly Review, 109 (1993), 390; J. Laws, 'Is the High Court the guardian of fundamental constitutional rights?', Public Law (1993), 59; 'The constitution: morals and rights', Public Law (1996), 622 and The limitations of human rights', Public Law (1998), 254; S. Sedley, 'Human rights: a twenty-first century agenda', Public Law (1995), 386.
85. 51 N. Browne-Wilkinson, 'The Infiltration of a Bill of Rights'; T. Bingham, '"There is a world elsewhere": the changing perspectives of English law', International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 41 (1992), 513 and 'The European Convention on Human Rights, time to incorporate'. Law Quarterly Review, 109 (1993), 390; J. Laws, 'Is the High Court the guardian of fundamental constitutional rights?', Public Law (1993), 59; 'The constitution: morals and rights', Public Law (1996), 622 and The limitations of human rights', Public Law (1998), 254; S. Sedley, 'Human rights: a twenty-first century agenda', Public Law (1995), 386.
86. 51 N. Browne-Wilkinson, 'The Infiltration of a Bill of Rights'; T. Bingham, '"There is a world elsewhere": the changing perspectives of English law', International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 41 (1992), 513 and 'The European Convention on Human Rights, time to incorporate'. Law Quarterly Review, 109 (1993), 390; J. Laws, 'Is the High Court the guardian of fundamental constitutional rights?', Public Law (1993), 59; 'The constitution: morals and rights', Public Law (1996), 622 and The limitations of human rights', Public Law (1998), 254; S. Sedley, 'Human rights: a twenty-first century agenda', Public Law (1995), 386.
87. 51 N. Browne-Wilkinson, 'The Infiltration of a Bill of Rights'; T. Bingham, '"There is a world elsewhere": the changing perspectives of English law', International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 41 (1992), 513 and 'The European Convention on Human Rights, time to incorporate'. Law Quarterly Review, 109 (1993), 390; J. Laws, 'Is the High Court the guardian of fundamental constitutional rights?', Public Law (1993), 59; 'The constitution: morals and rights', Public Law (1996), 622 and The limitations of human rights', Public Law (1998), 254; S. Sedley, 'Human rights: a twenty-first century agenda', Public Law (1995), 386.
88. 52 R v Home Secretary ex p Brind [1991] 1 AC 696. At common law, treaties are not automatically incorporated into the domestic legal system but require statutory authority.
89. 53 R v Home Secretary ex p. Leech [1994] QB 198, R v Lord Chancellor ex p. Witham [1997] 2 All ER 779 (right of access to the court, ECHR Art 6(1)); R v Ministry of Defence ex p. Smith [1996] 1 All ER 257 (right of homosexuals to work in the armed forces, ECHR Arts 8 and 14); Derbyshire County Council v Times Newspapers [1993] 2 WLR 449 (free speech, ECHR Art 10); R v Cambridge Health Authority ex p B [1995] 1 WLR 898, R v Secretary of State for Social Security ex p. JCWI [1996] 4 All ER 385 (right to life, ECHR Art 1). See generally, M. Beloff and H. Mountfield, 'Unconventional behaviour? Judicial uses of the European Convention on Human Rights in England and Wales', European Human Rights Law Review (1996), 495.
90. 54 [1997] 2 All ER 779 (Laws J).
91. 55 H. Woolf, 'Droit public - English style' and 'Judicial review - the tensions between the executive and the judiciary', Law Quarterly Review 114 (1998), 579 at 581. See also J. Laws, 'Is the High Court the Guardian of Fundamental Rights?'
92. 55 H. Woolf, 'Droit public - English style' and 'Judicial review - the tensions between the executive and the judiciary', Law Quarterly Review 114 (1998), 579 at 581. See also J. Laws, 'Is the High Court the Guardian of Fundamental Rights?'
93. 56 Bringing Rights Home: The Human Rights Bill. Cm 3782, 1997, now enacted as the Human Rights Act 1998.
94. 57 C. Harlow, 'A Special Relationship? The American Influence on English Public Law', in I. Loveland (ed.), A Special Relationship? American Influences on Public Law in the UK. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995.
95. 58 R v Inland Revenue Commissioners ex p National Federation of Self-Employed and Small Businesses Ltd [1981] 2 WLR 722; R v Inspector of Pollution ex p Greenpeace [1994] 1 WLR 570. And see Law Commission, Administrative Law: Judicial Review and Statutory Appeals, Law Com No 226. London: HMSO, 1994, pp.41-44.
96. 59 R v Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, ex parte World Development Movement [1995] 1 All ER 611. For political accountability, see F. White, I. Harden and K. Donnelly, 'Audit, accounting officers and accountability: the Pergau Dam affair', Public Law (1994), 526.
97. 60 Pepper v Hart [1992] 3 WLR 1032. A note by D. Oliver, 'Pepper v. Hart: a suitable case for reference to Hansard?' Public Law (1993), 5, outlines the evolution of the rule and the steps taken by the House to overrule it.
98. 61 C. Harlow and R. Rawlings, Pressure through Law. London: Routledge, 1992, especially ch. 7.
99. 62 Reported as R v Bow Street Magistrate ex p Pinochet Ugarte (No 1) [1998] 3 WLR 1456; R v Bow Street Magistrate ex p Pinochet Ugarte (No 2) [1999] 2 WLR 272; R v Bow Street Magistrate ex p Pinochet Ugarte (No 3) [1999] 2 WLR 827.
100. 63 H. Larsen, 'British Discourses on Europe: Sovereignty of Parliament, Instrumentality and the Non-Mythical Europe' in Jorgensen (ed.), Reflective Approaches to European Governance. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997, pp. 119-121.
101. 64 See Lord Dilhorne, HL Deb., 2 Aug 1962 col. 420 and Lord Gardiner, HL Deb. 8 May 1967, col. 1197; Membership of the European Community: Report on Renegotiation. Cmnd 6003, 1974.
102. 64 See Lord Dilhorne, HL Deb., 2 Aug 1962 col. 420 and Lord Gardiner, HL Deb. 8 May 1967, col. 1197; Membership of the European Community: Report on Renegotiation. Cmnd 6003, 1974.
103. 64 See Lord Dilhorne, HL Deb., 2 Aug 1962 col. 420 and Lord Gardiner, HL Deb. 8 May 1967, col. 1197; Membership of the European Community: Report on Renegotiation. Cmnd 6003, 1974.
104. 65 R. Rawlings, 'Legal politics: the United Kingdom and ratification of the Treaty on European Union (Part One)', Public Law, (1994) 254 - at 255.
105. 66 The statute was the Merchant Shipping Act 1988, ruled incompatible with EC law in Case 246/89 Commission v United Kingdom, [1991] ECR I-4585.
106. 67 Important stages in the litigation are reported as: R. v. Secretary of State for Transport ex p. Factortame (No. 1), [1990] 2 AC 8; R. v. Secretary of State for Transport ex p. Factortame (No. 2), [1990] 3 WLR 818; C221/89 R v Secretary of State for Transport ex p Factortame (No 3), [1991] 3 CMLR 709 and [1992] 3 WLR 288.
107. 68 [1990] 3 WLR 818, pp. 857-8 (emphasis mine).
108. 69 On accession, Member States agree to accept the acquis communautaire, which includes the existing jurisprudence of the Court of Justice.
109. 70 Case 33/76 Saarland, [1976] ECR 1989. This would have been to assume the law to be settled, technically the doctrine known as acte clair. 71 On the failure of the Court of Justice to understand the questions asked and the consequentially flawed response, see A. Barav, 'Omnipotent Courts' in D. Curtin and T. Heukels (eds), Institutional Dynamics of European Integration. Dordrecht: Marinus Nijhoff, 1994, vol II, p. 268;
110. Lord Donaldson, 'Can the judiciary control Acts of Parliament?', Law Teacher, (1991), 25, 4 at 7-8.
111. 72 This is the celebrated kompetenz kompetenz debate, see further note 79 below.
112. 73 P. Craig, 'Report on the United Kingdom' in A-M. Slaughter, A. Stone Sweet and J. Weiler (eds), The European Courts and National Courts. Oxford: Hart, 1998, p. 204 sees this as 'a move away from certain of the assumptions underlying what is taken to be the traditional view of sovereignty.' See also P. Craig, 'Parliamentary sovereignty of the United Kingdom Parliament after Factortame', Yearbook of European Law, 11 (1991), 221; H. W. R. Wade, 'The basis of legal sovereignty', Cambridge Law Journal, (1955), 172.
113. 73 P. Craig, 'Report on the United Kingdom' in A-M. Slaughter, A. Stone Sweet and J. Weiler (eds), The European Courts and National Courts. Oxford: Hart, 1998, p. 204 sees this as 'a move away from certain of the assumptions underlying what is taken to be the traditional view of sovereignty.' See also P. Craig, 'Parliamentary sovereignty of the United Kingdom Parliament after Factortame', Yearbook of European Law, 11 (1991), 221; H. W. R. Wade, 'The basis of legal sovereignty', Cambridge Law Journal, (1955), 172.
114. 73 P. Craig, 'Report on the United Kingdom' in A-M. Slaughter, A. Stone Sweet and J. Weiler (eds), The European Courts and National Courts. Oxford: Hart, 1998, p. 204 sees this as 'a move away from certain of the assumptions underlying what is taken to be the traditional view of sovereignty.' See also P. Craig, 'Parliamentary sovereignty of the United Kingdom Parliament after Factortame', Yearbook of European Law, 11 (1991), 221; H. W. R. Wade, 'The basis of legal sovereignty', Cambridge Law Journal, (1955), 172.
115. 74 White Paper, Scotland's Parliament, Cm 3658 (1997), p. 10.
116. 75 R. Rawlings, The new model Wales', Journal of Law and Society, 25 (1998), 461 at 493-6.
117. 76 A. Irvine, 'The development of human rights in Britain', Public Law, (1998), 221.
118. 77 K. von Beyme, 'The Genesis of Constitutional Review in Parliamentary Systems', in C. Landfried (ed.), Constitutional Review and Legislation. An International Comparison. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1988, p. 22.
119. 78 Crotty v An Taoiseach [1987] 2 CMLR 666. For comment see, R. Rawlings, 'Legal politics: the United Kingdom and ratification of the Treaty on European Union (Part Two)', Public Law, (1994), 367 at 384.
120. 79 BverfGE 89, 155, reported in English as Brunner v. European Union Treaty (1994) 1 CMLR 57. For comment see J. Weiler, 'Does Europe need a constitution? Reflections on demos, telos and the German Maastricht decision', European Law Journal, 1 (1995), 219.
121. 80 D. Feldman, 'Public interest litigation and constitutional theory', Modern Law Review, 55 (1992), 44, at 70.
122. 81 J.A.G. Griffith, The political constitution', Modern Law Review, 42 (1979), 1.
123. 82 D. Feldman, 'The Left, Judicial Review and Theories of the Constitution', in W. Miller (ed.), Socialism and the Law. Stuttgart Franz Steiner, 1992, p. 176.
124. 83 M. Loughlin, The Pathways of Public Law Scholarship'.
125. 84 A. Stone Sweet, 'Constitutional Politics: The Reciprocal Impact of Lawmaking and Constitutional Adjudication' in P. Craig and C. Harlow (eds), Lawmaking in the European Union. London: Kluwer, 1998, p.112. See also, A. Stone, The Birth of Judicial Politics in France, the Constitutional Council in Comparative Perspective. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1992.
126. 84 A. Stone Sweet, 'Constitutional Politics: The Reciprocal Impact of Lawmaking and Constitutional Adjudication' in P. Craig and C. Harlow (eds), Lawmaking in the European Union. London: Kluwer, 1998, p.112. See also, A. Stone, The Birth of Judicial Politics in France, the Constitutional Council in Comparative Perspective. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1992.
127. 85 A. Stone Sweet, Constitutional Politics, p. 130.